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Violence, the Subject, and the Beyond: Achille Mbembe and Violence in International Relations Theory 暴力、主体和超越:阿契尔·姆本贝与国际关系理论中的暴力
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/ajph.12946
Keagan Ó Guaire

A double-barrelled question underpins this special edition: can International Relations (IR) be decolonised? If so, how? I argue that IR's insistence on more-or-less concretised subjects, which engage in dialectical relations of struggle, renders the discipline (and the practice it engenders) constitutionally blind to the origins of colonial violence. Traditional theory necessarily elides the violence which forges legible concrete actors and which culminates in colonialism and slavery. I offer a critique of this theoretical structure through Achille Mbembe's reading of Bataille, Fanon, Hegel, and Kojève, and I close by touching on the decolonising potential of Édouard Glissant's work for academic IR. I conclude that IR can indeed be decolonised, but it must become something quite unrecognisable if it is to do so.

这个特别版的基础是一个双重问题:国际关系能否非殖民化?如果是,如何?我认为,IR对或多或少具体化的主题的坚持,这些主题涉及辩证的斗争关系,使该学科(及其产生的实践)在宪法上对殖民暴力的起源视而不见。传统理论必然会忽略暴力,因为暴力塑造了清晰的具体行动者,并最终导致殖民主义和奴隶制。我通过Achille Mbembe对Bataille、Fanon、黑格尔和Kojève的阅读,对这种理论结构进行了批判,最后我谈到了Édouard Glissant的学术IR工作的非殖民化潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Indigenous Military Inclusion: A Settler Colonial Critique of the Regional Force Surveillance Units 土著军事包容:定居者对地区部队监视部队的殖民批判
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/ajph.12924
Federica Caso

In the context of this special issue's inquiry into whether it is possible to decolonise Australian international relations, this article investigates the service of Indigenous people in the Australian Defence Force (ADF). The military is a crucial site to investigate the colonial state of Australian international relations not only because it is an institution that performs key international relations practices such as war and diplomacy, but also because it defines and projects the identity of the state both domestically and internationally. In the past two decades, there has been a sustained effort to include Indigenous people in the ADF. An inclusive and multicultural defence purports to represent a post-colonial state where Indigenous and non-Indigenous people stand next to one another for the defence of their shared country. However, in Australia, Indigenous people do not enjoy the wealth of the nation equally and remain dispossessed from their land and economically disadvantaged. Using discourse analysis of publicly available materials praising Indigenous military inclusion, this article argues that the inclusion of Indigenous people in the Australian Defence Force risks further entrenching the settler colonial project.

在本期特刊调查澳大利亚国际关系是否有可能非殖民化的背景下,本文调查了土著人民在澳大利亚国防军(ADF)的服役情况。军队是调查澳大利亚国际关系殖民状态的重要场所,不仅因为它是一个执行战争和外交等关键国际关系实践的机构,还因为它在国内和国际上定义和投射国家身份。在过去的二十年里,一直在努力将土著人民纳入民主同盟军。包容性和多元文化的防御旨在代表一个后殖民国家,在这个国家,土著人和非土著人为了保卫他们共同的国家而站在一起。然而,在澳大利亚,土著人民并没有平等地享受国家的财富,他们仍然被剥夺了土地,在经济上处于不利地位。本文通过对公开材料的话语分析,赞扬土著人的军事包容性,认为将土著人纳入澳大利亚国防军有可能进一步巩固定居者的殖民项目。
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引用次数: 0
Political Tribalism in Kuwait: The Shift of Badū from the Regime's Political Ally to Political Opposition 科威特的政治部落主义:巴杜从政权的政治盟友转变为政治反对派
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-08-13 DOI: 10.1111/ajph.12839
Faisal Mukhyat Abu Sulaib

Addressing issues of political tribalism in Kuwait, the study reported here examined the political role of tribes in Kuwait, particularly to determine why badū tribespeople in Kuwait have shifted from being the regime's political ally to its political opponent. To that end, a survey questionnaire was created and distributed to 696 badū individuals living in Kuwait. The results suggest that most badū in Kuwait agree with the political opposition's agenda and feel excluded, marginalised, powerless, deprived of equal social justice, and deliberately targeted by certain local media networks. Furthermore, most badū sampled agreed that parliamentary elections are an effective way to exercise their political influence and that their tribes provide them with social protection as well as political power.

