Plant tissue culture techniques have become an integral part of progress in plant science research due to the opportunity offered for close study of detailed plant development with applications in food production through crop improvement, secondary metabolites production and conservation of species. Because the techniques involve growing plants under controlled conditions different from their natural outdoor environment, the plants need adjustments in physiology, anatomy and metabolism for successful in vitro propagation. Therefore, the protocol has to be optimized for a given species or genotype due to the variability in physiological and growth requirement. Developing the protocol is hampered by several physiological and developmental aberrations in the anatomy and physiology of the plantlets, attributed to in vitro culture conditions of high humidity, low light levels and heteroor mixotrophic conditions. Some of the culture-induced anomalies become genetic, and the phenotype is inherited by clonal progenies while others are temporary and can be corrected at a later stage of protocol development through changes in anatomy, physiology and metabolism. The success of protocols relies on the transfer of plantlets to field conditions which has been achieved with many species through stages of acclimatization, while with others it remains a challenging task. This review discusses various adjustments in nutrition, physiology and anatomy of micro-propagated plants and field grown ones, as well as anomalies induced by the in vitro culture conditions.
{"title":"Adjustments to In Vitro Culture Conditions and Associated Anomalies in Plants","authors":"T. Isah","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Plant tissue culture techniques have become an integral part of progress in plant science research due to the opportunity offered for close study of detailed plant development with applications in food production through crop improvement, secondary metabolites production and conservation of species. Because the techniques involve growing plants under controlled conditions different from their natural outdoor environment, the plants need adjustments in physiology, anatomy and metabolism for successful in vitro propagation. Therefore, the protocol has to be optimized for a given species or genotype due to the variability in physiological and growth requirement. Developing the protocol is hampered by several physiological and developmental aberrations in the anatomy and physiology of the plantlets, attributed to in vitro culture conditions of high humidity, low light levels and heteroor mixotrophic conditions. Some of the culture-induced anomalies become genetic, and the phenotype is inherited by clonal progenies while others are temporary and can be corrected at a later stage of protocol development through changes in anatomy, physiology and metabolism. The success of protocols relies on the transfer of plantlets to field conditions which has been achieved with many species through stages of acclimatization, while with others it remains a challenging task. This review discusses various adjustments in nutrition, physiology and anatomy of micro-propagated plants and field grown ones, as well as anomalies induced by the in vitro culture conditions.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67073431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Histological and Cytological Analysis of Microsporogenesis and Microgametogenesis of the Invasive Species Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. (Asteraceae)","authors":"J. Kolczyk, M. Tuleja, B. Płachno","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NH4 + is an important N-source which regulates plant growth and development. However, the underlying mechanism of NH4 + uptake and its-mediated signaling is poorly understood. Here, we performed phosphoproteomic studies using the titanium dioxide (TiO2)-mediated phosphopeptides collection method together with LC-MS analysis. The results indicated that phosphorylation levels of 23 and 43 peptides/proteins involved in diverse aspects, including metabolism, transport and signaling pathway, were decreased and increased respectively after NH4 + treatment in rice roots. Among 23 proteins detected, IDD10, a key transcription factor in ammonium signaling, was identified to reduce phosphorylation level of S313 residue. Further biochemical analysis using IDD10-GFP transgenic plants and immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that NH4 + supply reduces IDD10 phosphorylation level. Phosphorylation of ammonium transporter 1;1 (AMT1;1) was increased upon NH4 + treatment. Interestingly, phosphorylation of T446, a rice specific residue against Arabidopsis was identified. It was also established that phosphorylation of T452 is conserved with T460 of Arabidopsis AMT1;1. Yeast complementation assay with transformation of phosphomimic forms of AMT1;1 (T446/D and T452/D) into 31019b strain revealed that phosphorylation at T446 and T452 residues abolished AMT1;1 activity, while their plasma membrane localization was not changed. Our analyses show that many proteins were phosphorylated or dephosphorylated by NH4 + that may provide important evidence for studying ammonium uptake and its mediated signaling by which rice growth and development are regulated.
