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Dual agency in retail chains 零售连锁中的双重代理
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2020-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2019.1657740
Steven C. Michael
Abstract Retail distribution is often organized into chain stores, where geographically dispersed units operate under a common trademark and operational routines. Franchising is an organizational form chosen by entrepreneurs to manage retail chains. Previous research has maintained that franchising is a solution to “the” agency problem. This article shows how franchising solves one agency problem, shirking, but creates another, free riding, giving rise to dual agency problems. We test which has a stronger effect on performance. Using stochastic frontier estimation, a technique from empirical economics, we show that marketing spending yields less sales for franchised chains relative to owned chains, suggesting that the loss associated with free riding dominates the gain from controlling shirking. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
摘要零售分销通常被组织成连锁店,在那里,地理上分散的单位按照共同的商标和运营惯例运营。特许经营是企业家为管理零售连锁企业而选择的一种组织形式。先前的研究表明,特许经营是解决代理问题的一种方法。这篇文章展示了特许经营如何解决一个代理问题,推卸责任,但却创造了另一个问题,搭便车,从而产生双重代理问题。我们测试哪个对性能有更强的影响。使用随机前沿估计(一种来自实证经济学的技术),我们表明,与自有连锁店相比,特许连锁店的营销支出产生的销售额更少,这表明与搭便车相关的损失主导了控制推卸的收益。讨论了对理论和实践的启示。
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引用次数: 0
A perfect storm is facing U.S. supermarkets 美国超市正面临一场完美风暴
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2020.1739420
Edward T. Rincón
Abstract This article discusses a “perfect storm” that has evolved in recent years related to the composition of the U.S. Latino population—a dramatic demographic shift that threatens the economic stability of supermarkets and other retailers that have traditionally focused their services or products on the foreign-born segment of the Latino population. Using spatial analysis of recent data provided by the American Community Survey and the Consumer Expenditure Survey, the study identified four distinct segments of U.S. counties that provide different levels of market potential related to the concentration of native-born and foreign-born Latinos, their English-language proficiency, and their estimated food-at-home expenditures. Based on these findings, suggestions are made for marketers to re-align their marketing strategies to minimize the potential negative consequences of the developing perfect storm.
摘要本文讨论了近年来演变的一场与美国拉丁裔人口构成有关的“完美风暴”,这场人口结构的急剧变化威胁到超市和其他零售商的经济稳定,这些零售商传统上将服务或产品重点放在外国出生的拉丁裔人群上。通过对美国社区调查和消费者支出调查提供的最新数据进行空间分析,该研究确定了美国四个不同的县,这些县提供了不同水平的市场潜力,这与本地出生和外国出生的拉丁裔的集中度、他们的英语水平以及他们估计的家庭食品支出有关。基于这些发现,建议营销人员重新调整营销策略,以最大限度地减少发展完美风暴的潜在负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Where the twain shall meet? A study of best practices to resolve retailer–supplier acrimony in post-audit recovery of trade promotion dollars 他们将在哪里相遇?解决贸易促进美元审计后回收中零售商与供应商争执的最佳实践研究
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2020-03-25 DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2020.1741297
Atul Parvatiyar, Janakiraman Moorthy, Naveen Donthu
Abstract Deductions and claims to recover trade promotions incentives through post-audit of previous years’ transactions is a highly contentious but prevalent practice in the industry. Retailers, given their low margins of operations, are motivated to seek every opportunity to obtain extra incentives from suppliers to boost their profits. They often hire third-party post-auditors to scrub through all their transactions and “deal sheets” or supplier agreements to search for potential unclaimed trade promotion dollars promised by suppliers in prior years. Third party auditors have an incentive to also make dubious claims as they are compensated on contingency fees of a percent of claims recovered. Such practices lead to acrimony between retailers and suppliers. They often have differing viewpoints and opinions about the contextual terms of the trade promotion deals itself leading to an opinion “chasm” that is sometimes difficult to bridge. The resulting tension among retailers and suppliers, along with regulatory compliance under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, and prevailing questions on the role and practices of post-auditors, motivated this study. Conducted over a 24-month period with extensive collaboration and research discussions between the study team and responsible managers from leading US retail and manufacturing companies. The distinctive mix of academic rigor and practitioner relevance was the hallmark of this study that involved three retail summits conducted with industry participants to discuss the research method and its resultant findings. Evidence suggests that transactional discrepancies will continue to happen, despite technological advances, because of large volume of transactions and multiplicity of complex trade promotion methods in vogue in the retail world. So, as long as there are claim opportunities, post-audit recovery practices will continue, confounding the darker side of the retailer–supplier relationship. Through a multi-stage and multi-level study, and data from a variety of sources, we identify best practices in post-audit recovery and suggest ways to reduce associated conflict and improve relationship satisfaction.
