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Reasonable Bail or Bail at All Costs? Defence Counsel Perspectives on a Coercive Environment 合理保释还是不惜一切代价保释?辩护律师对强制环境的看法
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2024.3
Jenaya Nixon, Carolyn Yule, Dennis Baker
Bail decisions are largely shaped by private, out-of-court negotiations between Crown attorneys and defence lawyers. While accused persons rely on the professional expertise of defence lawyers to navigate bail negotiations and secure them the best possible outcome, much remains unknown about how lawyers prepare for and negotiate bail. This study examines the process of bail preparations and negotiations from the defence’s perspective based on data from 18 semi-structured interviews with defence lawyers. The findings show that, while defence lawyers argue for reasonable bail terms, their ultimate goal is to obtain a release for their client. Defence lawyers also prioritize collecting and strategically using information about the case and the Crowns and justices with whom they work. They often adopt a risk-averse and cooperative approach with Crowns to avoid delaying or preventing their client’s release, even if that means agreeing to additional conditions. Our findings inform efforts to reform bail processes.
保释决定在很大程度上是由皇家律师和辩护律师之间的庭外私下谈判决定的。虽然被告人依靠辩护律师的专业知识来引导保释谈判并确保他们获得尽可能好的结果,但对于律师如何准备保释和进行保释谈判,仍有许多未知之处。本研究基于对辩护律师进行的 18 次半结构式访谈的数据,从辩方的角度研究了保释准备和谈判的过程。研究结果表明,虽然辩护律师为合理的保释条件据理力争,但他们的最终目标是使当事人获得释放。辩护律师还会优先收集并战略性地使用有关案件、王室成员以及与他们合作的法官的信息。他们通常会采取规避风险和与官方合作的方式,以避免延迟或阻止当事人获释,即使这意味着要同意附加条件。我们的研究结果为改革保释程序提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
L’éthique et l’éthos de la profession chez les avocats en droit criminel et en droit social 刑事和社会律师的职业道德和精神
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2024.7
Évelyne Jean-Bouchard, Pierre Noreau
Résumé Quelle relation les avocats entretiennent-ils avec les exigences éthiques de leur profession? Ce texte pose l’hypothèse qu’il existe un décalage entre la définition déontologique, universelle et abstraite établie par le Code de déontologie des avocats et les prises de décisions éthiques prises au quotidien par les professionnels du droit dans le contexte de leur domaine de pratique et des relations qu’ils tissent avec leurs clients, leurs collègues et l’administration judiciaire. Ainsi, nous avons identifié les différents sites de socialisation où les professionnels sont susceptibles de faire l’apprentissage des normes propres à leur pratique. Nous nous sommes alors plus directement intéressés aux dimensions systémiques et institutionnelles de celle-ci. À partir des résultats d’une série d’entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès d’avocats en droit criminel et en droit social, nous avons pu constater que leurs prises de décisions éthiques étaient fortement influencées par les manières d’être et les logiques de pratique au sein de leur communauté, c’est-à-dire par l’ethos spécifique à leur profession.
摘要 律师与其职业道德要求之间的关系是什么?本文的假设是,《律师行为守则》中对道德的普遍而抽象的定义,与法律专业人员在其执业领域内日常做出的道德决定,以及他们与客户、同事和司法行政部门建立的关系之间存在差距。因此,我们确定了专业人员可能学习其执业标准的各种社会化场所。然后,我们对其实践的系统性和制度性层面产生了更直接的兴趣。根据对刑事律师和社会律师进行的一系列半结构化访谈的结果,我们发现他们的道德决策受到其所在社区的存在方式和实践逻辑的强烈影响,即受到其职业特有的精神气质的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Le recours aux modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits : une exploration au prisme d’une analyse des coûts humains et financiers de la justice 使用替代性争议解决方法:从分析司法的人力和财力成本的角度进行探讨
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2024.1
Dalia Gesualdi-Fecteau, Maxine Visotzky-Charlebois, Johanne Clouet, Chloé Leclerc, Arianne Morin-Aubut
Résumé Les modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits s’inscrivent dans une volonté de transformation de l’organisation de la justice en cherchant à régler « autrement » les litiges judiciarisés. L’émergence de ces modes répond également aux impératifs de la nouvelle gouvernance publique, où les questions de l’efficacité et de la célérité de la justice deviennent cardinales. Ces modes alternatifs exigent que les parties y participent volontairement. Or, les justiciables composent avec certaines contraintes subjectives qui se répercutent sur leur motivation à s’engager sur la voie d’un mode alternatif de règlement des conflits. À partir de données empiriques, ce texte présente de quelle façon les coûts humains et financiers qu’assument les justiciables sont susceptibles de se répercuter sur leur décision de s’engager sur une telle voie, laquelle découle généralement de l’atteinte d’un point de rupture par rapport à ces coûts. Cette recherche, effectuée au Québec, fait état de la situation en droit civil, en droit criminel et en droit administratif.