{"title":"NH4+-mediated Protein Phosphorylation in Rice Roots","authors":"X. Zhu, W. Cai, J. Jung, Y. Xuan","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0022","url":null,"abstract":"NH4 + is an important N-source which regulates plant growth and development. However, the underlying mechanism of NH4 + uptake and its-mediated signaling is poorly understood. Here, we performed phosphoproteomic studies using the titanium dioxide (TiO2)-mediated phosphopeptides collection method together with LC-MS analysis. The results indicated that phosphorylation levels of 23 and 43 peptides/proteins involved in diverse aspects, including metabolism, transport and signaling pathway, were decreased and increased respectively after NH4 + treatment in rice roots. Among 23 proteins detected, IDD10, a key transcription factor in ammonium signaling, was identified to reduce phosphorylation level of S313 residue. Further biochemical analysis using IDD10-GFP transgenic plants and immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that NH4 + supply reduces IDD10 phosphorylation level. Phosphorylation of ammonium transporter 1;1 (AMT1;1) was increased upon NH4 + treatment. Interestingly, phosphorylation of T446, a rice specific residue against Arabidopsis was identified. It was also established that phosphorylation of T452 is conserved with T460 of Arabidopsis AMT1;1. Yeast complementation assay with transformation of phosphomimic forms of AMT1;1 (T446/D and T452/D) into 31019b strain revealed that phosphorylation at T446 and T452 residues abolished AMT1;1 activity, while their plasma membrane localization was not changed. Our analyses show that many proteins were phosphorylated or dephosphorylated by NH4 + that may provide important evidence for studying ammonium uptake and its mediated signaling by which rice growth and development are regulated.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67073393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The efficiency of phytoremediation might be highly affected by plant-associated microorganisms, and under- standing of the underlying mechanisms is still a great challenge. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency parameters for Cd 2+ accumulation in the biomass of willow ( Salix viminalis ) as well as to define the biochemical response of the host plant when it is inoculated with selected bacterial strains ( Massilia sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) or saprophytic fungus ( Clitocybe sp.) under controlled in vitro conditions. Inoculation of plants with bacterial strains affected the efficiency of phytoremediation process and was expressed as the quantity of accumulated Cd (Q), the bioaccumulation factor (BCF) and the translocation index (Ti); however, the effect was strain and plant organ specific. The level of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which is both an indicator of plant response to biological and/or abiotic environmental stress and a molecule involved in plant-microbial interac- tions, decreased under the influence of Cd 2+ in uninoculated plants (plant growth was inhibited by Cd 2+ ) and increased in the inoculated variants of plants growing in the presence of Cd 2+ (microbiologically stimulated bio- mass). The saprophytic fungus Clitocybe sp. generally stimulated biomass and increased the level of H 2 O 2 synthesis in all the investigated plant organs and variants of the experiment. We suggest that determination of phy- toremediation efficiency, and biochemical response (H 2 O 2 ) of the host plant under in vitro conditions can help in predicting the final effect of plant-microbial systems in further field trials.
{"title":"Analysis of microbiologically stimulated biomass of Salix viminalis L. in the presence of Cd2+ under in vitro conditions – implications for phytoremediation","authors":"M. Złoch, J. Tyburski, K. Hrynkiewicz","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0024","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of phytoremediation might be highly affected by plant-associated microorganisms, and under- standing of the underlying mechanisms is still a great challenge. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency parameters for Cd 2+ accumulation in the biomass of willow ( Salix viminalis ) as well as to define the biochemical response of the host plant when it is inoculated with selected bacterial strains ( Massilia sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) or saprophytic fungus ( Clitocybe sp.) under controlled in vitro conditions. Inoculation of plants with bacterial strains affected the efficiency of phytoremediation process and was expressed as the quantity of accumulated Cd (Q), the bioaccumulation factor (BCF) and the translocation index (Ti); however, the effect was strain and plant organ specific. The level of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which is both an indicator of plant response to biological and/or abiotic environmental stress and a molecule involved in plant-microbial interac- tions, decreased under the influence of Cd 2+ in uninoculated plants (plant growth was inhibited by Cd 2+ ) and increased in the inoculated variants of plants growing in the presence of Cd 2+ (microbiologically stimulated bio- mass). The saprophytic fungus Clitocybe sp. generally stimulated biomass and increased the level of H 2 O 2 synthesis in all the investigated plant organs and variants of the experiment. We suggest that determination of phy- toremediation efficiency, and biochemical response (H 2 O 2 ) of the host plant under in vitro conditions can help in predicting the final effect of plant-microbial systems in further field trials.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67073234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is increasing evidence showing that low selenium (Se) concentrations may increase tolerance of crop plants to several environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to compare the influence of two chemical forms of Se (selenite or selenate) at different concentrations (2 or 6 μM) on the resistance of butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) cv. Justyna to NaCl-induced stress (40 mM NaCl). Plant growth was negatively affected by salinity, but the level of photosynthetic pigments was not reduced. Se application at a concentration of 2 μM significantly improved the growth of salt-stressed plants, but selenite was much more effective than selenate in enhancing salt-tolerance of lettuce. The growth-promoting effect of Se was also noted at 6 μM of selenite, but did not appear at 6 μM of selenate. The beneficial effect of Se in salt-stressed lettuce could be due to antioxidative activity of Se, root system growth stimulation, and/or increase in photosynthetic pigment concentration after Se supplementation; however, it was not related to either increase in proline accumulation or reduction in foliar Na+ or Clconcentration. These results imply that Se application, especially in the form of selenite, can enhance antioxidant defense of lettuce under salt stress, and Se supplementation may be recommended for areas of lettuce cultivation with excessive salt accumulation.
