A. Wojtania, E. Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak, M. Dziurka, P. Waligórski
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of exogenous sucrose and cytokinin on ethylene production and responsiveness in relation to the shoot formation of Pelargonium × hortorum 'Bergpalais' in vitro. Increasing the concentration of sucrose from 15 to 40 g L-1 in medium containing meta-topolin (mT) resulted in a two-fold decrease in the number of shoots and leaves as well as a reduction in ethylene production. The addition of ethylene synthesis inhibitor (AVG) to mT-medium significantly reduced the ethylene production and the shoot growth, but it had no significant influence on the shoot formation. The mT-induced shoot formation was, however, significantly reduced in the presence of ethylene action inhibitor (AgNO3), in a manner dependent on sucrose levels. At the end of the subculture period, increased sucrose concentrations (15–40 g L-1) in the presence of mT and AgNO3 resulted in a 3.7-fold increase in ethylene emission. At the same time, the supply of sucrose caused a 2.8-fold increase in the level of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Our results may suggest that the inhibitory effect of high sucrose concentration (30 and 40 g L-1) may depend on its influence on ethylene sensitivity. It also suggests that sucrose-regulation of the shoot formation of Pelargonium in vitro is mediated by ABA.
本试验旨在研究外源蔗糖和细胞分裂素对离体天竺葵(Pelargonium × hortorum 'Bergpalais)茎部形成过程中乙烯产量和反应性的影响。在含有间topolin (mT)的培养基中，将蔗糖浓度从15 g L-1增加到40 g L-1，导致芽和叶数量减少两倍，乙烯产量减少。在mt培养基中添加乙烯合成抑制剂(AVG)显著降低了乙烯产量和芽的生长，但对芽的形成没有显著影响。然而，在乙烯作用抑制剂(AgNO3)的存在下，mt诱导的芽形成显著减少，其方式依赖于蔗糖水平。在继代期结束时，在mT和AgNO3存在的情况下，增加蔗糖浓度(15-40 g L-1)，乙烯排放量增加3.7倍。与此同时，蔗糖的供应使内源脱落酸(ABA)水平增加了2.8倍。我们的研究结果可能表明，高浓度蔗糖(30和40 g L-1)的抑制作用可能取决于它对乙烯敏感性的影响。这也表明ABA介导了天竺葵离体芽形成的蔗糖调控。
{"title":"Sucrose and Cytokinin Interactions in Relation to Ethylene and Abscisic Acid Production in the Regulation of Morphogenesis in Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey In Vitro","authors":"A. Wojtania, E. Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak, M. Dziurka, P. Waligórski","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0005","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to determine the effect of exogenous sucrose and cytokinin on ethylene production and responsiveness in relation to the shoot formation of Pelargonium × hortorum 'Bergpalais' in vitro. Increasing the concentration of sucrose from 15 to 40 g L-1 in medium containing meta-topolin (mT) resulted in a two-fold decrease in the number of shoots and leaves as well as a reduction in ethylene production. The addition of ethylene synthesis inhibitor (AVG) to mT-medium significantly reduced the ethylene production and the shoot growth, but it had no significant influence on the shoot formation. The mT-induced shoot formation was, however, significantly reduced in the presence of ethylene action inhibitor (AgNO3), in a manner dependent on sucrose levels. At the end of the subculture period, increased sucrose concentrations (15–40 g L-1) in the presence of mT and AgNO3 resulted in a 3.7-fold increase in ethylene emission. At the same time, the supply of sucrose caused a 2.8-fold increase in the level of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Our results may suggest that the inhibitory effect of high sucrose concentration (30 and 40 g L-1) may depend on its influence on ethylene sensitivity. It also suggests that sucrose-regulation of the shoot formation of Pelargonium in vitro is mediated by ABA.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"108 1","pages":"62-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years there has been growing interest in selenium (Se) as an important micronutrient not only for animals and humans but also for plants. In particular, its protective effect in plants exposed to stress conditions has been suggested. In spite of many studies, the mechanism of Se action is not fully understood. In this review, possible ways of interaction of Se with stress factors leading to optimal growth and development of plants are presented. As the majority of experiments have focused on the effects of Se application under stress conditions induced by heavy metals, special attention is paid to the results obtained in such studies. Changes of physiological and biochemical properties of plant cells, with particular regard to the influence of Se on the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants under this stress, are summarized. Experiments in which Se was used in some other environmental stresses (drought, UV, cold and high temperature) are also cited. On the basis of the presented literature it is suggested that a positive effect of Se depends on both its doses and on chosen plant genotypes and is mainly connected with activation of antioxidative defense in plant cells.
