D. Kwolek, M. Denysenko-Bennett, G. Góralski, M. Cygan, P. Mizia, R. Piwowarczyk, M. Szklarczyk, A. Joachimiak
Several parasitic plants are known to have acquired mitochondrial genes via a horizontal transfer from their hosts. However, mitochondrial gene transfer in this direction has not yet been found in the parasite-rich family Orobanchaceae. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial atp6 gene in selected species of Orobanche s.l., we provide evidence of a host-to-parasite transfer of this gene in O. coerulescens , which is a Eurasiatic species that parasitises Artemisia (Asteraceae). We did not find the original Orobanche atp6 gene in this species, which suggests that it has been replaced by a gene that was acquired from Asteraceae. In addition, our data suggest the occurrence of a second HGT event in the atp6 sequence – from Asteraceae to Phelipanche . Our results support the view that the transfer of genetic material from hosts to parasites influences the mitochondrial genome evolution in the latter.
{"title":"The First Evidence of a Host-to-Parasite Mitochondrial Gene Transfer in Orobanchaceae","authors":"D. Kwolek, M. Denysenko-Bennett, G. Góralski, M. Cygan, P. Mizia, R. Piwowarczyk, M. Szklarczyk, A. Joachimiak","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Several parasitic plants are known to have acquired mitochondrial genes via a horizontal transfer from their hosts. However, mitochondrial gene transfer in this direction has not yet been found in the parasite-rich family Orobanchaceae. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial atp6 gene in selected species of Orobanche s.l., we provide evidence of a host-to-parasite transfer of this gene in O. coerulescens , which is a Eurasiatic species that parasitises Artemisia (Asteraceae). We did not find the original Orobanche atp6 gene in this species, which suggests that it has been replaced by a gene that was acquired from Asteraceae. In addition, our data suggest the occurrence of a second HGT event in the atp6 sequence – from Asteraceae to Phelipanche . Our results support the view that the transfer of genetic material from hosts to parasites influences the mitochondrial genome evolution in the latter.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"59 1","pages":"13-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45951616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Somaclonal Variation During Picea abies and P. omorika Somatic Embryogenesis and Cryopreservation","authors":"T. Hazubska-Przybył, M. Dering","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"59 1","pages":"93-103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43920856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetic diversity is often considered a major determinant of long term population persistence and its potential to adapt to variable environmental conditions. The ability of populations to maintain their genetic diversity across generations seems to be a major prerequisite for their sustainability, which is particularly important for keystone forest tree species. However, little is known about genetic consequences of demographic alterations occurring during natural processes of ecological succession involving changes in the species composition. Using microsatellites, we investigated genetic diversity of adult and offspring generations in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) populations coexisting in a naturally established old-growth forest stand, showing some symptoms of ongoing ecological succession from oakto beechdominated forest. In general, adult generations of both species exhibited high levels of genetic diversity (0.657 for beech; 0.821 for oak), which, however, depended on the sets of selected genetic markers. Nevertheless, several symptoms such as differences in genetic diversity indices between generations, significant levels of inbreeding (up to 0.029) and low estimates of effective population size (48–80) confirmed the declining status of the oak population. On the other hand, the uniform distribution of genetic diversity indices across generations, low levels of inbreeding (0.004), low genetic differentiation among adults and offspring and, most importantly, large estimates of effective population size (119–716), all supported beech as a successive and successful tree species in the studied forest stand.