越来越多的证据表明，低硒浓度可以提高作物对多种环境胁迫的耐受性。本研究的目的是比较不同浓度(2 μM和6 μM)硒(亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐)的两种化学形态对白头莴苣(Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata)抗性的影响。Justyna对NaCl诱导的胁迫(40 mM NaCl)。盐度对植株生长有不利影响，但没有降低光合色素的含量。2 μM硒处理显著促进了盐胁迫植株的生长，但亚硒酸盐对生菜耐盐性的增强效果明显优于硒酸盐。硒在6 μM的亚硒酸盐中也有促进生长的作用，但在6 μM的硒酸盐中没有。硒对盐胁迫莴苣的有益作用可能与硒的抗氧化作用、促进根系生长和/或硒补充后光合色素浓度的增加有关;但与脯氨酸积累增加和叶片Na+、cl浓度降低均无显著关系。综上所述，硒的施用，特别是以亚硒酸盐的形式，可以增强生菜在盐胁迫下的抗氧化防御能力，建议在盐积累过多的地区补充硒。
{"title":"Selenite is more efficient than selenate in alleviation of salt stress in lettuce plants","authors":"B. Hawrylak-Nowak","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0023","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing evidence showing that low selenium (Se) concentrations may increase tolerance of crop plants to several environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to compare the influence of two chemical forms of Se (selenite or selenate) at different concentrations (2 or 6 μM) on the resistance of butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) cv. Justyna to NaCl-induced stress (40 mM NaCl). Plant growth was negatively affected by salinity, but the level of photosynthetic pigments was not reduced. Se application at a concentration of 2 μM significantly improved the growth of salt-stressed plants, but selenite was much more effective than selenate in enhancing salt-tolerance of lettuce. The growth-promoting effect of Se was also noted at 6 μM of selenite, but did not appear at 6 μM of selenate. The beneficial effect of Se in salt-stressed lettuce could be due to antioxidative activity of Se, root system growth stimulation, and/or increase in photosynthetic pigment concentration after Se supplementation; however, it was not related to either increase in proline accumulation or reduction in foliar Na+ or Clconcentration. These results imply that Se application, especially in the form of selenite, can enhance antioxidant defense of lettuce under salt stress, and Se supplementation may be recommended for areas of lettuce cultivation with excessive salt accumulation.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67073547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In vitro cultures of Anethum graveolens (dill) were maintained on the Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium – three variants, and the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium – seven variants, which contained different amounts of plant growth regulators, cytokinin (BAP) and auxin (NAA) (from 0.1 mg l-1 to 3.0 mg l-1). Methanolic extracts from in vitro grown biomass were analyzed by HPLC for free phenolic acids and furanocoumarins. The total amounts of free phenolic acids on the LS medium variants were similar (35.23–38.65 mg 100 g-1 DW), but higher on the MS variants, ranging from about 66 mg 100 g-1 DW to 100 mg 100 g-1 DW. The main metabolites were: p-hydroxybenzoic acid (max. 24.41 mg 100 g-1 DW) on the LS-based media, and salicylic acid (max. 57.88 mg 100 g-1 DW) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (max. 36.27 mg 100 g-1 DW) on the MS-based media. The total amounts of furanocoumarins were lower, as they did not exceed 8.5 mg 100 g-1 DW on the LS media and 25 mg 100 g-1 DW on the MS media. The main compounds in this group were bergapten (max. 15.01 mg 100 g-1 DW) and marmesin (max. 8.12 mg 100 g-1 DW). The MS variant containing 0.5 mg l-1 BAP and 2.0 mg l-1 NAA was proposed as the best production medium for both groups of metabolites. The maximum total amounts of free phenolic acids obtained in the in vitro grown biomass were slightly higher than their amounts in the fruits of the mother plant analyzed for comparison (99.66 mg 100 g-1 DW and 93.34 mg 100 g-1 DW, respectively); the maximum total amounts of furanocoumarins were approximately 1.8 times higher than in the fruits (24.26 mg 100 g-1 DW and 13.67 mg 100 g-1 DW, respectively).
