M. Berghauser Pont, Jens Forssén, M. Haeger-Eugensson, Andreas Gustafson, Niklas Rosholm
The top two environmental factors adversely affecting human health in Europe are air and noise pollution, with road traffic being the largest source. Urban density plays an important role in reducing car traffic. However, the benefits of reduced emissions per capita can still mean higher emissions locally, because of the number of people in the area. Therefore, this paper investigates how morphological parameters influence the local distribution of noise and air pollution. A parametric approach, based on the Spacematrix method, is used to study the impact of morphological parameters on the distribution of air and noise pollution, controlling for traffic mode, flows and speed. To compare the impact of exposure to noise and air pollution, their respective health burden is calculated using disability- adjusted life years (DALYs). The results, based on 31 models of different forms, show that the degree of openness greatly affects performance with opposite effects for noise and air pollution. Building types with slightly open yards, like open corner blocks, may provide an attractive compromise solution due to their relatively good noise exposure situation at the same time as the dispersion of air pollutants improves. Adding sound absorbing vegetation is an effective measure to mitigate noise, especially for blocks with openings, limiting the propagation of sound into the yard. Further, densification is beneficial for health if the increase in density does not increase traffic volume in the same proportion. Densification by adding towers on a perimeter building block gives the best results for health as it combines a less noisy yard, thanks to the enclosure of the yard with towers, which enhances turbulent mixing of air within the street canyon.
{"title":"Using urban form to increase the capacity of cities to manage noise and air quality","authors":"M. Berghauser Pont, Jens Forssén, M. Haeger-Eugensson, Andreas Gustafson, Niklas Rosholm","doi":"10.51347/um27.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51347/um27.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The top two environmental factors adversely affecting human health in Europe are air and noise pollution, with road traffic being the largest source. Urban density plays an important role in reducing car traffic. However, the benefits of reduced emissions per capita can still mean higher emissions locally, because of the number of people in the area. Therefore, this paper investigates how morphological parameters influence the local distribution of noise and air pollution. A parametric approach, based on the Spacematrix method, is used to study the impact of morphological parameters on the distribution of air and noise pollution, controlling for traffic mode, flows and speed. To compare the impact of exposure to noise and air pollution, their respective health burden is calculated using disability- adjusted life years (DALYs). The results, based on 31 models of different forms, show that the degree of openness greatly affects performance with opposite effects for noise and air pollution. Building types with slightly open yards, like open corner blocks, may provide an attractive compromise solution due to their relatively good noise exposure situation at the same time as the dispersion of air pollutants improves. Adding sound absorbing vegetation is an effective measure to mitigate noise, especially for blocks with openings, limiting the propagation of sound into the yard. Further, densification is beneficial for health if the increase in density does not increase traffic volume in the same proportion. Densification by adding towers on a perimeter building block gives the best results for health as it combines a less noisy yard, thanks to the enclosure of the yard with towers, which enhances turbulent mixing of air within the street canyon.","PeriodicalId":45374,"journal":{"name":"URBAN MORPHOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42912848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From types to regions: a quantitative approach to the characterization of urban form","authors":"Mariana Pizzo Diniz, M. Berghauser Pont, M. Serra","doi":"10.51347/um27.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51347/um27.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45374,"journal":{"name":"URBAN MORPHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44912256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The problem of teaching urban morphology and the ISSUM experiment","authors":"G. Strappa","doi":"10.51347/um27.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51347/um27.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45374,"journal":{"name":"URBAN MORPHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49032738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Obituary: Antony D. King (1931-2022)","authors":"P. Larkham","doi":"10.51347/um27.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51347/um27.0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45374,"journal":{"name":"URBAN MORPHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46291663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A new map of Alnwick","authors":"T. Slater","doi":"10.51347/um27.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51347/um27.0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45374,"journal":{"name":"URBAN MORPHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47644747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The politics of spatial reproduction have been at the heart of Turkey’s economic growth over the past two decades, accelerating rapid urban change in İstanbul. In addition to the transformation of the existing building stock in the city, natural spaces are also being developed through the partial revision of master plans and reproduced through large- scale new investments. This study examines the spatial changes in the Ayazağa Neighbourhood on the northern periphery of İstanbul. The region has become one of the areas where large capital owners have invested extensively in the last decade. Most of the new spatial interventions are large- scale mixed- use buildings. Based on morphological analysis and in- depth interviews with residents, the study investigates the existing urban fabric and the new interventions through four specific cases. The reproduction of urban space in the case study areas is discussed in terms of spatial characteristics and social aspects. As a result, the lack of public open spaces, massive new buildings with privately owned public spaces, and the social and spatial segregation between the residents of the informal settlements and the new upper- class housing are addressed as problem areas.