针对科威特的政治部落主义问题,本文报告的研究探讨了科威特部落的政治作用,特别是确定了科威特的坏部落人从政权的政治盟友转变为政治对手的原因。为此,我们制作了一份调查问卷,并分发给居住在科威特的 696 名 "坏ū人"。调查结果表明,科威特的大多数 "坏ū人 "同意政治反对派的议程,并感到自己被排斥、边缘化、无能为力、被剥夺了平等的社会公正,并被某些当地媒体网络蓄意当作攻击目标。此外,大多数被抽样调查的 "坏ū "都认为,议会选举是他们发挥政治影响力的有效途径,他们的部落为他们提供了社会保护和政治权力。
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引用次数: 0
Unlearning the Discipline: Decolonising International Relations Through Pedagogy and Praxis 解放学科:通过教育学和实践使国际关系非殖民化
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.1111/ajph.12923
Alba Rosa Boer Cueva, Kit Catterson, Laura J. Shepherd

The discipline of International Relations (IR) in Australia, as elsewhere, is steeped in historical and ongoing violence, including violences of colonisation. The way that IR is taught and practised in Australia reproduces the discipline's erasures and ignorance of the effects of colonisation and ongoing forms of marginalisation, knowledge extraction, and harm that normalise existing structures of power. In this article, we ask how mainstream theories, pedagogies, and practices of IR scholarship in Australia contribute to the ongoing coloniality of the discipline and reproduce these geospatial hierarchies and structures of marginalisation and exclusion. We argue that, as teachers, we have to consistently engage in un-doing the violence of disciplinary history. We theorise that this is so because the artefacts we teach are the product of a knowledge life cycle immersed in, and structured by, coloniality and hierarchy. Drawing on a survey of Australian universities' IR curricula and interviews with their instructors, in addition to our own research training and practice as Australian IR academics, we examine how, if, and when it is possible to connect decolonial theory with practice and to thus generate decolonial praxis in the production of IR knowledge.

与其他地方一样,澳大利亚的国际关系学科充斥着历史和持续的暴力,包括殖民暴力。在澳大利亚,IR的教学和实践方式再现了该学科对殖民主义和正在进行的边缘化、知识提取和伤害的影响的抹杀和无知,这些都使现有的权力结构正常化。在这篇文章中,我们询问澳大利亚IR学术的主流理论、教学法和实践如何促进该学科的持续殖民性,并再现这些地理空间等级制度和边缘化和排斥的结构。我们认为,作为教师,我们必须始终如一地参与纪律史上的暴力行为。我们认为这是因为我们教授的人工制品是沉浸在殖民主义和等级制度中并由其构成的知识生命周期的产物。根据对澳大利亚大学IR课程的调查和对其导师的采访,以及我们作为澳大利亚IR学者的研究培训和实践,我们研究了如何、是否以及何时有可能将非殖民化理论与实践联系起来,从而在IR知识的生产中产生非殖民化实践。
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引用次数: 0
Commonwealth of Australia July to December 2022 澳大利亚联邦2022年7月至12月
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1111/ajph.12922
John Wanna
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引用次数: 0
Tasmania July to December 2022 塔斯马尼亚2022年7月至12月
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1111/ajph.12920
Dr Michael Lester, Dr Dain Bolwell
<p>A divisive row over whether the Tasmanian government should spend $750 million to build a new stadium on Hobart's waterfront to secure a team in the AFL competition dominated state politics in the second half of 2022. The issue managed to overshadow ongoing concerns over the provision of hospital services, the housing crisis, rising cost of living pressures and the resignation from parliament of yet another minister. Yet, at the end of the period, the government enjoyed continued popularity.</p><p>The proposed Australian Rules football stadium at the languishing Macquarie Point site near the Hobart waterfront became a significant political issue, both within the Liberal Party and between the state's north and south. Specified as a precondition for Tasmania to join the AFL following decades-long obfuscation from the Melbourne-based body, the Premier backed its construction provided federal funding could be found. In so doing, previous plans to redevelop the Point including a reconciliation park were consigned to the waste bin.</p><p>While its cost, estimated at around $750 million, was compared with money that might instead be spent on much-needed health facilities and social housing, Premier Jeremy Rockliff and the state Liberals insisted that it would provide a major economic boost to construction and tourism, as it could be used for entertainment spectacles as well as other sports. However, federal Liberals, such as Senators Duniam, Askew and Chandler, opposed the idea as their electorates are statewide, and outside of Hobart the southern stadium was unpopular, as both current AFL stadiums – in Bellerive and York Park – could be upgraded at considerably less cost than Macquarie Point. The state Labor Party and the Greens opposed the stadium, while there was less than overwhelming support from local government.</p><p>Nevertheless, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese did not rule out funding for a stadium against the position of his state counterparts but signalled that it must include a full plan for the Macquarie Point site – for which he had already authorised an allocation of $50 million a decade prior when a minister in the Gillard government (<i>ABC News</i>, 15 December 2022).