Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0212610919000326
A. Henriques
ABSTRACT In this paper we show that Portugal benefitted from comparatively low-interest rates from the 13th century onwards, well before the generalised drop in interest rates in Europe. Contrary to the thesis that frontier economies struggle with high-interest rates and scarcity of capital, we find that the country's low and stable interest rates can be explained by its wide availability of land, combined with monetary stability and a favourable institutional network. These conclusions are built upon an entirely new dataset of interest rates and returns on capital for Portugal in the period 1230–1500.
{"title":"CAPITAL IN A FRONTIER ECONOMY: PORTUGAL, 1230–1500","authors":"A. Henriques","doi":"10.1017/S0212610919000326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610919000326","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper we show that Portugal benefitted from comparatively low-interest rates from the 13th century onwards, well before the generalised drop in interest rates in Europe. Contrary to the thesis that frontier economies struggle with high-interest rates and scarcity of capital, we find that the country's low and stable interest rates can be explained by its wide availability of land, combined with monetary stability and a favourable institutional network. These conclusions are built upon an entirely new dataset of interest rates and returns on capital for Portugal in the period 1230–1500.","PeriodicalId":45403,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Historia Economica","volume":"38 1","pages":"11 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0212610919000326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43447227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0212610919000296
Nuno Palma
Until the mid-1980s, Portuguese economic history existed in relative isolation from the main international currents. A relationship did exist with the French literature of the Annales school, which had influenced Vitorino Magalhães Godinho and others. And historians such as Borges Macedo or Oliveira Marques were aware of some of the international trends. But in the research being produced in Portugal, a comparative and quantitative approach, firmly rooted in the notion of the counterfactual, was altogether missing from the literature. This picture was about to change abruptly with the appearance of a modern classic, Reis (1984). From then onwards, the modern Anglophone approach to economic history has become more frequent in Portugal, though it has never become dominant relatively to the exclusively narrative, descriptive approach of traditional historians. Portugal’s much improved quality of research infrastructure, including university libraries and archives over the last four decades, has led to much easier access to (and interaction with) international scholarship. Together with freedom from censorship since the implementation of democracy and the later appearance of the internet, these developments have led to noticeable improvements in the quality of the research produced. Most of Portugal’s historians are still very much rooted in Portuguese institutions, and studying economic history outside the country is still the exception rather than the norm, but a generation of doctoral students at the European University Institute and elsewhere has focused on Portugal in a comparative perspective, and many of them now teach in Portugal. All of these developments have led to a noticeable methodological improvement in the type of papers that are written, as well as a more nuanced understanding of Portugal’s history, as a result of having a much more comparative outlook than used to be the case. This monographic issue is representative of the best work done in recent years, and it shows how much more integrated Portuguese
直到1980年代中期，葡萄牙的经济史相对孤立于国际主流之外。与法国年鉴学派的文学确实存在关系，它影响了维托里诺·马加尔·赫斯·戈迪尼奥和其他人。博尔赫斯·马塞多(Borges Macedo)或奥利韦拉·马奎斯(Oliveira Marques)等历史学家了解一些国际趋势。但在葡萄牙进行的研究中，一种牢牢植根于反事实概念的比较和定量方法在文献中完全缺失。随着一部现代经典电影《雷斯》(Reis, 1984)的出现，这种情况即将突然改变。从那时起，现代以英语为母语的经济史研究方法在葡萄牙变得更加频繁，尽管相对于传统历史学家的独家叙事和描述方法而言，它从未占据主导地位。在过去的四十年里，葡萄牙的研究基础设施质量大大提高，包括大学图书馆和档案馆，这使得获得国际奖学金(以及与之互动)变得更加容易。再加上民主制度的实施和后来互联网的出现，这些发展导致了研究质量的显著提高。大多数葡萄牙历史学家仍然在很大程度上扎根于葡萄牙的机构，在国外研究经济史仍然是例外，而不是常态，但欧洲大学研究所(European University Institute)和其他地方的一代博士生从比较的角度关注葡萄牙，其中许多人现在在葡萄牙任教。所有这些发展都使论文的写作方法有了明显的改进，同时也使人们对葡萄牙的历史有了更细致入微的了解，因为与过去相比，我们有了更多的比较观点。这个专题问题是近年来所做的最好的工作的代表，它显示了更多的整合葡萄牙语
