Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2021.1985504
Sesil Koutra, Noémie Denayer, Nikolaos-Fivos Galatoulas, V. Becue, C. Ioakimidis
ABSTRACT Transforming cities with the aim of achieving cleaner energy targets is a major bet worldwide, dealing with the immense stress of the rapid urbanisation, the depletion of natural resources, the climate change and its impacts during the post-industrialised period. Struggling with this problematic, in this work we develop a horizontal and cross-sectoral process as an integral part of the city planification towards the energy transition. Along with demonstrating the applicability of the zero-energy idea in more universal approach, we validated its feasibility at the case-study Cuesmes (Belgium), a social district with high energy requirements along with the RE-SIZED research project. In response to this, in this work we articulate the feasibility of the concept (zero energy) in urban scale, in a comprehensive toolkit. Comparisons and similarities with previous empirical analysis are discussed as well to complete the work and its findings.
{"title":"The zero-energy challenge in districts. Introduction of a methodological decision-making approach in the case of the district of Cuesmes in Belgium","authors":"Sesil Koutra, Noémie Denayer, Nikolaos-Fivos Galatoulas, V. Becue, C. Ioakimidis","doi":"10.1080/19463138.2021.1985504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.1985504","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Transforming cities with the aim of achieving cleaner energy targets is a major bet worldwide, dealing with the immense stress of the rapid urbanisation, the depletion of natural resources, the climate change and its impacts during the post-industrialised period. Struggling with this problematic, in this work we develop a horizontal and cross-sectoral process as an integral part of the city planification towards the energy transition. Along with demonstrating the applicability of the zero-energy idea in more universal approach, we validated its feasibility at the case-study Cuesmes (Belgium), a social district with high energy requirements along with the RE-SIZED research project. In response to this, in this work we articulate the feasibility of the concept (zero energy) in urban scale, in a comprehensive toolkit. Comparisons and similarities with previous empirical analysis are discussed as well to complete the work and its findings.","PeriodicalId":45341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87098885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2021.2019042
Giovana Cruz, Clemens van Loyen, Fernanda Sánchez
ABSTRACT This article examines the creation and activities of the Emergency Committee known as SOS Providência – Região Portuária, a community initiative formed during the Covid-19 pandemic by cultural organisations and agents already active in the Providência favela and other neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro’s port area. The aim of this paper is to understand the forms of collective action of the committee to face a crisis situation, based on the historicity of these agents’ activism and resistance in the field of culture. The analysis reveals what is actually happening on the ground in terms of ‘invented spaces of action’, and highlights the transformative power of their collective actions. Finally, the article points to contributions that the analysis of the SOS Providência case can make to urban studies and the insurgent planning debate.
本文考察了紧急委员会(SOS Providência - regi o Portuária)的创建和活动，该委员会是在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间由已经活跃在里约热内卢港口地区Providência贫民窟和其他社区的文化组织和代理人组成的社区倡议。本文的目的是基于这些行动者在文化领域的行动和抵抗的历史性，了解委员会面对危机局势的集体行动形式。该分析揭示了在“创造的行动空间”方面实际发生的情况，并强调了他们集体行动的变革力量。最后，文章指出了SOS Providência案例的分析对城市研究和叛乱规划辩论的贡献。
{"title":"Culture, territory and action: the Providência favela’s response to Covid-19","authors":"Giovana Cruz, Clemens van Loyen, Fernanda Sánchez","doi":"10.1080/19463138.2021.2019042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.2019042","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the creation and activities of the Emergency Committee known as SOS Providência – Região Portuária, a community initiative formed during the Covid-19 pandemic by cultural organisations and agents already active in the Providência favela and other neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro’s port area. The aim of this paper is to understand the forms of collective action of the committee to face a crisis situation, based on the historicity of these agents’ activism and resistance in the field of culture. The analysis reveals what is actually happening on the ground in terms of ‘invented spaces of action’, and highlights the transformative power of their collective actions. Finally, the article points to contributions that the analysis of the SOS Providência case can make to urban studies and the insurgent planning debate.","PeriodicalId":45341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78083353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2021.2019041
Carolina Monteiro de Carvalho, Leandro Luiz Giatti, Nora Fagerholm, Ana Maria Bedran-Martins, M. Kytta
ABSTRACT Water, energy, and food are a key approach for addressing urban sustainability. The demand for those basic living resources will increase in the coming decades, jeopardising urban sustainability, especially in peripheral urban areas. This makes necessary to apply methods to improve social participation to better assess the availability of urban nexus resources (water, energy and food – WEF) for community’s local development. Participatory Geographic Information Systems are powerful planning tool that aims to represent local knowledge, by applying geotechnologies and collaborative mapping techniques. This article explores the potential of PGIS for engaging youth in mapping the nexus in Novo Recreio, Guarulhos, São Paulo. aiming to raise socioenvironmental awareness, co-create knowledge, and determine potential improvements and solutions for local urban planning engaging youths. Outcomes showed that the youths mapped their socioenvironmental perceptions regarding to the WEF elements, and new proposals were developed, demonstrating that PGIS was a suitable method contributing towards improving local and regional urban governance.