</p><p>In the meantime, there was more evidence that local Australian Rules football was in decline. Floods devasted many local grassroots clubs in October, when for example the Deloraine clubrooms and ground went completely underwater. Many facilities were “severely impacted” according to AFL Tasmania (Media Release, 18 October 2022). This was in contrast to the fortunes of basketball, where the Tasmanian team in the national league, the JackJumpers, reached the final, much to the benefit of local participation and membership.</p><p>In July, Police Minister Jacquie Petrusma resigned from state parliament becoming the fourth to exit the nine-minister cabinet since the state election in May 2021, including former Premier Peter Gutwein and ministers Jane Howlett and Sara
一个重要的新闻是,租约受到了鳗弧菌的影响,鳗弧菌是一种可以在鲑鱼中产生“高死亡率”的细菌。Tassal和Huon水产养殖公司没有回应媒体关于今年早些时候有多少三文鱼在疫情中死亡的详细信息的请求,但据透露,在控制疫情中使用了超过一吨的抗生素(《卫报》,2022年11月14日)。8月,Rockliff总理和青年部长Roger Jaensch宣布,在2024年底前关闭该州北部Deloraine附近陷入困境的Ashley青年拘留中心。与时任总理古特温在2021年早些时候的声明类似,该声明预示着“一种新的护理模式”,涉及“当代治疗设施”,作为整个青年司法系统改革的一部分(媒体发布,2022年8月28日)。阿什利一直是塔斯马尼亚机构调查儿童性虐待的中心人物,该调查委员会于当年成立。宣布的主要变化之一是将最低拘留年龄从10岁提高到14岁,这与大赦国际等组织最近的运动一致。大赦国际指出,按照世界标准,现有的刑事责任年龄异常低。此举也与其他州提出的改革建议一致。塔斯马尼亚大学犯罪学家罗布·怀特表示,这就是调查中发现的虐待儿童的行为,阿什利的末日“不会很快到来”,“应该把它夷为平地”(美国广播公司新闻,2022年8月19日),宣布辞职以关注2023年的节目(ABC新闻,2022年9月22日)。卡迈克尔领导这个节日已经十年了,他通过拥抱寒冷、黑暗和原始,包括黎明冬至裸体游泳等活动,帮助扭转了传统的年中旅游业的衰退。其他项目,如霍巴特市中心的空中花园开发项目和道格·艾特肯在遥远的南部艾达湾的永久艺术品“变形金刚”,将继续由他在DarkLab指导,两名塔斯马尼亚人被任命为七人国家文化政策咨询小组成员,与专家小组合作制定新的国家文化政策“复兴”。其中一位是Sinsa Mansell,她是来自该州北部拉拉普纳的Trawoolaway女性,也是传统和当代塔斯马尼亚土著舞蹈团pakana kanapilla的联合创始人和创意制作人。另一位是视觉艺术家基蒂·泰勒,也是管理塔斯马尼亚地区艺术基金的巅峰组织RANT Arts的联合创始人。她以社区内的社会参与实践和能力建设而闻名(联邦艺术办公室,2022年8月26日)。10月塔斯马尼亚州29个议会的选举因候选人的反对和他们的主张而引人注目,尤其是霍巴特市议会。地方政府选举每四年举行一次邮寄投票,为每个市选出7至12名议员。今年,首次强制居民和纳税人投票。投票于10月3日开始,10月25日结束;计票工作于11月1日完成,塔斯马尼亚州选举办公室报告称,选民投票率为84.79%,大大高于前几次选举(TEC媒体发布,2022年11月1号)。虽然大多数候选人利用TEC的邀请,就他们的经验、政策和立场与选票一起分发了一份简短的声明,在媒体上,竞选活动主要是为了支持或反对当地的“热点”问题。在霍巴特,这些问题包括对塔斯马尼亚大学将其大部分校园从桑迪湾郊区迁至霍巴特中央商务区的计划进行公民投票,提议修建一辆缆车前往库南伊/惠灵顿山顶峰,出租住房被短期度假住宿所取代,以及日益严重的交通问题。其他地方的重点是发展问题,如养鱼、区域经济发展和旅游业。选举带来了一些惊喜,从市长和长期担任议员的人失去了职位,到新上任的人担任领导角色,以及跨党派联盟成功获得市长副票(Mercury,2022年11月1日),塔斯马尼亚民事和行政法庭(TASCAT)驳回了对霍巴特市议会7月份决定的上诉,该决定拒绝了惠灵顿山索道公司有争议的从南霍巴特到库南伊/惠灵顿山顶峰的缆车计划。该公司决定不接受最高法院对TASCAT裁决的质疑。
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引用次数: 0
Palestinian Political Prisoners: Hunger Strikes and the Battle for Dignity 巴勒斯坦政治犯:绝食与尊严之战
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/ajph.12825
Sobhi Albadawi

Thousands of Palestinians have been imprisoned in Israeli jails since 1948, reflecting an objective of Israel's occupation of Palestine to break the spirit of Palestinians in their struggle for liberation. A form of protest often undertaken by Palestinians in response to their political imprisonment is hunger strike. Indeed, when considered in relation to governance as an enactment of power upon people in prison, hunger strikes are an attempt of powerless prisoners to exercise some level of power over their circumstances. Concepts around hunger strike as form of protest are complex and multidimensional, and may reflect the interests of an individual or group, and/or speak more to the broader rights of people. Of interest to this study is the relationship between hunger strike and human dignity as manifest as a form of protest by Palestinians incarcerated in Israeli jails. Specifically, this study aimed to investigate the extent to which the concept of human dignity is a fundamental principle guiding Palestinian political prisoners' initial decision to hunger strike and then to continue to hunger strike. To facilitate the investigation, a stratified sampling approach was used to support the collection of quantitative data via a survey of 29 expolitical prisoners who had participated in hunger strikes during their imprisonment in Israeli jails. The collected data were related to three core dimensions of the protest construct: motivations for undertaking the protest (hunger strike); personal feelings when undertaking protest; and the experienced responses to/outcomes of the protest. Analysis of the participants' responses and the reporting of the main findings was informed by reference to key theoretical frameworks developed by Habermas, Kant, Sartre, and Durkheim. This study found that Palestinian political prisoners often considered human dignity to be more important than food. They therefore believed that hunger strike was a way to express that they would not surrender their dignity nor stray from their resistance. This article contributes to the important debate on the extent to which the hunger strike is an effective way to protest against the loss of human dignity experienced as a Palestinian political prisoner.