{"title":"Genetic Insights into Ecological Succession from Oak- (Quercus robur L.) to Beech- (Fagus sylvatica L.) Dominated Forest Stands","authors":"Elżbieta Sandurska, B. Ulaszewski, J. Burczyk","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic diversity is often considered a major determinant of long term population persistence and its potential to adapt to variable environmental conditions. The ability of populations to maintain their genetic diversity across generations seems to be a major prerequisite for their sustainability, which is particularly important for keystone forest tree species. However, little is known about genetic consequences of demographic alterations occurring during natural processes of ecological succession involving changes in the species composition. Using microsatellites, we investigated genetic diversity of adult and offspring generations in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) populations coexisting in a naturally established old-growth forest stand, showing some symptoms of ongoing ecological succession from oakto beechdominated forest. In general, adult generations of both species exhibited high levels of genetic diversity (0.657 for beech; 0.821 for oak), which, however, depended on the sets of selected genetic markers. Nevertheless, several symptoms such as differences in genetic diversity indices between generations, significant levels of inbreeding (up to 0.029) and low estimates of effective population size (48–80) confirmed the declining status of the oak population. On the other hand, the uniform distribution of genetic diversity indices across generations, low levels of inbreeding (0.004), low genetic differentiation among adults and offspring and, most importantly, large estimates of effective population size (119–716), all supported beech as a successive and successful tree species in the studied forest stand.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"59 1","pages":"23-33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44973995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Bednarska, I. Kostikov, A. Tarieiev, V. Stukonis
{"title":"Morphological, Karyological and Molecular Characteristics of Festuca Arietina Klok. – A Neglected Psammophilous Species of the Festuca Valesiaca Agg. from Eastern Europe","authors":"I. Bednarska, I. Kostikov, A. Tarieiev, V. Stukonis","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"59 1","pages":"35-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49023394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Girdling was applied to 5-year-old potted beech individuals of early, intermediate and late phenological forms to block assimilate export from leaves. Phloem severance caused accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and starch in leaves and increased the C/N ratio. While the hexose content increased continuously until the end of the experiment, the sucrose and starch contents peaked earlier, depending on the plant’s phenological features. Different rates of chlorophyll degradation and H₂O₂ and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) production in different phenological forms implied that phloem girdling was the source of oxidative stress and, depending on the phenological form, accelerated leaf senescence to different degrees. The variable rate of the increase in soluble carbohydrate and starch content, characteristic of the different phenological forms, had different modifying effects on the antioxidant activity in leaves. Compared with the early phenological form, the late form was characterized by a smaller increase in H₂O₂ and TBARS content and delayed and slowed chlorophyll and carotenoid degradation. In conjunction with the larger increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) induced by carbohydrate accumulation and slower carotenoid degradation, these changes led to the late form having greater resistance to oxidative stress and slower senescence.
{"title":"Stem Girdling Affects the Carbon/Nitrogen Imbalance and Oxidative Stress, and Induces Leaf Senescence in Phenological Forms of Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Series botanica","authors":"W. Kraj","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Girdling was applied to 5-year-old potted beech individuals of early, intermediate and late phenological forms to block assimilate export from leaves. Phloem severance caused accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and starch in leaves and increased the C/N ratio. While the hexose content increased continuously until the end of the experiment, the sucrose and starch contents peaked earlier, depending on the plant’s phenological features. Different rates of chlorophyll degradation and H₂O₂ and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) production in different phenological forms implied that phloem girdling was the source of oxidative stress and, depending on the phenological form, accelerated leaf senescence to different degrees. The variable rate of the increase in soluble carbohydrate and starch content, characteristic of the different phenological forms, had different modifying effects on the antioxidant activity in leaves. Compared with the early phenological form, the late form was characterized by a smaller increase in H₂O₂ and TBARS content and delayed and slowed chlorophyll and carotenoid degradation. In conjunction with the larger increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) induced by carbohydrate accumulation and slower carotenoid degradation, these changes led to the late form having greater resistance to oxidative stress and slower senescence.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"59 1","pages":"67-79"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46902793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Kocová, Dominika Bubanová, Albert Rákai, V. Kolarčik, P. Mártonfi
Endopolyploidy is a condition of a cell containing reduplicated genetic material in its nucleus. Cells with the nuclei of different ploidy levels are often present within a single polysomatic organism. Endoreduplication is thus a modified cell cycle that omits cytokinesis and leads to chromatin replication in the endopolyploid cells. This study aimed to research the effect of salinity on endopolyploidy of Trifolium pratense and T. repens. Both species are important pasture legumes and belong to the genus Fabaceae with the well documented endopolyploidy occurence. Endopolyploidy levels in the seedlings treated with 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM NaCl were investigated by flow cytometry. The seedling organs were evaluated during three ontogeny stages. The cytometric data plotted on a histogram showed the presence of 2C-16C nuclei in T. pratense and 2C-8C in T. repens. The hypothesis that salinity induces additional endocycles was not confirmed. Our results show that the distribution of nuclei among ploidy levels does not differ markedly between the treatment groups and the control ones. Additionally, only minor changes were observed among the endoreduplication indexes (EI) of plant organs after exposure to various salt concentrations. Endopolyploidy patterns within the salt-treated seedlings during ontogeny are similar to the controls. We suggest that endopolyploidy in Trifolium species is a conserved genetic trait, rather than an adaptation to salinity stress. The analyses of the roots of T. pratense at stage III show that with the increased concentrations of NaCl the length of roots decreased, but no evident changes in endopolyploidy occured.