{"title":"Involvement of Selenium in Protective Mechanisms of Plants under Environmental Stress Conditions – Review","authors":"A. Sieprawska, A. Kornaś, M. Filek","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0014","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years there has been growing interest in selenium (Se) as an important micronutrient not only for animals and humans but also for plants. In particular, its protective effect in plants exposed to stress conditions has been suggested. In spite of many studies, the mechanism of Se action is not fully understood. In this review, possible ways of interaction of Se with stress factors leading to optimal growth and development of plants are presented. As the majority of experiments have focused on the effects of Se application under stress conditions induced by heavy metals, special attention is paid to the results obtained in such studies. Changes of physiological and biochemical properties of plant cells, with particular regard to the influence of Se on the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants under this stress, are summarized. Experiments in which Se was used in some other environmental stresses (drought, UV, cold and high temperature) are also cited. On the basis of the presented literature it is suggested that a positive effect of Se depends on both its doses and on chosen plant genotypes and is mainly connected with activation of antioxidative defense in plant cells.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"57 1","pages":"9-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Morozowska, A. Czarna, I. Jedrzejczyk, J. Bocianowski
Flow cytometry estimation of 2C nuclear DNA content of the examined Nasturtium species resulted in taxonomic identification of N. × sterile in eight new localities, N. microphyllum in four new localities and N. officinale in one new locality in western Poland. Scanning electron microscopy proved a few of the micromorphological traits of seeds and fruits (size and shape of cells on the fruit septum surface, their anticlinal walls; secondary sculpture on the outer periclinal walls of cells on the siliqua valve internal surface) to be of taxonomic importance.
{"title":"Genome Size, Leaf, Fruit and Seed Traits – Taxonomic Tools for Species Identification in the Genus Nasturtium R. Br.","authors":"M. Morozowska, A. Czarna, I. Jedrzejczyk, J. Bocianowski","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Flow cytometry estimation of 2C nuclear DNA content of the examined Nasturtium species resulted in taxonomic identification of N. × sterile in eight new localities, N. microphyllum in four new localities and N. officinale in one new locality in western Poland. Scanning electron microscopy proved a few of the micromorphological traits of seeds and fruits (size and shape of cells on the fruit septum surface, their anticlinal walls; secondary sculpture on the outer periclinal walls of cells on the siliqua valve internal surface) to be of taxonomic importance.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"4303 1","pages":"114-124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Tari, J. Csiszár, Edit Horváth, P. Poór, Z. Takács, Á. Szepesi
In the last decade contradictory results have been published as to whether exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can increase salt stress tolerance in cultivated plants by inducing an antioxidant response. Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10-4 M), low concentrations were ineffective. An efficient accumulation of Na+ in older leaves is a well-known response to salt stress in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rio fuego) but it remains largely unexplored whether young and old leaves or root tissues have a distinct antioxidant status during salt stress after hardening with 10-7 M or 10-4 M SA. The determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity revealed that the SAinduced transient increases in these enzyme activities in young leaf and/or root tissues did not correlate with the salt tolerance of plants. Salt stress resulted in a tenfold increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of young leaves and significant increases in APX and glutathione reductase (GR) activities of the roots hardened with 10-4 M SA. Both total ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione pools reached their highest levels in leaves after 10-7 M SA pre-treatment. However, in contrast to the leaves, the total pool of AsA decreased in the roots under salt stress and thus, due to low APX activity, active oxygen species were scavenged by ascorbate non-enzymatically in these tissues. The increased GR activities in the roots after treatment with 10-4 M SA enabled plants to enhance the reduced glutathione (GSH) pool and maintain the redox status of AsA under high salinity, which led to increased salt tolerance.