摘要 非诉讼纠纷解决方式是通过寻求 "不同方式 "解决法院纠纷,从而推动司法系统组织方式变革的一部分。这些方法的出现也是为了响应新公共治理的要求,在新公共治理中,司法的效率和速度问题正变得至关重要。这些替代方法要求当事人自愿参与。然而,诉讼当事人必须面对某些主观限制,这些限制影响了他们参与替代性争议解决方式的积极性。本文以实证数据为基础,介绍了诉讼当事人所承担的人力和财力成本如何可能影响到他们开始采用这种方式的决定,而这种决定通常源于达到了与这些成本相关的临界点。这项在魁北克进行的研究考察了民法、刑法和行政法中的情况。
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引用次数: 0
Bad Religion and Bad Business: The History of the Canadian Witchcraft Provision 糟糕的宗教和糟糕的生意:加拿大巫术规定的历史
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2024.8
Riley Klassen-Molyneaux
Witchcraft is a fascinating subject on which many volumes continue to be published. But not in Canada. This article stands in contrast to earlier Canadian pieces on witchcraft whose primary goals were to prove that the witchcraft provision marginalized women and to encourage legislators to repeal it. Parliament finally repealed the Canadian witchcraft prohibition in 2018. The moment is thus ripe to ask how—and why—this legislative oddity migrated from England into Canada. The first section of the paper considers the religious origins of the witchcraft prohibition in England and how it made its way into the Canadian Criminal Code. The second section explores how the prohibition evolved from one against unwanted spiritual practices to one against unwanted economic practices. The last section of the paper considers how witchcraft morphed into a viable Charter defence based on freedom of religion and why the prohibition against it was eventually repealed. In conclusion, the article reflects on the peculiar trajectory of witchcraft in Canada and what it might suggest not only about Canadian criminal law, but also about broader Canadian society.
巫术是一个引人入胜的话题,许多相关书籍不断出版。但在加拿大并非如此。本文与加拿大早期关于巫术的文章形成鲜明对比,后者的主要目的是证明巫术条款将妇女边缘化,并鼓励立法者废除该条款。议会最终于 2018 年废除了加拿大的巫术禁令。因此,追问这一立法怪胎如何--以及为何--从英国传入加拿大的时机已经成熟。本文第一部分探讨了英国巫术禁令的宗教起源,以及它是如何进入加拿大《刑法典》的。第二部分探讨了该禁令如何从针对不受欢迎的精神习俗演变为针对不受欢迎的经济习俗。本文的最后一部分探讨了巫术如何演变为基于宗教自由的可行的《宪章》辩护理由,以及禁止巫术的禁令最终被废除的原因。最后,文章反思了加拿大巫术的特殊发展轨迹,以及它不仅对加拿大刑法,而且对更广泛的加拿大社会可能产生的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Unthinkable, Thinkable, and Back Again: The Use of Incarceration in Ontario during the COVID-19 Pandemic 不可想象,可想,再可想:COVID-19 大流行期间安大略省使用监禁的情况
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2024.2
Brendyn Johnson, Chloé Leclerc
The arrival of COVID-19 added potentially deadly consequences to incarceration. In response, jurisprudence developed allowing for some to be spared the deprivation of their liberty. However, there is insufficient empirical evidence that this avoidance of incarceration occurred in practice in Ontario. Using fieldwork methods conducted in Ontario criminal courts coupled with data from Statistics Canada, we investigate if a change in the use of incarceration during the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, and if friction emerged between those who may and may not espouse this new outlook. We find a notable and persistent decrease in the use of incarceration, that this was welcomed by many court actors but also that a fatigue with such leniency grew among others. We discuss what this fatigue might signify for the potential longevity of this more exceptional use of incarceration and more largely what this can signify about changes in Canada’s criminal justice system.