{"title":"INTRODUCTION TO A SPECIAL ISSUE ON THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF PORTUGAL","authors":"Nuno Palma","doi":"10.1017/S0212610919000296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610919000296","url":null,"abstract":"Until the mid-1980s, Portuguese economic history existed in relative isolation from the main international currents. A relationship did exist with the French literature of the Annales school, which had influenced Vitorino Magalhães Godinho and others. And historians such as Borges Macedo or Oliveira Marques were aware of some of the international trends. But in the research being produced in Portugal, a comparative and quantitative approach, firmly rooted in the notion of the counterfactual, was altogether missing from the literature. This picture was about to change abruptly with the appearance of a modern classic, Reis (1984). From then onwards, the modern Anglophone approach to economic history has become more frequent in Portugal, though it has never become dominant relatively to the exclusively narrative, descriptive approach of traditional historians. Portugal’s much improved quality of research infrastructure, including university libraries and archives over the last four decades, has led to much easier access to (and interaction with) international scholarship. Together with freedom from censorship since the implementation of democracy and the later appearance of the internet, these developments have led to noticeable improvements in the quality of the research produced. Most of Portugal’s historians are still very much rooted in Portuguese institutions, and studying economic history outside the country is still the exception rather than the norm, but a generation of doctoral students at the European University Institute and elsewhere has focused on Portugal in a comparative perspective, and many of them now teach in Portugal. All of these developments have led to a noticeable methodological improvement in the type of papers that are written, as well as a more nuanced understanding of Portugal’s history, as a result of having a much more comparative outlook than used to be the case. This monographic issue is representative of the best work done in recent years, and it shows how much more integrated Portuguese","PeriodicalId":45403,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Historia Economica","volume":"38 1","pages":"7 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0212610919000296","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47949444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s0212610920000038
{"title":"RHE volume 38 issue 1 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0212610920000038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0212610920000038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45403,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Historia Economica","volume":"38 1","pages":"b1 - b2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0212610920000038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57284814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0212610919000338
F. Ribeiro da Silva, Hélder Carvalhal
ABSTRACT Challenging current ideas in mainstream scholarship on differences between female labour force participation in southern and north-western Europe and their impact on economic development, this article shows that in Portugal, neither marriage nor widowhood prevented women from participating in the labour market of mid-eighteenth-century. Our research demonstrates that marriage provided women with the resources they needed to work in various capacities in all economic sectors. This article also argues that single Portuguese women had an incentive to work and did so mostly as wage earners. Finally, the comparison of our dataset on female occupations from tax records with other European cases calls for a revision of the literature and the development of a more nuanced picture of the north-south divide.