{"title":"Anethum graveolens L. In Vitro Cultures – a Potential Source of Bioactive Metabolites, Phenolic Acids and Furanocoumarins","authors":"A. Szopa, H. Ekiert","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0016","url":null,"abstract":"In vitro cultures of Anethum graveolens (dill) were maintained on the Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium – three variants, and the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium – seven variants, which contained different amounts of plant growth regulators, cytokinin (BAP) and auxin (NAA) (from 0.1 mg l-1 to 3.0 mg l-1). Methanolic extracts from in vitro grown biomass were analyzed by HPLC for free phenolic acids and furanocoumarins. The total amounts of free phenolic acids on the LS medium variants were similar (35.23–38.65 mg 100 g-1 DW), but higher on the MS variants, ranging from about 66 mg 100 g-1 DW to 100 mg 100 g-1 DW. The main metabolites were: p-hydroxybenzoic acid (max. 24.41 mg 100 g-1 DW) on the LS-based media, and salicylic acid (max. 57.88 mg 100 g-1 DW) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (max. 36.27 mg 100 g-1 DW) on the MS-based media. The total amounts of furanocoumarins were lower, as they did not exceed 8.5 mg 100 g-1 DW on the LS media and 25 mg 100 g-1 DW on the MS media. The main compounds in this group were bergapten (max. 15.01 mg 100 g-1 DW) and marmesin (max. 8.12 mg 100 g-1 DW). The MS variant containing 0.5 mg l-1 BAP and 2.0 mg l-1 NAA was proposed as the best production medium for both groups of metabolites. The maximum total amounts of free phenolic acids obtained in the in vitro grown biomass were slightly higher than their amounts in the fruits of the mother plant analyzed for comparison (99.66 mg 100 g-1 DW and 93.34 mg 100 g-1 DW, respectively); the maximum total amounts of furanocoumarins were approximately 1.8 times higher than in the fruits (24.26 mg 100 g-1 DW and 13.67 mg 100 g-1 DW, respectively).","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor attachment adaptor protein receptor (SNARE) domain-containing proteins were mainly involved in vesicle-associated membrane fusion. Genetic screening has revealed the function of SNARE in different aspects of plant biology. Among them, Synthaxin-22 (SYP22) a Qa-SNARE has been reported to have a pleiotropic function in plant development including regulation of leaf waving, shoot gravitropism and flowering time. In this study, we identified a new role of SYP22 in regulation of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, especially in the dark. SYP22 interacts with BR receptor, brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1), and overexpression of SYP22 enhanced a weak BRI1 mutant bri1-5 phenotype. syp22 mutant exhibits short hypocotyl and it is sensitive to exogenously treated BR while slightly insensitive to BR-biosynthesis inhibitor propiconazole (PCZ) in the dark. Expression levels of BR signaling maker genes ACS5, SAUR15 and IAA19 were slightly higher, while BR6OX2, a BR biosynthesis marker gene, was lower in syp22 compared to the wild-type. In addition, syp22 was sensitive to 2,4-D, a synthetic auxin, in the dark. In conclusion, SYP22 is involved in BRand auxin-mediated hypocotyl growth inhibition in the dark, which might be via interaction with BR and auxin key regulators to alter their internalization in Arabidopsis.