摘要通过对前几年交易的后审计来收回贸易促进激励的扣除和索赔是一种极具争议但普遍存在的行业做法。鉴于零售商的经营利润率较低,它们有动机寻求一切机会,从供应商那里获得额外的激励,以提高利润。他们经常聘请第三方事后审计人员来审查所有的交易和“交易表”或供应商协议,以寻找供应商在前几年承诺的潜在无人认领的贸易促进资金。第三方审计人员也有动机提出可疑的索赔,因为他们得到赔偿索赔的百分比的应急费用。这种做法导致零售商和供应商之间的争执。他们往往对贸易促进协议本身的背景条款有不同的观点和意见,导致有时难以弥合的意见“鸿沟”。由此产生的零售商和供应商之间的紧张关系,以及萨班斯-奥克斯利法案下的监管合规,以及关于后审计师角色和实践的普遍问题,促使了这项研究。在为期24个月的研究期间,研究团队与来自美国领先零售和制造公司的负责任经理进行了广泛的合作和研究讨论。学术严谨性和实践者相关性的独特组合是这项研究的标志,该研究涉及与行业参与者进行的三次零售峰会,以讨论研究方法及其结果。有证据表明,交易差异将继续发生,尽管技术进步,因为大量的交易和复杂的贸易促进方法在零售业流行的多样性。因此,只要有索赔的机会,审计后的恢复实践就会继续,从而混淆了零售商与供应商关系的阴暗面。通过多阶段和多层次的研究,以及来自各种来源的数据,我们确定了审计后恢复的最佳实践,并提出了减少相关冲突和提高关系满意度的方法。
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引用次数: 1
Numeric or weighted distribution? The effect of different channel performance metrics on market share 数字分布还是加权分布?不同渠道绩效指标对市场份额的影响
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2020-03-25 DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2020.1742052
L. Guissoni, Jonny Mateus Rodrigues, Felipe Zambaldi, M. F. Neves
Abstract Previous studies have found a convex relation between weighted measures of distribution and market share for consumer products in developed economies, while companies in emerging markets often use a non-weighted (numeric) distribution measure to manage their channel strategy. In contrast to the markets with high retail concentration, the numeric distribution could be best suited to a more fragmented retail market in which the percentage of physical distribution is important. We investigate the effects of expanding numeric versus expanding weighted distribution by studying stores in channels and regions characterized by structural differences in an emerging market. Our data come from retail audits in Brazil and include 91 soft drink manufacturers, 195 brands and 1,110 stock-keeping units. Our study highlights the importance of numeric distribution as a performance measure in this market. Additionally, we show that the effects of numeric and weighted distribution on market share vary by region and channel format.
先前的研究发现,在发达经济体中,消费者产品的加权分销措施与市场份额之间存在凸关系,而新兴市场的公司通常使用非加权(数字)分销措施来管理其渠道战略。与零售集中度高的市场相比,数字分布可能最适合于一个更分散的零售市场,在这个市场中,实体分销的百分比很重要。我们通过研究新兴市场中以结构差异为特征的渠道和地区中的商店,来研究扩大数字与扩大加权分布的影响。我们的数据来自巴西的零售审计,包括91家软饮料制造商、195个品牌和1110个库存单位。我们的研究强调了数字分布在这个市场中作为业绩衡量标准的重要性。此外,我们表明数字和加权分布对市场份额的影响因地区和渠道形式而异。
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引用次数: 2
Measuring retail performance in an omni-channel world 衡量全渠道世界的零售业绩
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2020-03-25 DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2020.1741992
Mel F. Zuberi, Daniel Rajaratnam
Abstract Driven by global advances in technology and changes in consumer buying behavior, brick-and-mortar retailers are being forced to become omni-channel retailers. This calls for new metrics for evaluating retail performance. We examine the challenges facing the retail industry, the metrics that traditional brick-and-mortar stores have used as well as the new metrics that retail industry experts are suggesting for online retailing. A conceptual framework for omni-channel retailers is suggested.