{"title":"RECONSIDERING THE SOUTHERN EUROPEAN MODEL: MARITAL STATUS, WOMEN'S WORK AND LABOUR RELATIONS IN MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY PORTUGAL","authors":"F. Ribeiro da Silva, Hélder Carvalhal","doi":"10.1017/S0212610919000338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610919000338","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Challenging current ideas in mainstream scholarship on differences between female labour force participation in southern and north-western Europe and their impact on economic development, this article shows that in Portugal, neither marriage nor widowhood prevented women from participating in the labour market of mid-eighteenth-century. Our research demonstrates that marriage provided women with the resources they needed to work in various capacities in all economic sectors. This article also argues that single Portuguese women had an incentive to work and did so mostly as wage earners. Finally, the comparison of our dataset on female occupations from tax records with other European cases calls for a revision of the literature and the development of a more nuanced picture of the north-south divide.","PeriodicalId":45403,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Historia Economica","volume":"38 1","pages":"45 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0212610919000338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45338072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0212610919000314
Eric Golson
ABSTRACT In September 1939, Portugal made a realist strategic choice to preserve the Portuguese Empire maintaining by its neutrality and also remaining an ally of Great Britain. While the Portuguese could rely largely on their colonies for raw materials to sustain the mainland, the country had long depended on British transportation for these goods and the Portuguese military. With the British priority now given to war transportation, Portugal's economy and Empire were particularly vulnerable. The Portuguese dictator Antonio Salazar sought to mitigate this damage by maintaining particularly friendly financial relations with the British government, including increased exports of Portuguese merchandise and services and permission to accumulate credits in Sterling to cover deficits in the balance of payments. This paper gives an improved set of comprehensive statistics for the Anglo-Portuguese and German–Portuguese relationships, reported in Pounds and according to international standards. The reported statistics include the trade in merchandise, services, capital flows, loans and third-party transfers of funds in favour of the British account. When compared with the German statistics, the Anglo-Portuguese figures show the Portuguese government favoured the British in financial relations, an active choice by Salazar to maintain the Portuguese Empire.
{"title":"THE ALLIED NEUTRAL? PORTUGUESE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS WITH THE UK AND GERMANY IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939-1945","authors":"Eric Golson","doi":"10.1017/S0212610919000314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610919000314","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In September 1939, Portugal made a realist strategic choice to preserve the Portuguese Empire maintaining by its neutrality and also remaining an ally of Great Britain. While the Portuguese could rely largely on their colonies for raw materials to sustain the mainland, the country had long depended on British transportation for these goods and the Portuguese military. With the British priority now given to war transportation, Portugal's economy and Empire were particularly vulnerable. The Portuguese dictator Antonio Salazar sought to mitigate this damage by maintaining particularly friendly financial relations with the British government, including increased exports of Portuguese merchandise and services and permission to accumulate credits in Sterling to cover deficits in the balance of payments. This paper gives an improved set of comprehensive statistics for the Anglo-Portuguese and German–Portuguese relationships, reported in Pounds and according to international standards. The reported statistics include the trade in merchandise, services, capital flows, loans and third-party transfers of funds in favour of the British account. When compared with the German statistics, the Anglo-Portuguese figures show the Portuguese government favoured the British in financial relations, an active choice by Salazar to maintain the Portuguese Empire.","PeriodicalId":45403,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Historia Economica","volume":"38 1","pages":"79 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0212610919000314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48251594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-24DOI: 10.1017/S0212610919000387
Andrés Calderón-Fernández, Rafael Dobado-González, Alfredo García-Hiernaux
ABSTRACT This article presents new evidence and analysis on age heaping—a proxy for numeracy and therefore for human capital—in New Spain during the Enlightenment. Human capital plays an important role in economic growth and welfare. It is also one of the dimensions of inequality. Our results are at odds with many of the usual assumptions on which most Mexicanist historiography is based. Age heaping levels of males and females and ethnic groups across locations in Central New Spain are estimated and compared through ad hoc indicators with other countries. We infer that a more empirical emphasis on the institutional legacy of the viceregal period and more attention to human capital since pre-Conquest times will benefit the progress of Hispanic American economic history.