{"title":"Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PGIS) to assess water, energy and food availability in a vulnerable community in Guarulhos (Brazil)","authors":"Carolina Monteiro de Carvalho, Leandro Luiz Giatti, Nora Fagerholm, Ana Maria Bedran-Martins, M. Kytta","doi":"10.1080/19463138.2021.2019041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.2019041","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Water, energy, and food are a key approach for addressing urban sustainability. The demand for those basic living resources will increase in the coming decades, jeopardising urban sustainability, especially in peripheral urban areas. This makes necessary to apply methods to improve social participation to better assess the availability of urban nexus resources (water, energy and food – WEF) for community’s local development. Participatory Geographic Information Systems are powerful planning tool that aims to represent local knowledge, by applying geotechnologies and collaborative mapping techniques. This article explores the potential of PGIS for engaging youth in mapping the nexus in Novo Recreio, Guarulhos, São Paulo. aiming to raise socioenvironmental awareness, co-create knowledge, and determine potential improvements and solutions for local urban planning engaging youths. Outcomes showed that the youths mapped their socioenvironmental perceptions regarding to the WEF elements, and new proposals were developed, demonstrating that PGIS was a suitable method contributing towards improving local and regional urban governance.","PeriodicalId":45341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88521407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2021.2004545
Yanan Liu, Dujuan Yang, H. Timmermans, B. de Vries
ABSTRACT Biking contributes to a better environment by reducing short car trips and improving public health. The street-scale built environment affects the appeal of streets to cyclists, and thus influences route choice behaviour. This study develops a stated choice experiment that systematically varies eight attributes of the built environment to examine preference structure differences pertaining to the street-scale built environment among cyclists in the context of access/egress trip to a metro station. The environment is systematically varied in terms of road length, average number of building floors, retail frontage, cycling facilities at intersections, bike lane width, greenery, lamp density, and crowdedness. Eight hundred and three respondents completed the choice task using face to face interviews in Tianjin, China. Results suggest the existence of two latent classes of cyclists that differ in their preference for the street-scale built environment.
{"title":"Differences in street-scale built environment preferences towards biking: a latent class analysis of stated choice data","authors":"Yanan Liu, Dujuan Yang, H. Timmermans, B. de Vries","doi":"10.1080/19463138.2021.2004545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.2004545","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Biking contributes to a better environment by reducing short car trips and improving public health. The street-scale built environment affects the appeal of streets to cyclists, and thus influences route choice behaviour. This study develops a stated choice experiment that systematically varies eight attributes of the built environment to examine preference structure differences pertaining to the street-scale built environment among cyclists in the context of access/egress trip to a metro station. The environment is systematically varied in terms of road length, average number of building floors, retail frontage, cycling facilities at intersections, bike lane width, greenery, lamp density, and crowdedness. Eight hundred and three respondents completed the choice task using face to face interviews in Tianjin, China. Results suggest the existence of two latent classes of cyclists that differ in their preference for the street-scale built environment.","PeriodicalId":45341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91143829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2021.2013849
F. Kalantari, Narges Akhyani
ABSTRACT Vertical farming (VF) is a new idea for supplying food inside the cities. Therefore, there is a lack of academic research concerning community acceptance (CA) of VF. This study aims to identify the CA factors of VF in Kuala Lumpur (KL). The results are based on interviews with experts as well as a questionnaire survey, that says eight factors, Perceived Benefit, Perceived Risk, Location, Demographic characteristics, Value and Belief, Trust, Fairness, and Knowledge are affecting the CA of VF in KL. Also, the results revealed that the analysis of the related literature was different from the significant factors. Then the underlying components of these factors were identified and a new framework was developed. The findings of this study could positively contribute to knowledge generation, stakeholder network establishment, new project implementation, and improvement of the general perception of VF.