可溶性n-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子附着接头蛋白受体(SNARE)结构域蛋白主要参与囊泡相关膜融合。基因筛选揭示了SNARE在植物生物学不同方面的功能。其中Synthaxin-22 (SYP22) a Qa-SNARE在植物发育中具有多效性，包括调节叶片摆动、茎向地性和开花时间。在这项研究中，我们发现了SYP22在调控油菜素内酯(BR)信号传导中的新作用，特别是在黑暗中。SYP22与BR受体brassinosteroids insensitive 1 (BRI1)相互作用，SYP22的过表达增强了BRI1突变体BRI1 -5的表型。syp22突变体下胚轴短，对外源处理的BR敏感，而在黑暗中对BR生物合成抑制剂丙环唑(PCZ)略不敏感。与野生型相比，syp22中BR信号制造基因ACS5、SAUR15和IAA19的表达水平略高，BR生物合成标记基因BR6OX2的表达水平较低。此外，syp22在黑暗中对合成生长素2,4- d敏感。综上所述，SYP22参与了BRand生长素介导的黑暗下胚轴生长抑制，这可能是通过与BR和生长素关键调节因子相互作用来改变它们在拟南芥中的内化。
{"title":"Qa-SNARE Protein SYP22 Negatively Regulates Brassinosteroid Signaling in the Dark","authors":"Tingshan Yao, X. Zhu, J. Jung, Y. Xuan","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor attachment adaptor protein receptor (SNARE) domain-containing proteins were mainly involved in vesicle-associated membrane fusion. Genetic screening has revealed the function of SNARE in different aspects of plant biology. Among them, Synthaxin-22 (SYP22) a Qa-SNARE has been reported to have a pleiotropic function in plant development including regulation of leaf waving, shoot gravitropism and flowering time. In this study, we identified a new role of SYP22 in regulation of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, especially in the dark. SYP22 interacts with BR receptor, brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1), and overexpression of SYP22 enhanced a weak BRI1 mutant bri1-5 phenotype. syp22 mutant exhibits short hypocotyl and it is sensitive to exogenously treated BR while slightly insensitive to BR-biosynthesis inhibitor propiconazole (PCZ) in the dark. Expression levels of BR signaling maker genes ACS5, SAUR15 and IAA19 were slightly higher, while BR6OX2, a BR biosynthesis marker gene, was lower in syp22 compared to the wild-type. In addition, syp22 was sensitive to 2,4-D, a synthetic auxin, in the dark. In conclusion, SYP22 is involved in BRand auxin-mediated hypocotyl growth inhibition in the dark, which might be via interaction with BR and auxin key regulators to alter their internalization in Arabidopsis.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67073143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies of plant breeding systems are particularly important when they involve facultative processes, which can be overlooked in natural conditions. This especially applies to species that are considered allogamous, due to their pollination syndrome and floral architecture. We examined the potential level and factors enabling or limiting spontaneous autogamy in three populations of the lepidopteran orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. Using a bagging experiment, we noted the stages of the anther thecae and the positions of the pollinaria at the five phenological stages of the flower, as well as the quantity of autogamously set fruits and the number of properly formed seeds. In the studied populations, autogamy represents an accidental character, with a maximum of 3.3% of fruits set spontaneously per analysed sample in a given population, and with seed numbers ranging from 29 to 354. This process is an environmentally dependent co-product of the mechanisms that enable a position appropriate for touching the stigma (bending of the caudicle) and increase male fitness (disintegration of the massulae), preceded by the gradual opening of the anther chambers. Autopollination of G. conopsea may occur in the flowers at various flowering stages (excluding the beginning of anthesis) at each position on the inflorescence.
{"title":"Mechanism of Spontaneous Autogamy in the Allogamous Lepidopteran Orchid Gymnadenia Conopsea (L.) R. Br. (Orchidaceae)","authors":"I. Tałałaj, M. Skierczyǹski","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of plant breeding systems are particularly important when they involve facultative processes, which can be overlooked in natural conditions. This especially applies to species that are considered allogamous, due to their pollination syndrome and floral architecture. We examined the potential level and factors enabling or limiting spontaneous autogamy in three populations of the lepidopteran orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. Using a bagging experiment, we noted the stages of the anther thecae and the positions of the pollinaria at the five phenological stages of the flower, as well as the quantity of autogamously set fruits and the number of properly formed seeds. In the studied populations, autogamy represents an accidental character, with a maximum of 3.3% of fruits set spontaneously per analysed sample in a given population, and with seed numbers ranging from 29 to 354. This process is an environmentally dependent co-product of the mechanisms that enable a position appropriate for touching the stigma (bending of the caudicle) and increase male fitness (disintegration of the massulae), preceded by the gradual opening of the anther chambers. Autopollination of G. conopsea may occur in the flowers at various flowering stages (excluding the beginning of anthesis) at each position on the inflorescence.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) roots were treated with hypoxic water. The staining of cell prepara- tions with DAPI revealed morphological changes of the cells such as nuclear condensation, deformation and fragmentation. Under TEM, cellular membrane shrinkage and breakage, chromatin condensation and apoptot- ic-like bodies were displayed. The number of mitochondria increased dramatically; their cristae were damaged; the interior became a cavitation and only some flocculent materials were distributed. Indirect immunofluores- cence staining indicated that cytochrome C diffused from mitochondria to nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. TUNEL positive nuclei indicated double strand breaks of DNA. DAB staining was used for the identification of hydrogen peroxide and examination showed that the longer the treating time, the darker the staining of the meristematic zones of the roots which suggested the increased accumulation of these Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The ele- vation of hydrogen peroxide production was paralleled with the increase of SOD and POD activities. A negative correlation between the exposure time under hypoxia and the contents of soluble proteins was found. No obvi- ous effect of hypoxia on MDA was established. The obtained results demonstrate that hypoxia causes programmed cell death in the root-tip meristematic cells of Triticum aestivum L. which is most probably attributed to the accumulation of large amounts of ROS.