COVID-19 的出现为监禁增加了潜在的致命后果。作为回应,法学发展允许一些人免于被剥夺自由。然而,没有足够的经验证据表明安大略省在实践中出现了这种避免监禁的情况。利用在安大略省刑事法庭开展的实地调查方法以及加拿大统计局提供的数据,我们调查了在 COVID-19 大流行期间监禁的使用是否发生了变化,以及拥护或不拥护这种新观点的人之间是否出现了摩擦。我们发现,监禁的使用明显持续减少,这受到了许多法庭参与者的欢迎,但也发现其他人对这种宽大处理方式产生了厌倦。我们将讨论这种疲劳感对更特殊地使用监禁的潜在持久性有何意义,以及更广泛地说,这对加拿大刑事司法系统的变革有何意义。
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引用次数: 0
Vulnerability of Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Migrants in Toronto 多伦多寻求庇护者和无证移民的脆弱性
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2024.5
Idil Atak, Sara Asalya, Jona Zyfi
This article examines the underlying structural elements contributing to the vulnerability experienced by asylum seekers and undocumented migrants across two critical domains: refugee eligibility examination and accessibility of essential social services, particularly healthcare. By drawing insights from fieldwork conducted in Toronto between 2020 and 2022, this article investigates how migrants navigate and perceive vulnerability encountered both at the front-end of the refugee status determination and while trying to access social services. It discusses the perspectives of key stakeholders, including lawyers, representatives of immigrant-focused non-profit organizations, and municipal officials, shedding light on their experiences and insights regarding the challenges faced by migrants. Furthermore, this article critically evaluates Canada’s adherence to the principles articulated in the 2018 United Nations Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees concerning the mitigation of vulnerability among migrant populations.
本文研究了导致寻求庇护者和无证移民在两个关键领域(难民资格审查和基本社会服务(尤其是医疗保健)的可及性)所经历的脆弱性的潜在结构性因素。本文从2020年至2022年期间在多伦多进行的实地调查中汲取灵感,调查移民如何在难民身份确定的前端以及在试图获得社会服务时,驾驭和感知所遇到的脆弱性。文章讨论了主要利益相关者的观点,包括律师、以移民为重点的非营利组织代表和市政官员,揭示了他们在移民所面临的挑战方面的经验和见解。此外,本文还批判性地评估了加拿大对 2018 年《联合国全球移民与难民契约》中阐述的有关减轻移民人口脆弱性的原则的遵守情况。
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引用次数: 0
Misunderstandings and Intentional Misrepresentations: Challenging the Continued Framing of Consensual and Nonconsensual Intimate Image Distribution as Child Pornography 误解和故意歪曲:质疑继续将双方同意和未经同意的亲密图像传播定性为儿童色情制品的做法
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2024.6
Alexa Dodge
Many educational presentations continue to straightforwardly frame both consensual and nonconsensual intimate image distribution among youth as child pornography. This continues despite the availability of a purpose-built offence for nonconsensual intimate image distribution (NCIID) that was designed, in part, to avoid the use of child pornography offences in NCIID cases and the existence of a “private use exception” that limits the applicability of child pornography offences in cases of consensual “sexting” among youth. This sometimes inaccurate and, I argue, inappropriate focus on child pornography offences is especially common in presentations by police and public safety personnel. Through a discursive analysis of Canadian case law and a case study of educational approaches provided by the CyberScan unit, I find that the continued dominance of a child pornography framing is based on both genuine misconceptions of how these offences apply to intimate image distribution and intentional misrepresentations of the legal context.
许多教育介绍仍然直截了当地将青少年之间自愿和非自愿的亲密图像传播都归类为儿童色情制品。尽管有专门针对未经同意的私密图像传播(NCIID)的罪名,其部分目的是为了避免在未经同意的私密图像传播案件中使用儿童色情罪,并且存在 "私人使用例外",限制儿童色情罪在青少年之间自愿 "sexting "案件中的适用性,但这种情况依然存在。我认为,这种有时对儿童色情制品犯罪的不准确和不恰当的关注,在警方和公共安全人员的陈述中尤为常见。通过对加拿大判例法的辨证分析和对网络扫描部门提供的教育方法的案例研究,我发现儿童色情框架的持续主导地位既是基于对这些罪行如何适用于亲密图像传播的真正误解,也是基于对法律背景的有意歪曲。
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引用次数: 0
How enforcement shapes compliance with legal rules: the case of long-term care homes in Ontario 执法如何影响法律规则的遵守:安大略省长期护理院的案例
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2024.4
Poland Lai

This paper contributes to the legal and socio-legal literature on long-term care (LTC) facilities (also known as nursing homes) by drawing from the responsive regulation literature and empirical research conducted in 2021 and 2022. Enforcement is an under-explored aspect in the legal and socio-legal literature on LTC. This research asks how the regulator’s enforcement activities shape compliance of LTC homes in Ontario. This paper reports the results from eleven semi-structured key informant interviews with associations that represent LTC facilities, advocacy organizations, unions, and professionals, such as lawyers. The current enforcement activities do not appear to evoke responsiveness in at least some of the LTC homes because the regulator’s approach is not dynamic: the regulator does not change its mix of “persuasion” and “coercion” in order to respond to the motivations and behaviours of homes. Inspection and enforcement activities have had little impact on how homes respond to rules.