{"title":"NUMERACY IN CENTRAL NEW SPAIN DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT","authors":"Andrés Calderón-Fernández, Rafael Dobado-González, Alfredo García-Hiernaux","doi":"10.1017/S0212610919000387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610919000387","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents new evidence and analysis on age heaping—a proxy for numeracy and therefore for human capital—in New Spain during the Enlightenment. Human capital plays an important role in economic growth and welfare. It is also one of the dimensions of inequality. Our results are at odds with many of the usual assumptions on which most Mexicanist historiography is based. Age heaping levels of males and females and ethnic groups across locations in Central New Spain are estimated and compared through ad hoc indicators with other countries. We infer that a more empirical emphasis on the institutional legacy of the viceregal period and more attention to human capital since pre-Conquest times will benefit the progress of Hispanic American economic history.","PeriodicalId":45403,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Historia Economica","volume":"38 1","pages":"369 - 403"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0212610919000387","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47346047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.1017/S0212610919000405
Julio Djenderedjian, Juan Luis Martirén
ABSTRACT This paper examines the cost of living and evolution of welfare ratios among urban workers in Rio Grande's vila, the main commercial enclave of the southern Portuguese dominions in America. From diverse sources (military and hospital expenditure accounts, merchant credit bills from probate inventories), we build different consumption baskets to calculate their cost in seven benchmark years: 1772, 1792, 1802, 1809, 1816, 1819 and 1823. The evolution of cost of living shows a consistent upward trend during the period, which, however, does not substantially affect welfare ratios. In order to build regional comparisons, we follow Allen's methodology (2001) to estimate welfare ratios of skilled and unskilled workers in Rio Grande, Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The results of using this approach could be useful to adjust the methodology for further international comparisons.
{"title":"CONSUMPTION BASKETS AND COST OF LIVING IN SOUTHERN LATE COLONIAL BRAZIL: RIO GRANDE, 1772-1823","authors":"Julio Djenderedjian, Juan Luis Martirén","doi":"10.1017/S0212610919000405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610919000405","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the cost of living and evolution of welfare ratios among urban workers in Rio Grande's vila, the main commercial enclave of the southern Portuguese dominions in America. From diverse sources (military and hospital expenditure accounts, merchant credit bills from probate inventories), we build different consumption baskets to calculate their cost in seven benchmark years: 1772, 1792, 1802, 1809, 1816, 1819 and 1823. The evolution of cost of living shows a consistent upward trend during the period, which, however, does not substantially affect welfare ratios. In order to build regional comparisons, we follow Allen's methodology (2001) to estimate welfare ratios of skilled and unskilled workers in Rio Grande, Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The results of using this approach could be useful to adjust the methodology for further international comparisons.","PeriodicalId":45403,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Historia Economica","volume":"38 1","pages":"279 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0212610919000405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45908904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.1017/s0212610919000363
{"title":"RHE volume 37 issue 3 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0212610919000363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0212610919000363","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45403,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Historia Economica","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0212610919000363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44348529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S021261091800023X
María José Fuentes-Vásquez
ABSTRACT Regional economic differences in Colombia have persisted over time. The present study seeks to contribute to the debate on the territorial differences of the country through the identification of patterns of low coverage in both primary and secondary education between 1904 and 1958. The results, coinciding with other studies on income, show a tendency towards the formation of an educational cluster in the centre of the country and the existence of a human capital trap in the periphery. The results also suggest that there is a high correlation between fiscal capacity and enrolment rates. Finally, it can also be observed that territories with the highest enrolment rates are associated with high urban enrolment rates during the process of country-wide urbanisation. RESUMEN Las diferencias económicas regionales en Colombia han persistido en el tiempo. El presente trabajo busca contribuir al debate sobre las diferencias territoriales y la persistencia de la pobreza a partir de la identificación de patrones de baja cobertura educativa entre 1904 y 1958, tanto en la educación primaria como secundaria. Los resultados, tal y como se observa en otros estudios sobre ingresos, muestran una tendencia hacia la formación de un cluster educativo en el centro del país y la existencia de una trampa de capital humano en la periferia. Los resultados también sugieren que existe una alta correlación entre la capacidad presupuestaria y las tasas de matriculación. Finalmente, también se puede observar que los territorios con las tasas más altas de matriculación se correlacionan con las tasas más altas de matriculación urbana durante del proceso de urbanización en todo país.