内多倍体是细胞核内含有重复遗传物质的一种情况。具有不同倍性水平的细胞核的细胞通常存在于单个多体生物中。因此，内重复是一种修饰的细胞周期，它省略了细胞质分裂，导致内多倍体细胞的染色质复制。本研究旨在研究盐度对三叶草(Trifolium pratense)和红三叶草(T. repens)内多倍体的影响。这两种都是重要的牧草豆科植物，属于豆科属，具有文献记载的内多倍体发生。用流式细胞术研究了0、30、60、90和120 mM NaCl处理下幼苗的内多倍体水平。在三个个体发育阶段对幼苗器官进行了评价。在直方图上绘制的细胞数据显示，T. pratense中存在2C-16C核，T. repens中存在2C-8C核。盐度诱导额外内环的假设没有得到证实。结果表明，处理组和对照组的细胞核倍性分布无显著差异。此外，不同盐浓度对植物器官内复制指数(EI)的影响较小。在个体发育过程中，盐处理幼苗的内多倍体模式与对照相似。我们认为，三叶草的内多倍体是一种保守的遗传性状，而不是对盐度胁迫的适应。对三期黑松根的分析表明，随着NaCl处理浓度的增加，黑松根的长度减小，但其内多倍体未发生明显变化。
{"title":"Salinity Has no Effect on Polysomatic Pattern in Seedlings of Trifolium pratense and T. repens","authors":"V. Kocová, Dominika Bubanová, Albert Rákai, V. Kolarčik, P. Mártonfi","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Endopolyploidy is a condition of a cell containing reduplicated genetic material in its nucleus. Cells with the nuclei of different ploidy levels are often present within a single polysomatic organism. Endoreduplication is thus a modified cell cycle that omits cytokinesis and leads to chromatin replication in the endopolyploid cells. This study aimed to research the effect of salinity on endopolyploidy of Trifolium pratense and T. repens. Both species are important pasture legumes and belong to the genus Fabaceae with the well documented endopolyploidy occurence. Endopolyploidy levels in the seedlings treated with 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM NaCl were investigated by flow cytometry. The seedling organs were evaluated during three ontogeny stages. The cytometric data plotted on a histogram showed the presence of 2C-16C nuclei in T. pratense and 2C-8C in T. repens. The hypothesis that salinity induces additional endocycles was not confirmed. Our results show that the distribution of nuclei among ploidy levels does not differ markedly between the treatment groups and the control ones. Additionally, only minor changes were observed among the endoreduplication indexes (EI) of plant organs after exposure to various salt concentrations. Endopolyploidy patterns within the salt-treated seedlings during ontogeny are similar to the controls. We suggest that endopolyploidy in Trifolium species is a conserved genetic trait, rather than an adaptation to salinity stress. The analyses of the roots of T. pratense at stage III show that with the increased concentrations of NaCl the length of roots decreased, but no evident changes in endopolyploidy occured.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"59 1","pages":"55-65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45325976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tan Yanping, Wen Hu, Xin Xu, Jie Zhou, Chuntai Wang, Xuequn Liu, G. Cheng
In vitro embryogenic callus is a critical factor for genetic transformation of rice, especially for indica varieties. In this study, we investigated the relationship between polyamines, including putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), and callus browning, and we studied the effect of exogenous Put on callus regeneration and on the content of endogenous polyamines. In addition, the expression levels of arginine decarboxylase gene (Adc1) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene (Samdc) in embryogenic callus were studied by quantitative Real-time PCR analysis. The results showed that the contents of endogenous Put and Spd in the browning callus were significantly lower than those in normal callus. Exogenous Put could effectively improve the growing state of callus of indica rice and enhance the development of embryogenic callus. The content of endogenous polyamines in embryogenic callus, especially Spd and Spm, was increased after addition of exogenous Put. Additionally, exogenous Put also had an obvious impact on the expression levels of Adc1 but partial effect on the expression levels of Samdc gene. This study could increase the knowledge of both embryogenic callus induction and polyamine catabolism in callus in indica rice.