{"title":"Community acceptance studies in the field of vertical farming—A critical and systematic analysis to advance the conceptualisation of community acceptance in Kuala Lumpur","authors":"F. Kalantari, Narges Akhyani","doi":"10.1080/19463138.2021.2013849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.2013849","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Vertical farming (VF) is a new idea for supplying food inside the cities. Therefore, there is a lack of academic research concerning community acceptance (CA) of VF. This study aims to identify the CA factors of VF in Kuala Lumpur (KL). The results are based on interviews with experts as well as a questionnaire survey, that says eight factors, Perceived Benefit, Perceived Risk, Location, Demographic characteristics, Value and Belief, Trust, Fairness, and Knowledge are affecting the CA of VF in KL. Also, the results revealed that the analysis of the related literature was different from the significant factors. Then the underlying components of these factors were identified and a new framework was developed. The findings of this study could positively contribute to knowledge generation, stakeholder network establishment, new project implementation, and improvement of the general perception of VF.","PeriodicalId":45341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78925199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2021.2021418
Czarina Saloma, E. Akpedonu
ABSTRACT Planned after the City Beautiful Movement and Garden City Movement, Manila City and Quezon City, now among Metro Manila’s 16 cities, did not result in the desired outcomes of their planners. The history of unfulfilled visions that began with Burnham’s 1905 Plan for Manila repeated in similar fashion in Quezon City in its 1949 Frost-Arellano Plan. How do Metro Manila’s public green spaces, as remnants of these plans, sustained specific visions for meeting human needs? To find answers, we focused on Rizal Park and the University of the Philippines (UP) Academic Oval – two public green spaces that remained from the Burnham and Frost-Arellano plans. Contemporary uses of these spaces suggest that the intermingling of the upper and lower classes as envisioned in these plans is limited; nonetheless, they represent endeavours by fairly diverse groups to actively satisfy human needs within and beyond how these spaces were initially designed.
{"title":"Parks, plans, and human needs: Metro Manila’s unrealised urban plans and accidental public green spaces","authors":"Czarina Saloma, E. Akpedonu","doi":"10.1080/19463138.2021.2021418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.2021418","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Planned after the City Beautiful Movement and Garden City Movement, Manila City and Quezon City, now among Metro Manila’s 16 cities, did not result in the desired outcomes of their planners. The history of unfulfilled visions that began with Burnham’s 1905 Plan for Manila repeated in similar fashion in Quezon City in its 1949 Frost-Arellano Plan. How do Metro Manila’s public green spaces, as remnants of these plans, sustained specific visions for meeting human needs? To find answers, we focused on Rizal Park and the University of the Philippines (UP) Academic Oval – two public green spaces that remained from the Burnham and Frost-Arellano plans. Contemporary uses of these spaces suggest that the intermingling of the upper and lower classes as envisioned in these plans is limited; nonetheless, they represent endeavours by fairly diverse groups to actively satisfy human needs within and beyond how these spaces were initially designed.","PeriodicalId":45341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72764423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2021.1981910
Wrixon Mpanang’ombe, Bill Bray, E. Tilley
ABSTRACT The removal of excreta or faecal sludge from full pit latrines – pit emptying – is essential to extend the life of the sanitation technology, especially for the millions of users living in the dense, urban areas of the Global South. Unfortunately, pit-emptying is rarely practiced due to factors related to accessibility, disgust, and importantly, cost. We examined the impact of two different types of vouchers distributed in Blantyre, Malawi, to understand if and how subsidies could increase the practice of pit emptying in low-income areas. We found that pit emptying businesses were able to game the system to charge more money on top of the discount in the first study in which 21% vouchers were redeemed from 252 distributed. In a follow-up study, 25% vouchers were redeemed from 400 distributed with more rigorous subsidy targeting and structuring. We discuss why complex drivers for subsidy adoption among low-income households require further research.