摘要在全球技术进步和消费者购买行为变化的推动下,实体零售商被迫成为全渠道零售商。这就需要评估零售业绩的新指标。我们研究了零售业面临的挑战,传统实体店使用的指标,以及零售业专家为在线零售提出的新指标。提出了全渠道零售商的概念框架。
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引用次数: 1
Marketing channel evolution: From contactual efficiency to brand value co-creation and appropriation within the platform enterprise 营销渠道演变:从接触效率到平台企业内的品牌价值共创与占有
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2019.1646187
B. Dimitrova, Brent Smith, Trina larsen Andras
Abstract In recent years, major technological advances have been a primary force driving channel evolution. In particular, the Internet of things has provided a means for some firms to experience the rise of one of the most innovative and cutting-edge channels—the platform enterprise (i.e., firms such as Amazon, Etsy, and Airbnb). We examine the platform enterprise through a marketing channel evolution lens. In doing so, we point to key factors that enable particular kinds of firms to forge unique marketing channels. As platform enterprises, these channels offer value that transcends contactual efficiency, because they utilize their resources and capabilities not only to connect buyers and sellers efficiently but also to create a community of stakeholders whose collective efforts are focused on two linked priorities—brand value co-creation and brand value appropriation.
近年来,重大技术进步已成为推动渠道演变的主要力量。特别是,物联网为一些公司提供了一种手段,让他们体验到最具创新性和最前沿的渠道之一——平台企业(即亚马逊、Etsy和Airbnb等公司)的崛起。我们通过营销渠道演进的视角来考察平台型企业。在此过程中,我们指出了使特定类型的公司能够建立独特营销渠道的关键因素。作为平台企业,这些渠道提供了超越接触效率的价值,因为它们利用自己的资源和能力,不仅有效地连接买家和卖家,而且还创建了一个利益相关者社区,他们的集体努力集中在两个相互关联的优先事项上——品牌价值共同创造和品牌价值占有。
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引用次数: 6
Consumer response to marketing channels: A demand-based approach 消费者对营销渠道的反应:基于需求的方法
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2019.1657736
Peter Andersen, F. Weisstein, Lei Song
Abstract Marketing channels have faced rapid structural and functional transformations during the last few decades. While a large body of research has been devoted to understanding the supply-side aspects of marketing channels, much less research has taken the demand-side perspective to study consumer perception of channel position and functions. This article extends the channel literature to a broader domain and develops a consumer-based theoretical framework reflecting factors that influence consumer perception of and reaction to channel strategies and decisions. The authors conceptualize that consumers’ perceived channel value is a critical factor in determining their loyalty behavior. Seven important channel features are identified that would positively influence the perceived channel value. The relationship between perceived channel value and channel preference is strongly dependent on the level of customer value co-creation. The article concludes with research implications and suggestions of avenues for future research.
在过去的几十年里,营销渠道面临着快速的结构和功能转变。虽然有大量的研究致力于了解营销渠道的供应方面,但很少有研究从需求方面来研究消费者对渠道地位和功能的看法。本文将渠道文献扩展到更广泛的领域,并开发了一个基于消费者的理论框架,该框架反映了影响消费者对渠道战略和决策的感知和反应的因素。作者认为消费者对渠道价值的感知是决定其忠诚行为的关键因素。确定了七个重要的渠道特征,它们会对感知渠道价值产生积极影响。感知渠道价值与渠道偏好之间的关系强烈依赖于客户价值共同创造的水平。文章最后提出了研究启示和未来研究方向的建议。
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引用次数: 7
Provenance, evolution, and transition of personal selling and sales management to strategic marketing channel management 个人销售和销售管理到战略营销渠道管理的起源、演变和转变
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2019.1647913
Rolph E. Anderson, Alex H. Cohen, P. Christ, R. Mehta, Alan J. Dubinsky
Abstract Personal selling and sales management issues have been the focus of tremendous attention by research scholars, thus expanding our extant knowledge of the field of marketing. However, studies on the development of the discipline of personal selling and sales management from a historical perspective have been sparse. Accordingly, this manuscript makes a unique contribution by partially addressing this gap in the literature by tracing the transition of personal selling through sales management to a prominent role in strategic marketing channel management. From a historical vantage point this article discusses the genesis and evolution of personal selling and sales management, which include the Pioneer Era (1750–1780), Era of Scarcity (1780–1820), Era of Production (1820–1870), Era of Innovation and Growth (1870–1914), Era of Scientific Management (1880–1920), Era of the Roaring Twenties (1920–1929), Era of World Turmoil (1929–1945), Era of Postwar Recovery and Prosperity (1945–1977), Era of Personal Computers, Empowerment of Salespeople, Changing Roles of Sales Managers (1977–2000), and the Era of Customer Relationships and Top-Level Sales Managers As Strategic Channel Managers (2000–Present). With reference to the current era, the article discusses the role salespeople in general and senior- to top-level sales managers in particular play in fostering long-term relationships with a firm’s marketing channel members by moving from transactional selling and relationship selling to the current greater emphasis on forging symbiotic and synergistic strategic partnerships/alliances with reseller intermediaries.