{"title":"Polyamine Plays a Role in Subculture Growth of in Vitro Callus of Indica Rice","authors":"Tan Yanping, Wen Hu, Xin Xu, Jie Zhou, Chuntai Wang, Xuequn Liu, G. Cheng","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0001","url":null,"abstract":"In vitro embryogenic callus is a critical factor for genetic transformation of rice, especially for indica varieties. In this study, we investigated the relationship between polyamines, including putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), and callus browning, and we studied the effect of exogenous Put on callus regeneration and on the content of endogenous polyamines. In addition, the expression levels of arginine decarboxylase gene (Adc1) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene (Samdc) in embryogenic callus were studied by quantitative Real-time PCR analysis. The results showed that the contents of endogenous Put and Spd in the browning callus were significantly lower than those in normal callus. Exogenous Put could effectively improve the growing state of callus of indica rice and enhance the development of embryogenic callus. The content of endogenous polyamines in embryogenic callus, especially Spd and Spm, was increased after addition of exogenous Put. Additionally, exogenous Put also had an obvious impact on the expression levels of Adc1 but partial effect on the expression levels of Samdc gene. This study could increase the knowledge of both embryogenic callus induction and polyamine catabolism in callus in indica rice.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"59 1","pages":"105-112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2017-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45732833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ascorbic acid is a well-known antioxidant found in plants. The content of ascorbic acid was assayed using a normal phase European Pharmacopoeia HPLC method for ascorbic acid in medicinal products. The content of ascorbic acid in herbs was calculated in % for absolutely dry drug. Ascorbic acid was not detected in the roots of P. veris, in aerial parts it was detected in flowers (0.43 ± 0.034%), in blades (1.43 ± 0.11%) and petioles (1.56 ± 0.12%). In fresh leaves collected at weekly intervals the content of ascorbic acid varied from 1.19 to 2.39%, being highest from mid-May to mid-June. The fresh leaves contained 2.35 ± 0.18% of ascorbic acid and when frozen its content was quite stable for one year. The content of ascorbic acid in dried leaves decreased more than ten times in three months, in twelve months it was less than 1/20th of the initial level. Compared to the analyzed common fresh fruits and salads (n=10) the fresh leaves of common cowslip contained considerably more ascorbic acid. Commercial orange juices could be recommended as the most convenient source of ascorbic acid (8.6-50.4 mg/100 ml); 1-5 glasses of orange juice could fulfill the recommended daily intake of vitamin C (60 mg).