自1948年以来,数千名巴勒斯坦人被关押在以色列监狱中,这反映出以色列占领巴勒斯坦的目的是打破巴勒斯坦人争取解放的精神。巴勒斯坦人为应对政治监禁而经常采取的一种抗议形式是绝食抗议。事实上,当将治理视为对监狱中的人行使权力时,绝食是无权的囚犯试图对自己的处境行使某种程度的权力。将绝食作为抗议形式的概念是复杂和多层面的,可能反映个人或群体的利益,和/或更多地表达人们更广泛的权利。这项研究感兴趣的是绝食与人类尊严之间的关系,这表现为被监禁在以色列监狱中的巴勒斯坦人的一种抗议形式。具体而言,本研究旨在调查人的尊严概念在多大程度上是指导巴勒斯坦政治犯最初决定绝食,然后继续绝食的基本原则。为了便于调查,采用了分层抽样方法,通过对29名在以色列监狱监禁期间参加绝食抗议的政治犯的调查,支持收集定量数据。收集的数据涉及抗议结构的三个核心层面:进行抗议(绝食)的动机;进行抗议时的个人感受;以及对抗议的经验反应/结果。通过参考哈贝马斯、康德、萨特和涂尔干制定的关键理论框架,对参与者的反应进行分析,并报告主要发现。这项研究发现,巴勒斯坦政治犯经常认为人的尊严比食物更重要。因此,他们认为绝食是一种表达他们不会放弃尊严,也不会偏离抵抗的方式。这篇文章有助于就绝食在多大程度上是抗议巴勒斯坦政治犯人格尊严丧失的有效方式展开重要辩论。
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引用次数: 0
Local and Contextual: John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women 地方与语境:约翰·斯图尔特·密尔的《女性主体》
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-25 DOI: 10.1111/ajph.12844
Antis Loizides

The reception of John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women (1869) has changed considerably during the last half century. In the increasingly positive reading and re-reading of the book, one criticism persists unchallenged: Mill's argument was universalistic. Not only did his analysis posit a uniform trajectory of both the subjection and the liberation of women, critics argue; also, they add, Mill failed to acknowledge the interrelation of identity and society by adhering to an abstract view of persons. This interpretation does not do justice to Subjection's text and context: Mill's legal prescriptions were not merely a symptom of a liberal theory of progress. He thought the unobstructed participation in the public life of the community the only way out of the vicious circle of habituation and oppression for women. This paper argues that his conclusion was grounded on ethological analyses of English national character, legal history, social institutions, and practices.

约翰·斯图尔特·密尔(John Stuart Mill)的《女性的主体》(The Subjection of Women,1869)在过去的半个世纪里受到了很大的欢迎。在对这本书越来越积极的阅读和重读中,有一种批评仍然没有受到质疑:米尔的论点是普世性的。批评者认为,他的分析不仅提出了女性服从和解放的统一轨迹;此外,他们补充道,米尔未能通过坚持抽象的人的观点来承认身份和社会的相互关系。这种解释不符合主体的文本和背景:米尔的法律处方不仅仅是自由主义进步理论的症状。他认为,无障碍地参与社区的公共生活是摆脱妇女习惯化和压迫恶性循环的唯一途径。本文认为,他的结论是基于对英国民族性格、法律历史、社会制度和实践的行为学分析。
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引用次数: 1
Victoria 维多利亚
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-25 DOI: 10.1111/ajph.12921
Dr Zareh Ghazarian
<p>The anticipated political highlight in Victoria was the state election that would be held on the last Saturday of November. The Daniel Andrews-led Labor Party was focusing on winning its third election in a row. Having first been elected in 2014, Labor had extended its majority in the Legislative Assembly in 2018. This election, however, would be the first in Victoria since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. With lingering debates about ethics and accountability in government, as well as health and the state's economy, Victorians would be treated to a vigorous contest by the major parties.