人员销售和销售管理问题一直是研究学者们极大关注的焦点,从而扩展了我们现有的营销领域的知识。然而,从历史的角度对人员销售和销售管理学科发展的研究却很少。因此,这份手稿通过追踪个人销售通过销售管理的转变,在战略营销渠道管理中发挥突出作用,部分解决了这一差距,从而做出了独特的贡献。本文从历史的角度讨论了个人销售和销售管理的起源和演变,包括先锋时代(1750-1780)、稀缺时代(1780-1820)、生产时代(1820-1870)、创新和增长时代(1870-1914)、科学管理时代(1880-1920)、咆哮的二十年代(1920-1929)、世界动荡时代(1929-1945)、战后复苏和繁荣时代(1945-1977)、个人电脑时代、授权销售人员时代、销售经理角色的转变(1977-2000),客户关系时代和顶层销售经理作为战略渠道经理(2000年至今)。参考当前时代,本文讨论了销售人员的角色,特别是高级到顶层的销售经理,通过从交易销售和关系销售转向当前更强调与经销商中介建立共生和协同的战略伙伴关系/联盟,在培养与公司营销渠道成员的长期关系方面所起的作用。
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引用次数: 6
Franchising in the Balkans: History, status, and challenges 巴尔干地区的特许经营:历史、现状和挑战
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2019.1646188
Marko Grünhagen, N. Mumdžiev, Barbara Harča, Tamara Milenković-Kerković, Jasmina Dlačić
Abstract Since the Balkans have not been covered with regards to franchising in any comprehensive fashion in the past, this study represents a first look at the topic in this part of the world and contributes to the literature on franchising in emerging economies. This research contrasts the development of franchising in the ten Balkan countries of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia. A comprehensive overview of the franchise industry and its history is created for each country, integrating economic and franchise infrastructure development. The study reveals severe deficiencies in the region with regards to the availability of official data and a lack of specific legislation with regards to franchising and disclosure mandates, as well as education about franchising and a reliable legal environment. Implications for researchers and policy makers conclude the study.
由于巴尔干地区在过去没有以任何全面的方式涉及特许经营,本研究代表了对世界这一地区主题的首次研究,并为新兴经济体特许经营的文献做出了贡献。本研究对比了十个巴尔干国家(阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚、克罗地亚、科索沃、马其顿、黑山、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚和斯洛文尼亚)特许经营的发展。为每个国家创建了特许经营行业及其历史的全面概述,整合了经济和特许经营基础设施的发展。该研究显示,该地区在官方数据的可获得性、特许经营和披露授权方面缺乏具体立法、特许经营教育和可靠的法律环境等方面存在严重缺陷。对研究人员和政策制定者的启示总结了这项研究。
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引用次数: 3
Assessing consumer logistics functions in grocery shopping: Evidence from an emerging market 评估消费者在杂货购物中的物流功能:来自新兴市场的证据
IF 0.7 Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2019.1700868
Işık Özge Yumurtacı Hüseyinoğlu, H. Kotzab, Kübra Göksu Köstepen, Tilo F. Halaszovich
Abstract Consumer logistics (CL), focuses on the role of consumers in the logistical processing of goods for the purpose of consumption from point of acquisition to the point of disposal. The objective of this study is to test and validate the CL scale as introduced by Bahn, Granzin, and Tokman for grocery shopping in a previously unexplored country setting, namely in Turkey. Our findings show in contrast to Bahn et al. only six CL functions: information search, transportation management and materials handling, storage management & inventory needs assessment, contingent inventory operations & product acquisition, intra-household communication, and interdependent transportation operations. These six CL functions are more applicable for an emerging market, such as Turkey. These findings are consistent across the different socio-demographic characteristics in our sample.
摘要消费者物流(Consumer logistics, CL),侧重于消费者在以消费为目的的商品从获取点到处置点的物流处理过程中所起的作用。本研究的目的是测试和验证由Bahn、Granzin和Tokman引入的CL量表,该量表在以前未开发的国家环境中用于杂货购物,即土耳其。我们的研究结果显示,与Bahn等人相比,只有六个CL功能:信息搜索、运输管理和材料处理、存储管理和库存需求评估、应急库存操作和产品获取、家庭内部沟通和相互依赖的运输操作。这六个CL功能更适用于新兴市场,如土耳其。这些发现在我们样本中不同的社会人口特征中是一致的。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Journal of Marketing Channels
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