{"title":"Pit emptying subsidy vouchers: a two-phased targeting and structuring experiment in Blantyre, Malawi","authors":"Wrixon Mpanang’ombe, Bill Bray, E. Tilley","doi":"10.1080/19463138.2021.1981910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.1981910","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The removal of excreta or faecal sludge from full pit latrines – pit emptying – is essential to extend the life of the sanitation technology, especially for the millions of users living in the dense, urban areas of the Global South. Unfortunately, pit-emptying is rarely practiced due to factors related to accessibility, disgust, and importantly, cost. We examined the impact of two different types of vouchers distributed in Blantyre, Malawi, to understand if and how subsidies could increase the practice of pit emptying in low-income areas. We found that pit emptying businesses were able to game the system to charge more money on top of the discount in the first study in which 21% vouchers were redeemed from 252 distributed. In a follow-up study, 25% vouchers were redeemed from 400 distributed with more rigorous subsidy targeting and structuring. We discuss why complex drivers for subsidy adoption among low-income households require further research.","PeriodicalId":45341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74865790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2021.1981336
Łukasz Nawaro
ABSTRACT E-scooters have recently emerged as an alternative means of transportation in cities. It remains unclear whether e-scooters compete for users with bicycles – another mode of shared micromobility. Their relationship to public transport can be complementary or substitutionary, and it has not been ascertained which effect prevails. This paper contributes to answering these questions using empirical trip-level data on Warsaw. We find that there is little difference between e-scooters’ and bicycles’ speed and that placement of bicycle docks influences number of e-scooter trips, which is an indication that they compete for the same market. E-scooters’ trip data shows that they are more complementary to rapid public transport and may contribute to solving the last-mile problem. We discuss the importance of results for optimal policy promoting environmentally friendly transportation and identify further research directions.
{"title":"E-scooters: competition with shared bicycles and relationship to public transport","authors":"Łukasz Nawaro","doi":"10.1080/19463138.2021.1981336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.1981336","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT E-scooters have recently emerged as an alternative means of transportation in cities. It remains unclear whether e-scooters compete for users with bicycles – another mode of shared micromobility. Their relationship to public transport can be complementary or substitutionary, and it has not been ascertained which effect prevails. This paper contributes to answering these questions using empirical trip-level data on Warsaw. We find that there is little difference between e-scooters’ and bicycles’ speed and that placement of bicycle docks influences number of e-scooter trips, which is an indication that they compete for the same market. E-scooters’ trip data shows that they are more complementary to rapid public transport and may contribute to solving the last-mile problem. We discuss the importance of results for optimal policy promoting environmentally friendly transportation and identify further research directions.","PeriodicalId":45341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75117397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2021.1971990
M. Akaateba, Abubakari Ahmed, D. Inkoom
ABSTRACT A dual land administration system in Ghana necessitates the adoption of hybrid and locally adaptive planning practices. However, whilst the scholarly discourse on hybrid planning is burgeoning, its implications for sustainable urban development are limited. Using qualitative case studies of data collected from interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders in Tamale and Techiman, this paper highlights the implications of hybrid planning for sustainable urban development. Although in tune with current proposals for collaborative land use planning, hybrid planning practices in peri-urban areas are dominated by land-owning chiefs who finance land use planning activities, leading to a negotiated planning and land delivery system. This engenders urban sustainability challenges, including tenure insecurities, land speculation and urban sprawl and hinders the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goal 11. Thus, urban planners must re-examine current planning practices and leverage the New Urban Agenda to explore innovative ways of ensuring sustainable urban expansion.