</p><p>The second half of 2022 was a very busy period for those who were following ethics and accountability in government in Victoria. On 20 July, the recommendations from Operation Watts were released. This operation was the first that was jointly undertaken by the state's Independent Broad-based Anti-Corruption Commission (IBAC) and the state's Ombudsman. It examined claims of branch stacking in the ALP as well as alleged cases of Labor MPs misusing public money. The report highlighted that while some actions could not be regarded as criminal offences, there were examples of behaviours that may not have aligned with community expectations (Operation Watts Special Report, July 2022).</p><p>Operation Watts resulted in 21 recommendations that aimed to strengthen integrity and accountability in the public sector, but especially in the Victorian Parliament. These included establishing a new Parliamentary Ethics Committee and Parliamentary Integrity Commissioner. Additional recommendations included reviewing the Electorate Officers Code of Conduct to forbid staffers from undertaking party-political work during hours they were employed as an electorate officer, as well as stopping MPs from employing members of their family in electoral offices. Premier Daniel Andrews announced that all recommendations would be adopted and announced that “as leader of the party and leader of our state, I take full responsibility for that conduct” (<i>The Age</i>, 20 July 2022).</p><p>Additionally, the so-called ‘red shirts’ affair, in which approximately $400,000 of state money was reportedly misused by paying electoral officers and other staff to undertake party-related campaigning in the lead-up to the 2014 election, re-appeared on the political radar (see <i>The Guardian</i>, 28 July 2022). The Ombudsman had already presented a report on these matters to the Victorian Parliament in 2018 but had been asked to investigate once more by the Legislative Council, a move that was spearheaded by former Labor minister, Adem Somyurek.</p><p>The Ombudsman also took the opportunity to restate calls for an independent investigative agency, making ethics and accountability critical issues in the political debate in Victoria.</p><p>These issues provided the opposition leader, Matthew Guy, with opportunities to attack the government. The focus, however, quickly shifted to the Liberal Party af
预计维多利亚州的政治亮点是将于11月最后一个星期六举行的州选举。丹尼尔·安德鲁斯领导的工党正专注于连续第三次赢得大选。工党于2014年首次当选,并于2018年扩大了其在立法议会的多数席位。然而,这次选举将是自新冠肺炎疫情爆发以来维多利亚州的首次选举。由于关于政府道德和问责制以及健康和州经济的辩论挥之不去,维多利亚州人将面临主要政党的激烈竞争。对于那些在维多利亚州政府中遵守道德和问责制的人来说,2022年下半年是一个非常繁忙的时期。7月20日,瓦茨行动发布了建议。这是该州基础广泛的独立反腐败委员会(IBAC)和该州监察员首次联合开展行动。它审查了ALP分支机构堆积的指控,以及工党议员滥用公共资金的指控。该报告强调,虽然一些行为不能被视为刑事犯罪,但也有一些行为可能与社区期望不符(瓦茨行动特别报告,2022年7月)。瓦茨行动提出了21项建议,旨在加强公共部门的诚信和问责制,尤其是在维多利亚州议会。其中包括设立一个新的议会道德委员会和议会廉政专员。其他建议包括审查《选举官员行为准则》,禁止工作人员在担任选举官员期间从事政党政治工作,并阻止议员在选举办公室雇用家人。