{"title":"Content of Ascorbic Acid in Common Cowslip (Primula veris L.) Compared to Common Food Plants and Orange Juices","authors":"A. Meos, I. Zaharova, M. Kask, A. Raal","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Ascorbic acid is a well-known antioxidant found in plants. The content of ascorbic acid was assayed using a normal phase European Pharmacopoeia HPLC method for ascorbic acid in medicinal products. The content of ascorbic acid in herbs was calculated in % for absolutely dry drug. Ascorbic acid was not detected in the roots of P. veris, in aerial parts it was detected in flowers (0.43 ± 0.034%), in blades (1.43 ± 0.11%) and petioles (1.56 ± 0.12%). In fresh leaves collected at weekly intervals the content of ascorbic acid varied from 1.19 to 2.39%, being highest from mid-May to mid-June. The fresh leaves contained 2.35 ± 0.18% of ascorbic acid and when frozen its content was quite stable for one year. The content of ascorbic acid in dried leaves decreased more than ten times in three months, in twelve months it was less than 1/20th of the initial level. Compared to the analyzed common fresh fruits and salads (n=10) the fresh leaves of common cowslip contained considerably more ascorbic acid. Commercial orange juices could be recommended as the most convenient source of ascorbic acid (8.6-50.4 mg/100 ml); 1-5 glasses of orange juice could fulfill the recommended daily intake of vitamin C (60 mg).","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"59 1","pages":"113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45186475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Jesionek, A. Kokotkiewicz, Paulina Wlodarska, N. Filipowicz, A. Bogdan, R. Ochocka, Aleksandra Szreniawa-Sztajnert, B. Zabiegała, A. Buciński, M. Luczkiewicz
Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja (formerly Ledum palustre L.) is a medicinal peat bog plant native to northern Europe, Asia and North America. This plant has a distinctive aroma thanks to the presence of essential oil, to which it also owes its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. However, in Europe R. tomentosum is classified as an endangered species, mainly due to degradation of peatlands. In the present work, the micropropagation protocol for R. tomentosum was established for the first time, providing both an ex situ conservation tool and a means of continuous production of in vivo and in vitro plant material for further studies. R. tomentosum microshoots were initiated from leaf explants and further multiplied using Schenk-Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with 9.84 μM 2iP and 1.00 μM TDZ. The shoots were elongated on the SH medium supplemented with 24.6 μM 2iP and subsequently rooted using the perlite substrate saturated with half-strength Woody Plant medium supplemented with 1.0% sucrose and 4.92 μM IBA. The regenerated plants were hardened on the phytohormone-free SH medium and acclimatized using 3:1:1 deacidified peat:perlite:gravel substrate. The identity of the mother plant was confirmed at morphological and molecular levels and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was implemented to assess the genetic fidelity of the regenerants. The essential oil content of the maternal plant, in vitro shoots and the regenerants was determined by steam-distillation, and the obtained volatile fractions were analyzed by GC/MS.
{"title":"In Vitro Propagation of Rhododendron tomentosum – an Endangered Essential Oil Bearing Plant from Peatland","authors":"A. Jesionek, A. Kokotkiewicz, Paulina Wlodarska, N. Filipowicz, A. Bogdan, R. Ochocka, Aleksandra Szreniawa-Sztajnert, B. Zabiegała, A. Buciński, M. Luczkiewicz","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja (formerly Ledum palustre L.) is a medicinal peat bog plant native to northern Europe, Asia and North America. This plant has a distinctive aroma thanks to the presence of essential oil, to which it also owes its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. However, in Europe R. tomentosum is classified as an endangered species, mainly due to degradation of peatlands. In the present work, the micropropagation protocol for R. tomentosum was established for the first time, providing both an ex situ conservation tool and a means of continuous production of in vivo and in vitro plant material for further studies. R. tomentosum microshoots were initiated from leaf explants and further multiplied using Schenk-Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with 9.84 μM 2iP and 1.00 μM TDZ. The shoots were elongated on the SH medium supplemented with 24.6 μM 2iP and subsequently rooted using the perlite substrate saturated with half-strength Woody Plant medium supplemented with 1.0% sucrose and 4.92 μM IBA. The regenerated plants were hardened on the phytohormone-free SH medium and acclimatized using 3:1:1 deacidified peat:perlite:gravel substrate. The identity of the mother plant was confirmed at morphological and molecular levels and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was implemented to assess the genetic fidelity of the regenerants. The essential oil content of the maternal plant, in vitro shoots and the regenerants was determined by steam-distillation, and the obtained volatile fractions were analyzed by GC/MS.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"58 1","pages":"29-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67073674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Wierzbicka, M. Pielichowska, A. Abratowska, B. Wiłkomirski, I. Wysocka, Dorota Panufnik-Mędrzycka, E. Bulska