{"title":"Social and spatial impacts of changing urban form in Ayazağa, Turkey","authors":"Emine Ecem Kırtaş, Banu Tomruk","doi":"10.51347/um27.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51347/um27.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The politics of spatial reproduction have been at the heart of Turkey’s economic growth over the past two decades, accelerating rapid urban change in İstanbul. In addition to the transformation of the existing building stock in the city, natural spaces are also being developed through the partial revision of master plans and reproduced through large- scale new investments. This study examines the spatial changes in the Ayazağa Neighbourhood on the northern periphery of İstanbul. The region has become one of the areas where large capital owners have invested extensively in the last decade. Most of the new spatial interventions are large- scale mixed- use buildings. Based on morphological analysis and in- depth interviews with residents, the study investigates the existing urban fabric and the new interventions through four specific cases. The reproduction of urban space in the case study areas is discussed in terms of spatial characteristics and social aspects. As a result, the lack of public open spaces, massive new buildings with privately owned public spaces, and the social and spatial segregation between the residents of the informal settlements and the new upper- class housing are addressed as problem areas.","PeriodicalId":45374,"journal":{"name":"URBAN MORPHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44605168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Time as a significant dimension in urban form research","authors":"Jintang Chen","doi":"10.51347/um27.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51347/um27.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45374,"journal":{"name":"URBAN MORPHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45979981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The ecological perspective: Jeremy Whitehand’s last contribution to fringe-belt studies","authors":"Tolga Ünlü","doi":"10.51347/um27.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51347/um27.0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45374,"journal":{"name":"URBAN MORPHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47435420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the evolution of Philadelphia’s city block morphology between 1683, when the city was planned by William Penn, and 1900, when urban expansion abandoned the grid. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative assessment. The city grid underwent evolution during this time that resolved deficiencies of the original Penn plan, improving circulation and maximizing block area for rowhouse development. The Penn grid had large rectilinear blocks with irregular dimensions: it experienced two types of evolution. The first was adaptation through infill, as large 1683 blocks were subdivided by secondary through streets and tertiary streets. The second was adaptation through expansion of the grid, first an irregular, ‘unplanned’ grid, and later a regular, ‘planned’ grid. Both expansions reduced 1683 block depths to permit additional east-west circulation and to increase developable block frontage. Mean block depths of 666 ft in the Penn grid were reduced to 383 ft in the adapted grid, to 328 ft (south) and 393ft (north) in the unplanned expansion grid, and to 422 ft (south) and 534 ft (north) in the planned expansion grid. In the expansion grid, tertiary streets and rowhouse dimensions and heights were integrated with quaternary streets (pedestrian alleys), permitting high levels of housing density and diversity.
{"title":"The flexible urban grid: adaptation, expansion and evolution in Philadelphia's city block morphology","authors":"Brent D. Ryan, Elaine Wang","doi":"10.51347/um27.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51347/um27.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the evolution of Philadelphia’s city block morphology between 1683, when the city was planned by William Penn, and 1900, when urban expansion abandoned the grid. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative assessment. The city grid underwent evolution during this time that resolved deficiencies of the original Penn plan, improving circulation and maximizing block area for rowhouse development. The Penn grid had large rectilinear blocks with irregular dimensions: it experienced two types of evolution. The first was adaptation through infill, as large 1683 blocks were subdivided by secondary through streets and tertiary streets. The second was adaptation through expansion of the grid, first an irregular, ‘unplanned’ grid, and later a regular, ‘planned’ grid. Both expansions reduced 1683 block depths to permit additional east-west circulation and to increase developable block frontage. Mean block depths of 666 ft in the Penn grid were reduced to 383 ft in the adapted grid, to 328 ft (south) and 393ft (north) in the unplanned expansion grid, and to 422 ft (south) and 534 ft (north) in the planned expansion grid. In the expansion grid, tertiary streets and rowhouse dimensions and heights were integrated with quaternary streets (pedestrian alleys), permitting high levels of housing density and diversity.","PeriodicalId":45374,"journal":{"name":"URBAN MORPHOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43555132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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