总理丹尼尔·安德鲁斯宣布,所有建议都将被采纳,并宣布“作为党的领导人和我们州的领导人,我对这种行为承担全部责任”(《时代》,2022年7月20日)。此外,所谓的“红衫军”事件,据报道,在2014年大选前,约40万美元的国家资金被支付给选举官员和其他工作人员,用于进行与政党有关的竞选活动,这再次出现在政治雷达上(见《卫报》,2022年7月28日)。2018年,监察员已经向维多利亚州议会提交了一份关于这些问题的报告,但立法委员会要求监察员再次进行调查,这一行动由前劳工部长Adem Somyurek牵头。监察员还借此机会重申了成立独立调查机构的呼吁,在维多利亚州的政治辩论中,道德和问责制成为关键问题。这些问题为反对党领袖马修·盖伊提供了攻击政府的机会。然而,在有报道称马修·盖伊的幕僚长米奇·卡特林要求一位匿名捐赠者向他的私人企业支付10万美元后,焦点很快转移到了自由党身上。根据这一安排,捐赠者每月将向Catlin的公司支付约8300美元(the Age,2022年8月2日)。虽然没有签署正式合同,但盖伊与此事有关,据报道,泄露的电子邮件显示,卡特林要求反对派领导人将拟议的合同转交给捐助者。虽然卡特林迅速辞职,但对联盟的损害是巨大的。这件事削弱了盖伊在诚信问题上攻击政府的能力,评论员质疑盖伊的判断(《时代》,2022年8月5日)。当这位自由党领袖的办公室人事变动细节浮出水面时,他被进一步回避了。据报道,盖伊聘请了一位亲密的私人朋友尼克·麦高文担任他的新幕僚长(《时代》,2022年8月8日)。麦高文也是自由党在东北大都会区的候选人。这一任命似乎导致了党内的进一步分歧,因为一些自由党议员对盖伊的选择感到“愤怒”(《时代》,2022年8月8日)。另据报道,在麦高文被任命后,包括通讯主任在内的其他工作人员已离开盖伊的办公室(天空新闻,2022年8月12日)。可以说,这些事件对联盟的选举支持产生了负面影响,因为它们助长了一种感觉,即反对派在竞选活动正式开始前仍在努力解决其内部结构问题。距离州选举仅剩三个月,民意调查开始成为维多利亚州政治报道的一个突出特点。8月27日,Newspoll发布的数据显示,工党很可能会保留政府,因为在至关重要的两党优先措施上,工党以56%对44%的得票率领先联盟。此外,51%的受访者表示丹尼尔·安德鲁斯将成为更好的总理,而马修·盖伊的这一比例仅为34%。 这与Roy Morgan的数据一致,Roy Morgan在8月14日公布的两党支持率为60.5%至39.5%。此外,反对派对工党信任和问责问题的攻击似乎没有影响公众对政府的态度。在8月25日发表在《时代》杂志上的一项民意调查中,42%的选民表示工党最适合“以正直和诚实的态度执政”,而只有21%的选民表示联盟也是如此。这与其他已公布的民意调查一起表明,该联盟将难以增加其在维多利亚州议会的代表性。在新冠肺炎大流行期间,政府在医疗保健方面的表现受到了公开审查,9月,应急管理监察长(IGEM)发布了对2020年12月至2022年5月期间该州紧急呼叫绩效的审查。该报告发现,在此期间发生了40起与延误有关的“潜在不良事件”,“其中33名患者在紧急情况下未能幸存”(IGEM报告,2022年9月,6日)。该审查还考虑了国家紧急服务呼叫中心紧急服务电信管理局(ESTA)。审查发现,疫情期间对救护车服务的需求意味着ESTA难以快速接听电话。审查还发现,救护车的呼叫量“超过了历史最高点,紧急呼叫的排队时间完全不可接受——10分钟、15分钟甚至更长”(IGEM报告,2022年9月,第5页)。安德鲁斯总理回应这些调查结果时说:“我们为一个不符合你们需求的系统道歉,我们绝对道歉,我们理解这对你们来说将是多么具有挑战性”(美国广播公司新闻,2022年9月6日)。这一事件给了州反对派批评政府在医疗保健方面表现的新机会。它还为自由党提供了一个平台,可以发布有关卫生和医院的新公告。其中包括认捐4亿美元,用于升级Maroondah医院,为墨尔本东郊提供服务。据报道,这使反对派在卫生方面的承诺超过了60亿美元,这引发了人们对如何资助这些项目的质疑。反对党领袖盖伊承诺,这些项目将通过将分配给郊区铁路环线的资金用于医疗保健来完成。9月4日,前美国广播公司墨尔本电台早间节目主持人Jon Faine在《时代》杂志上发表了一篇重要文章,称权力一直集中在总理办公室,现在“比肯尼特政权鼎盛时期更加集中”。在这种情况下,选举前的最后几周充满了密集的竞选活动和政策承诺。服务交付在两个主要政党的平台上都很突出。自由党在2018年过分强调法律和秩序问题后,也避免引起人们对这些问题的关注。相反,联盟似乎提出了一项更积极的政策计划,其中包括重大的支出承诺。医疗保健是一个主要关注领域,正如在州选举中所预期的那样。例如,工党承诺投入20多亿美元在全州范围内建设或升级医院。此外,还将向在公共卫生系统工作两年或两年以上的最近毕业的护士和助产士发放5000美元的新奖金。该联盟还关注健康,并承诺减少择期手术等待名单,并建设或现代化超过25家医院(《卫报》,2022年11月25日)。自由党还承诺提供牙科代金券,并建设该州的护理能力。两个主要政党都强调了公共交通的成本。工党试图使V/Line和大都市火车旅行价格持平,而联盟承诺将公共交通价格限制在每天2美元。主要政党还承诺在教育方面投入大量资金。在气候变化问题上,联盟承诺到2050年实现净零排放,而工党承诺到2045年实现净0排放(《卫报》,2022年11月25日)。工党的一项重大宣布是重新成立国家电力委员会(SEC),该委员会此前在20世纪90年代中期由肯尼特政府私有化。美国证券交易委员会是丹尼尔·安德鲁斯在克兰本发起的竞选活动的一大特色。总理认为,重新启动美国证券交易委员会将降低电力成本,并为成千上万的维多利亚人提供就业机会。美国证券交易委员会的声明是工党经济、环境和能源叙事的核心,主题为“做重要的事”(The Age,2022年11月13日)。盖伊与工党(11月13号)同一天在墨尔本港发起了自由党的竞
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引用次数: 0
Issues in Australian Foreign Policy July to December 2022 2022年7月至12月澳大利亚外交政策问题
IF 0.8 4区 社会学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1111/ajph.12909
Kate Clayton