本文借鉴了 2021 年和 2022 年进行的响应性法规文献和实证研究,为有关长期护理(LTC)设施(也称养老院)的法律和社会法律文献做出了贡献。在有关长期护理设施的法律和社会法律文献中,执法是一个未得到充分探讨的方面。本研究询问监管机构的执法活动如何影响安大略省长寿护理院的合规性。本文报告了与代表长期护理机构的协会、倡导组织、工会和专业人士(如律师)进行的 11 次半结构式关键信息访谈的结果。目前的执法活动似乎至少没有唤起一些长者护理院的反应,因为监管机构的方法不是动态的:监管机构不会改变其 "说服 "和 "强制 "的组合,以应对护理院的动机和行为。检查和执法活动对安老院如何遵守规则几乎没有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Le droit à l’expression sexuelle chez les personnes âgées vivant en milieu d’hébergement : comment concilier le consentement et les troubles neurocognitifs? 寄宿老人的性表达权:如何协调同意与神经认知障碍?
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2023.32
Louise Langevin
Résumé Contrairement aux préjugés, les personnes aînées ne sont pas asexuelles ou post-sexuelles. Elles sont titulaires de droits sexuels, reconnus dans de nombreux textes législatifs. Cependant, la mise en œuvre de ces droits pose des défis, particulièrement pour les personnes aînées vivant en établissement et souffrant de problèmes neurocognitifs. Le Code criminel interdit tout contact sexuel entre personnes qui ne sont pas en mesure de consentir ou lorsqu’un des partenaires ne peut consentir. Cette règle a été critiquée parce qu’elle nie le droit à l’expression sexuelle de personnes aînées incapables de consentir en raison de maladies neurocognitives. Mon étude analyse un enjeu majeur en matière de lutte contre la maltraitance envers les personnes aînées : comment reconnaître et respecter à la fois le droit à l’expression sexuelle des personnes aînées vivant en établissement et leur droit à la sécurité, lorsque les maladies neurocognitives altèrent l’aptitude à consentir.
摘要 与人们普遍认为的相反,老年人并不是无性或后性者。他们拥有性权利,这在许多法律文本中都得到了承认。然而,这些权利的落实带来了挑战,尤其是对于生活在养老院和患有神经认知问题的老年人而言。刑法》禁止无法表示同意或一方无法表示同意的人之间发生性接触。这一规定被批评为剥夺了因神经认知障碍而无法表示同意的老年人的性表达权利。我的研究探讨了打击虐待老人的一个重要问题:如何承认和尊重生活在养老院中的老年人的性表达权,以及当神经认知疾病损害他们的同意能力时,他们的安全权。
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引用次数: 0
Pandemics and Paradigms of Governance: Futures of the Rule of Law in the 21st Century 大流行病与治理范式:21 世纪法治的未来
IF 0.7 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1017/cls.2023.30
Amy Swiffen, Joshua Nichols
Is the COVID-19 pandemic truly a pivotal moment in contemporary governance? This question has sparked multifaceted responses and spurred diverse debates and perspectives. On one side of the spectrum, there are those who ardently argue that this pandemic represents an exceedingly rare and profoundly impactful historical juncture, specifically within the domain of law and governance. In contrast, a counterpoint in this debate contends that the pandemic, rather than introducing an entirely new era, has primarily functioned as an amplifier and extension of pre-existing governing paradigms. Additionally, there is a notable contention that the pandemic has invigorated and revitalized social movements with a central focus on challenging established state structures.
COVID-19 大流行是否真的是当代治理的关键时刻?这个问题引发了多方面的回应,引发了不同的辩论和观点。一方面,有人极力主张,这次大流行代表了一个极其罕见且影响深远的历史时刻,特别是在法律和治理领域。与此相反,这场辩论中的一个对立面则认为,大流行病并没有带来一个全新的时代,而主要是起到了扩大和延伸原有治理模式的作用。此外,还有一个值得注意的论点是,大流行病为社会运动注入了活力和新的生机,其核心重点是挑战既有的国家结构。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Canadian Journal of Law and Society
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