{"title":"Hypoxia-induced programmed cell death in root-tip meristematic cells of Triticum aestivum L.","authors":"Nan Pang, Feixiong Zhang","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0004","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) roots were treated with hypoxic water. The staining of cell prepara- tions with DAPI revealed morphological changes of the cells such as nuclear condensation, deformation and fragmentation. Under TEM, cellular membrane shrinkage and breakage, chromatin condensation and apoptot- ic-like bodies were displayed. The number of mitochondria increased dramatically; their cristae were damaged; the interior became a cavitation and only some flocculent materials were distributed. Indirect immunofluores- cence staining indicated that cytochrome C diffused from mitochondria to nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. TUNEL positive nuclei indicated double strand breaks of DNA. DAB staining was used for the identification of hydrogen peroxide and examination showed that the longer the treating time, the darker the staining of the meristematic zones of the roots which suggested the increased accumulation of these Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The ele- vation of hydrogen peroxide production was paralleled with the increase of SOD and POD activities. A negative correlation between the exposure time under hypoxia and the contents of soluble proteins was found. No obvi- ous effect of hypoxia on MDA was established. The obtained results demonstrate that hypoxia causes programmed cell death in the root-tip meristematic cells of Triticum aestivum L. which is most probably attributed to the accumulation of large amounts of ROS.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justyna Góraj-Koniarska, A. Stochmal, W. Oleszek, Jarosław Mołdoch, M. Saniewski
The influence of methyl jasmonate on anthocyanin accumulation in roots of Kalanchoe blossfediana plants was studied. Methyl jasmonate (JA-Me), at a concentration of 5.0 to 40.0 mg.l-1, substantially increased anthocyanin accumulation in roots of intact plants, when it was applied as a solution under natural light conditions. The production of anthocyanin depended on the concentration of methyl jasmonate and the age of the plant. The stimulatory effect was higher in older plants of K. blossfeldiana than in younger ones. When leaves were removed methyl jasmonate slightly stimulated anthocyanin accumulation compared with intact plants. The obtained results indicate that leaves are necessary for the anthocyanin accumulation in the roots. In isolated roots methyl jasmonate did not affect the accumulation of anthocyanins in light conditions. Seven anthocyanins were documented in the roots of control plants and 8 anthocyanins in the roots of JA-Me treated ones. JA-Me increased the level of anthocyanins in roots of old K. blossfeldiana plants 6.8, 6.0 and 3.6-folds, after 4, 8 and 14-days of treatment, respectively.
{"title":"Elicitation of Anthocyanin Production in Roots of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana by Methyl Jasmonate","authors":"Justyna Góraj-Koniarska, A. Stochmal, W. Oleszek, Jarosław Mołdoch, M. Saniewski","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0007","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of methyl jasmonate on anthocyanin accumulation in roots of Kalanchoe blossfediana plants was studied. Methyl jasmonate (JA-Me), at a concentration of 5.0 to 40.0 mg.l-1, substantially increased anthocyanin accumulation in roots of intact plants, when it was applied as a solution under natural light conditions. The production of anthocyanin depended on the concentration of methyl jasmonate and the age of the plant. The stimulatory effect was higher in older plants of K. blossfeldiana than in younger ones. When leaves were removed methyl jasmonate slightly stimulated anthocyanin accumulation compared with intact plants. The obtained results indicate that leaves are necessary for the anthocyanin accumulation in the roots. In isolated roots methyl jasmonate did not affect the accumulation of anthocyanins in light conditions. Seven anthocyanins were documented in the roots of control plants and 8 anthocyanins in the roots of JA-Me treated ones. JA-Me increased the level of anthocyanins in roots of old K. blossfeldiana plants 6.8, 6.0 and 3.6-folds, after 4, 8 and 14-days of treatment, respectively.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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