Biscutella laevigata L. is known as a Tl hyperaccumulator. In Poland Biscutella laevigata occurs in the Tatra Mts (Western Carpathians) and on the calamine waste heap in Boles ł aw near Olkusz (Silesian Upland). The purpose of this work was to evaluate whether plants of both populations were able to accumulate an elevated amount of thallium in their tissues. The plants were cultivated in calamine soil in a glasshouse for a season and studied at different ages – from 2-week-old seedlings to 10-month-old adults. Additionally, the plants were grown for ten weeks in calamine soil with EDTA to enhance Tl bioavailability. The total content of Tl in plant tissues after digestion was determined by ICP-MS, whereas its distribution in leaves was studied by LA-ICP-MS. Of the total content of Tl in the soil in the range of (15.2–66.7) mg ∙ kg -1 d.m., only (1.1–2.1) mg ∙ kg -1 d.m. was present in a bioavailable form. The mean content in all the plants grown on the soil without EDTA was 98.5 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m. The largest content was found in leaves – 164.9 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m. (max. 588.2 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m.). In the case of plants grown on the soil enriched with EDTA, the mean content in plants increased to 108.9 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m., max. in leaves – 138.4 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m. (max. 1100 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m.). The translocation factor was 6.1 in the soil and 2.2 in the soil with EDTA; the biocon-centration factor amounted to 10.9 and 5.8, respectively. The plants from both populations did not contain a Tl amount clearly indicating hyperaccumulation (100–500 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m.), however, high (>1) translocation and bio-concentration factors suggest such an ability. It is a characteristic species-wide trait; B. laevigata L. is a facultative Tl hyperaccumulator. The largest Tl amount was located at the leaf base, the smallest at its top. Thallium also occurred in trichomes, which was presented for the first time; in this way plants detoxify Tl in the above-ground parts. Leaves were much more hairy in the Boles ł aw plants. This is an adaptation for growth in the extreme conditions of the zinc-lead waste heap with elevated Tl quantity.
{"title":"Thallium hyperaccumulation in Polish populations of Biscutella laevigata (Brassicaceae)","authors":"M. Wierzbicka, M. Pielichowska, A. Abratowska, B. Wiłkomirski, I. Wysocka, Dorota Panufnik-Mędrzycka, E. Bulska","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Biscutella laevigata L. is known as a Tl hyperaccumulator. In Poland Biscutella laevigata occurs in the Tatra Mts (Western Carpathians) and on the calamine waste heap in Boles ł aw near Olkusz (Silesian Upland). The purpose of this work was to evaluate whether plants of both populations were able to accumulate an elevated amount of thallium in their tissues. The plants were cultivated in calamine soil in a glasshouse for a season and studied at different ages – from 2-week-old seedlings to 10-month-old adults. Additionally, the plants were grown for ten weeks in calamine soil with EDTA to enhance Tl bioavailability. The total content of Tl in plant tissues after digestion was determined by ICP-MS, whereas its distribution in leaves was studied by LA-ICP-MS. Of the total content of Tl in the soil in the range of (15.2–66.7) mg ∙ kg -1 d.m., only (1.1–2.1) mg ∙ kg -1 d.m. was present in a bioavailable form. The mean content in all the plants grown on the soil without EDTA was 98.5 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m. The largest content was found in leaves – 164.9 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m. (max. 588.2 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m.). In the case of plants grown on the soil enriched with EDTA, the mean content in plants increased to 108.9 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m., max. in leaves – 138.4 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m. (max. 1100 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m.). The translocation factor was 6.1 in the soil and 2.2 in the soil with EDTA; the biocon-centration factor amounted to 10.9 and 5.8, respectively. The plants from both populations did not contain a Tl amount clearly indicating hyperaccumulation (100–500 mg ∙ kg -1 d.m.), however, high (>1) translocation and bio-concentration factors suggest such an ability. It is a characteristic species-wide trait; B. laevigata L. is a facultative Tl hyperaccumulator. The largest Tl amount was located at the leaf base, the smallest at its top. Thallium also occurred in trichomes, which was presented for the first time; in this way plants detoxify Tl in the above-ground parts. Leaves were much more hairy in the Boles ł aw plants. This is an adaptation for growth in the extreme conditions of the zinc-lead waste heap with elevated Tl quantity.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"58 1","pages":"7-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2016-0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67073789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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