<p>The second half of 2022 saw the newly elected Australian Labor Party take their new brand of foreign policy on the road. After a turbulent first half of the year where foreign policy took an unusually large focus of the 2022 election campaign, in July to December the Albanese government was able to settle into government and carve out their foreign policy agenda. As James Blackwell highlighted in his assessment of the January to June 2022 period, “we do indeed live in interesting times”.1 The election saw more Australians talking about foreign policy, which enabled the government to “go strong” on foreign policy. Just days after being elected, Albanese and Foreign Minister Penny Wong flew to Japan for the annual Quad Leaders' Meeting in Tokyo. Collectively, Albanese, Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Richard Marles and Wong travelled to 32 states in 2022, Wong alone visiting 24. Throughout 2022 this set the pace for an Albanese government that engaged regularly with international peers, carving out a more internationalist foreign policy that is typical of Labor governments.</p><p>In a similar way to the collective sigh of relief felt when Biden was elected,2 the foreign policy community was looking forward to an Albanese government with a more predictable and sensible foreign policy, where public rhetoric and “wolf warriors” did not typify the foreign policy agenda. A moment of calm, ironically despite the regular international visits, was setting over Australian foreign policy.</p><p>This foreign policy review will seek to unpack the beginnings of the Albanese and Wong approach to overseas affairs, looking at their typically-Labor regional focus, and how the new government is seeking to separate its foreign policy brand from previous governments. It will also delve into some of the key issues and challenges for the new government, including living up to expectations on climate change and engaging with more traditional allies.</p><p>Traditional Labor foreign policy has been described as being more internationalist, characterised by enhanced multilateralism, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. While the Liberal party had its own foreign policy agenda, which included the 'Pacific Step Up', enhancing relations with the Quad, and going hard on China, since the election of the new Albanese Government we have seen Australia become a ‘global citizen’ once more.</p><p>In a 2016 article Tanya Plibersek outlined the ‘Labor approach’ to Australian foreign policy, suggesting that “good international citizenship is a critical driver to achieving a secure and prosperous Australia”, leaning on former Foreign Minister Gareth Evans' conception of “good international citizenship”.3 Plibersek went on to highlight Labor multilateralism with Foreign Minister H.V. “Doc” Evatt at the United Nations 1945 San Francisco conference and Labor's tradition in Asia and on nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. Interestingly for 2022 and noting the AUKUS ag