{"title":"EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES IN COLOMBIA 1904-58: NEW EVIDENCE FROM A REGIONAL LEVEL APPROACH","authors":"María José Fuentes-Vásquez","doi":"10.1017/S021261091800023X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S021261091800023X","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Regional economic differences in Colombia have persisted over time. The present study seeks to contribute to the debate on the territorial differences of the country through the identification of patterns of low coverage in both primary and secondary education between 1904 and 1958. The results, coinciding with other studies on income, show a tendency towards the formation of an educational cluster in the centre of the country and the existence of a human capital trap in the periphery. The results also suggest that there is a high correlation between fiscal capacity and enrolment rates. Finally, it can also be observed that territories with the highest enrolment rates are associated with high urban enrolment rates during the process of country-wide urbanisation. RESUMEN Las diferencias económicas regionales en Colombia han persistido en el tiempo. El presente trabajo busca contribuir al debate sobre las diferencias territoriales y la persistencia de la pobreza a partir de la identificación de patrones de baja cobertura educativa entre 1904 y 1958, tanto en la educación primaria como secundaria. Los resultados, tal y como se observa en otros estudios sobre ingresos, muestran una tendencia hacia la formación de un cluster educativo en el centro del país y la existencia de una trampa de capital humano en la periferia. Los resultados también sugieren que existe una alta correlación entre la capacidad presupuestaria y las tasas de matriculación. Finalmente, también se puede observar que los territorios con las tasas más altas de matriculación se correlacionan con las tasas más altas de matriculación urbana durante del proceso de urbanización en todo país.","PeriodicalId":45403,"journal":{"name":"Revista De Historia Economica","volume":"37 1","pages":"443 - 478"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S021261091800023X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49435018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0212610918000204
Óscar Granados, José Joaquín Pinto
Abstract This article seeks to analyze the cocoa circuits during the final years of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the transition towards independence and the beginning of the world cocoa crisis in 1820. Added to the traditional circuits of Guayaquil and Maracaibo linked with Pamplona, the article identifies circuits that were speculated to exist in the southwest of New Granada, but because they did not move large volumes, they were not considered for production statistics. These small productions supplied the domestic market, also exported or integrated into circuits from other places that had better interactions in international markets. It is not a microhistory of cocoa in remote regions, it is the history of a cocoa overshadowed by the visibility of others. RESUMEN Este artículo busca analizar los circuitos del cacao durante los años finales del Virreinato de la Nueva Granada, la transición hacia la independencia y el inicio de la crisis mundial del cacao en 1820. Sumado a los circuitos tradicionales de Guayaquil y Maracaibo vinculado con Pamplona, el artículo identifica circuitos que se especulaba que existían en el suroccidente de la Nueva Granada, pero debido a que no movían grandes volúmenes no eran considerados en las estadísticas de producción. Estas pequeñas producciones abastecían al mercado interno, también se exportaba o se integraba a circuitos de otros lugares que contaban con mejores interacciones en los mercados internacionales. No es una microhistoria del cacao en regiones apartadas, es la historia de un cacao opacado por la visibilidad de otros.
本文旨在分析1820年新格拉纳达总督统治的最后几年，向独立过渡以及世界可可危机开始时的可可循环。加上瓜亚基尔和马拉开波与潘普洛纳相连的传统线路，文章确定了推测存在于新格拉纳达西南部的线路，但由于它们的交易量不大，因此没有考虑到生产统计。这些小产品供应国内市场，也从其他地方出口或集成到电路中，这些地方在国际市场上有更好的互动。这不是一部偏远地区可可豆的微观历史，而是一种可可豆被其他可可豆的知名度所掩盖的历史。RESUMEN Este artículo busca analiar los circuitos del可可durante los años finales del Virreinato de la Nueva Granada, la transición hacia la independencia y el inicio de la crisis mundial del可可in 1820。马拉开波市和瓜亚基尔市的传统马戏团在帕普洛纳市举行，墨西哥artículo墨西哥新格拉纳达市的传统马戏团在existían举行，墨西哥墨西哥的传统马戏团在movían grande volúmenes举行，墨西哥的传统马戏团在estadísticas de producción举行。Estas pequeñas producciones abastecían国际市场，tamamicassine和tamamicassine可出口到国际市场上的集成电路。没有人知道可可的微观历史，也没有人知道可可的微观历史，也没有人知道可可的微观历史。
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