{"title":"Chiefs, land professionals and hybrid planning in Tamale and Techiman, Ghana: Implications for sustainable urban development","authors":"M. Akaateba, Abubakari Ahmed, D. Inkoom","doi":"10.1080/19463138.2021.1971990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.1971990","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A dual land administration system in Ghana necessitates the adoption of hybrid and locally adaptive planning practices. However, whilst the scholarly discourse on hybrid planning is burgeoning, its implications for sustainable urban development are limited. Using qualitative case studies of data collected from interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders in Tamale and Techiman, this paper highlights the implications of hybrid planning for sustainable urban development. Although in tune with current proposals for collaborative land use planning, hybrid planning practices in peri-urban areas are dominated by land-owning chiefs who finance land use planning activities, leading to a negotiated planning and land delivery system. This engenders urban sustainability challenges, including tenure insecurities, land speculation and urban sprawl and hinders the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goal 11. Thus, urban planners must re-examine current planning practices and leverage the New Urban Agenda to explore innovative ways of ensuring sustainable urban expansion.","PeriodicalId":45341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79221593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2021.1958336
Rosana Denaldi, Adauto Cardoso
Slum upgrading policies and practices have continued to interest both scholars and practitioners. The 2007 launch of the Brazilian Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) has added a new dimension to the debate. The latter represented an ambitious program of interventions, regulation and finance that articulated states and municipalities at national level around the development of local slum upgrading programmes, with a scope and scale that had never been achieved before in the country. Our main objective here is not to review the relative extensive and growing literature on slum upgrading in the Global South. Nevertheless, a few observations are in place to both situate our empirical analysis regarding the impact of PAC within the broader discussions on slum upgrading, as well as to argue how this paper contributes to the existing work in the field. A first strand of research has emphasised the evolution of national slum upgrading policies, often illustrated with the analysis of specific upgrading experiences in emblematic cities to reinforce the overall argument. This historical approach has stressed how initial slum clearance and removal has given place to ‘non-conventional’ strategies such as incremental housing, aided self-help, sites and services and the rolling out of upgrading programs. A number of authors have also claimed the more recent hollowing out of these ‘alternative’ approaches and the comeback of ‘conventional’ housing strategies through the provision of social market housing, or the emergence of urban entrepreneurialism through large urban redevelopment projects (Wakely 2015; Lindert, 2015; Dupont et al. 2016). This strand of work frequently combines broader historical research on tendencies of donors and national governments with paradigmatic upgrading experiences in specific flagship cities (Imparato and Ruster 2003; Burra 2005; Magalhâes 2016). Dupont et al. (2016), for example, analyse Rio de Janeiro, Delhi, Chennai, Durban, Cape Town and Lima in order to flesh out the mismatches between the design and implementation of upgrading and its subsequent undermining through urban neoliberalisation in Brazil, India, South Africa and Peru. Likewise, Ren (2017) combines detailed case studies in Rio, Bombay and Ghuangzhou in order to analyse how the inherent tensions between entrepreneurial urban governance and slum upgrading strategies are being played out in these countries. Along the same lines, Werlin (1999) provides an extensive overview of large-scale upgrading experiences in Calcutta, Jakarta and Manilla and argues that the ‘minimal state’ approach that was implicitly advocated by John Turner is unlikely to succeed in up-scaling policies in these countries (and the Global South as such) if issues such as land tenure, the finance-cost-recovery nexus and participation in the design, implementation and maintenance of projects are not taken into consideration. A second strand in the upgrading literature is focussed on detailed, sometime
贫民窟改造政策和实践一直引起学者和实践者的兴趣。2007年启动的巴西增长加速计划(PAC)为这场辩论增加了一个新的维度。后者是一项雄心勃勃的干预、监管和融资方案，将各州和市政当局在国家一级围绕当地贫民窟改造方案的发展联系起来，其范围和规模在该国是前所未有的。我们在这里的主要目的不是审查关于全球南方贫民窟改造的相对广泛和不断增长的文献。尽管如此，本文还是提出了一些意见，以便将我们对PAC影响的实证分析置于有关贫民窟改造的更广泛讨论中，并说明本文如何有助于该领域的现有工作。第一部分研究强调了国家贫民窟改造政策的演变，通常通过分析具有象征意义的城市的具体改造经验来说明，以加强整体论点。这种历史性的做法强调了最初的贫民窟清理和搬迁如何让位于“非常规”战略，如增加住房、援助自助、场地和服务以及推出升级计划。许多作者还声称，最近这些“替代”方法的空心化和“传统”住房战略的回归，通过提供社会市场住房，或者通过大型城市重建项目出现城市企业家精神(Wakely 2015;兰德博士,2015;Dupont et al. 2016)。这一系列工作经常将捐助者和国家政府倾向的更广泛的历史研究与特定旗舰城市的范例升级经验结合起来(Imparato和Ruster 2003;巴拉2005;Magalhaes 2016)。例如，杜邦等人(2016)分析了里约热内卢、德里、金奈、德班、开普敦和利马，以充实巴西、印度、南非和秘鲁的城市新自由主义化的设计和实施与随后的破坏之间的不匹配。同样，Ren(2017)结合了里约、孟买和广州的详细案例研究，以分析企业家城市治理和贫民窟改造战略之间的内在紧张关系在这些国家是如何发挥作用的。沿着同样的思路，Werlin(1999)对加尔各答、雅加达和马尼拉的大规模升级经验进行了广泛的概述，并认为如果不考虑土地保有权、财政-成本回收关系以及参与项目的设计、实施和维护等问题，约翰·特纳(John Turner)隐含提倡的“最小国家”方法不太可能在这些国家(以及全球南方国家)的大规模政策中取得成功。改造文献的第二部分侧重于对贫民窟改造的局限性和潜力进行详细的、有时是比较的案例研究
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