8在2022年个人政治品牌的一大亮点中,美国总统乔·拜登在美国太平洋峰会上送给太平洋领导人一副他标志性的雷朋飞行员太阳镜,这样领导人就可以“通过拜登的镜头看事情”。9峰会照片和礼品袋已成为主办国的关键图像,随着澳大利亚在2023年主办四方领导人会议,阿尔巴尼斯政府对四方领导人所做的一切将意味着他如何寻求人们对他的政府的看法。对黄来说,她的外交政策风格以“倾听”的方式为特色,尤其是对太平洋国家。10作为澳大利亚外交部长,首位亚裔和酷儿女性的重要性不容忽视。这让她的领导能力受到了亚洲邻国的赞扬,他们现在看到了澳大利亚人口结构的不同代表。这使黄能够施展魅力和娴熟的外交手腕。作为外交部长,王的大部分行程都是访问东南亚和太平洋地区,在今年下半年在新加坡国际战略研究所发表的重要演讲中,她谈到了澳大利亚和东南亚的“共同未来”,王强调,“澳大利亚必须在亚洲找到安全,而不是在亚洲”;国防部长的角色不适合拍照机会和Instagram字幕。为了扩大自己的吸引力,马尔斯在访问德国、英国和法国时撰写了专栏文章。13为了评估马尔斯的外交政策风格,这篇评论将关注他7月初在华盛顿战略与国际研究中心的演讲。与大多数访问美国的领导人一样,Marles回顾了澳大利亚和美国在第二次世界大战中并肩作战的情况。14他强调,在他的领导下,国防部将“严格关注改善联盟合作”。15 Marles在国防方面的领导和推动AUKUS协议的达成,使他特别关注美国,在发展方面,王在联合国大会演讲中宣布,澳大利亚将制定一项新的发展政策。国际发展部长;太平洋和国防工业部长Pat Conroy在澳大利亚国际发展理事会的一次重要讲话中进一步阐述了这一点。Conroy指出,政府打算加强与各国政府的伙伴关系,以便它们能够“维持自身发展”,“增强抵御外部压力和冲击的能力”,“将合作伙伴与澳大利亚和地区架构联系起来”,并最终“就影响我们地区的全球挑战采取集体行动”。16新政府希望制定一项更雄心勃勃、更协调的发展政策。在六个月的时间里,政府增加了对巴基斯坦的援助,以应对洪水,向图瓦卢和基里巴斯提供干旱援助,并向缅甸、孟加拉国、斯里兰卡、非洲之角和也门提供人道主义支持。17阿巴尼斯-王外交政策议程的一个独特之处是任命了一名助理外交部长蒂姆·沃茨,墨尔本西郊Gellibrand多元文化区的成员。在被任命之前,瓦茨是影子通信和网络安全部助理部长,在议会任职期间,他对网络政策表现出了明显的兴趣。他出版了两本书,第一本是与现任内政部长克莱尔·奥尼尔合著的《两个未来:关键时刻的澳大利亚》。第二本书《黄金世纪:澳大利亚不断变化的身份》着眼于澳大利亚的多元文化,重点关注亚洲。自2013年当选以来,瓦茨已成为澳大利亚外交和数字政策领域的后起之秀。作为助理部长,他走遍了整个地区,尤其是非洲、南美洲和整个印度洋——印度洋-太平洋经常被遗忘的地区。瓦茨的角色使澳大利亚能够在谈判桌上占有一席之地,否则外交部长可能会忙于其他事务。拥有一名助理外交部长,可以扩大澳大利亚的全球影响力。在六个月的时间里,阿尔巴尼斯政府展示了其增加澳大利亚原住民代表性的承诺。除了阿尔巴内塞承诺就第一民族向议会发出的声音举行全民公投外,政府还通过了第一民族外交政策。布莱克威尔在1月至6月的《外交政策评论》中讨论了第一民族外交政策的潜力和机遇,并在今年下半年出现了更多关于它的信息。 89 2022年在华盛顿举行的AUSMIN会议强调了印太合作的持续深化、气候变化和清洁能源合作、符合拜登政府印太经济框架的弹性供应链、国防和安全合作以及提高技术能力。90所有这些都是AUSMIN会议的标准议题。然而,《联合声明》中一个更有趣的补充内容是,在澳大利亚土著民族和第一民族会议上,土著和第一民族首次被包括在内。《联合领导人声明》讨论了纳入“在国际层面上听到的”土著声音的问题,承认“交流最佳做法和发展跨太平洋网络”。91这是对AUSMIN的欢迎,因为拜登和阿尔巴尼斯展示了他们对进步外交政策的理解。对澳大利亚来说,这是第一民族外交政策如何在实践中发挥作用的一个例子,因为我们仍在等待澳大利亚首位土著人民大使的宣布。自AUKUS宣布以来,澳大利亚在华盛顿的足迹一直在逐渐增加。2021年末,战略与国际研究中心宣布任命查尔斯·埃德尔为其首任澳大利亚主席,2022年7月,澳大利亚战略政策研究所(ASPI)在华盛顿开设了办事处。Richard Marles正式开设了新的ASPI办公室,他表示,这不仅仅是为了更接近美国的“权力中心”,而是“让讨论的性质具有澳大利亚特色”。92 8月,政府宣布将进行一次由Stephen Smith领导的独立领导的国防战略审查,陆克文政府时期的前外交和国防部长,以及前国防军司令安格斯·休斯顿爵士。该审查“将有助于澳大利亚做好准备,有效应对不断变化的地区和全球战略环境,确保国防部的能力和结构符合目的,并带来最大的投资回报”。93该审查将于2023年上半年发布,同时发布AUKUS支柱I的更新。2022年9月是AUKUS协议一周年。经过一年的讨论,有关该项目的新信息仍然不多。除了澳大利亚购买核动力潜艇之外,AUKUS实际上是什么,澳大利亚的许多人仍不清楚。自宣布以来,围绕核动力潜艇的炒作占据了公众辩论的很大一部分,讨论了我们是否需要这些潜艇、与法国关系的后果以及澳大利亚的主权成本。94自AUKUS宣布以来,三方关系得到了加强。每个政府都加强了彼此之间的官僚合作。然而,对于支柱二的成功而言,美国国际武器贩运管制政策需要修订,以确保澳大利亚能够及时获得先进的能力和信息共享。95 2022年9月,澳大利亚和英国建立了一个关于英国核动力“机敏”级潜艇的潜艇训练计划。96这与美国国会提出的一项类似法案相结合,该法案旨在培训澳大利亚潜艇军官97除了纪念AUKUS协议周年之外,第六个月期间AUKUS没有取得多大进展。看起来协议的参数可能会扩大,让日本在第二支柱下的先进能力方面进行合作。98为了送别2022年,阿尔巴尼斯在伍德福德民俗节上特别亮相,再次强调了他的“酷”个人品牌。99在昆士兰民俗节上,阿尔巴内斯的演讲感觉像是对外交政策时代结束的庆祝,以及新冠疫情封锁的结束。100他回忆起上任第一年的成功,表示“我们修复了国际关系,让澳大利亚走出了困境”。101与中国的重新谈判是阿尔巴尼斯的一大亮点。关于气候变化,阿尔巴尼斯提到加强与太平洋国家的关系,并承担“我们作为可再生能源超级大国的合法地位”。102 2023年的最大挑战将是就宪法规定的第一民族议会之声举行全民公投,并在2022年的势头基础上再接再厉。除此之外,更多关于AUKUS的消息将公布,《国防战略评论》将发布,澳大利亚将主办四方领导人会议。随着国际旅行的回归和新的工党政府的介入,自2022年初以来,澳大利亚在世界上的地位似乎有所扩大。
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Australian Journal of Politics and History
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