关于外源水杨酸(SA)是否能通过诱导抗氧化反应来提高栽培植物的耐盐性，近十年来发表了相互矛盾的结果。只有高浓度SA (~10-4 M)处理才能减轻番茄的盐胁迫伤害，低浓度SA处理效果不明显。众所周知，Na+在老叶片中的有效积累是番茄植株(Solanum lycopersicum cv。但在10-7 M或10-4 M SA硬化后，幼叶和老叶或根组织在盐胁迫下是否具有明显的抗氧化状态仍未得到充分研究。对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的测定表明，盐诱导的幼苗叶片和/或根组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的短暂升高与植物的耐盐性无关。盐胁迫导致幼叶抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性增加10倍，10-4 M SA硬化根APX和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性显著增加。总抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽库在10 ~ 7 M SA预处理后均达到最高水平。然而，与叶片相比，盐胁迫下根的AsA总库减少，因此，由于APX活性低，抗坏血酸在这些组织中非酶清除活性氧。在高盐条件下，10-4 M SA处理后植株根系GR活性增加，使还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)库增强，维持AsA的氧化还原状态，从而提高耐盐性。
{"title":"The Alleviation of the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress in the Tomato Plant by Salicylic Acid Shows A Time- and Organ-Specific Antioxidant Response","authors":"I. Tari, J. Csiszár, Edit Horváth, P. Poór, Z. Takács, Á. Szepesi","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0008","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade contradictory results have been published as to whether exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can increase salt stress tolerance in cultivated plants by inducing an antioxidant response. Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10-4 M), low concentrations were ineffective. An efficient accumulation of Na+ in older leaves is a well-known response to salt stress in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rio fuego) but it remains largely unexplored whether young and old leaves or root tissues have a distinct antioxidant status during salt stress after hardening with 10-7 M or 10-4 M SA. The determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity revealed that the SAinduced transient increases in these enzyme activities in young leaf and/or root tissues did not correlate with the salt tolerance of plants. Salt stress resulted in a tenfold increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of young leaves and significant increases in APX and glutathione reductase (GR) activities of the roots hardened with 10-4 M SA. Both total ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione pools reached their highest levels in leaves after 10-7 M SA pre-treatment. However, in contrast to the leaves, the total pool of AsA decreased in the roots under salt stress and thus, due to low APX activity, active oxygen species were scavenged by ascorbate non-enzymatically in these tissues. The increased GR activities in the roots after treatment with 10-4 M SA enabled plants to enhance the reduced glutathione (GSH) pool and maintain the redox status of AsA under high salinity, which led to increased salt tolerance.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"57 1","pages":"21-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1Department of Plant Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Herbarium, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Cracow, Poland 2Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Cracow, Poland 3Department of Forest Pathology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Cracow, Poland 4Department of Polar Research and Documentation, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Cracow, Poland
{"title":"Intraspecific molecular variation of Allium ursinum (Amaryllidaceae) across the border of two subspecies distribution ranges","authors":"K. Rola, A. Lenart-Boroń, P. Boroń, P. Osyczka","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0002","url":null,"abstract":"1Department of Plant Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Herbarium, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Cracow, Poland 2Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Cracow, Poland 3Department of Forest Pathology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Cracow, Poland 4Department of Polar Research and Documentation, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Cracow, Poland","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"57 1","pages":"31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Msilini, Jihed Ferhi, M. Chebbi, M. Lachâal, Z. Ouerghi
Several studies have used A. thaliana as a model to identify the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying iron deficiency tolerance in plants. Here, Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella salsuginea were used to investigate the differential responses to iron deficiency of these two species. Plants were cultivated in hydroponic medium containing 5 or 0 μM Fe, for 10 days. Results showed that rosette biomass was more reduced in T. salsuginea than in A. thaliana when grown on Fe-deficient medium. As a marker for iron deficiency tolerance, the induction of ferric chelate reductase (FCR) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activities was observed only in A. thaliana roots. In addition, we found that the accumulation of phenolic acids in roots of N1438 ecotype of A. thaliana was stimulated by Fe deficiency. Furthermore, an increase of flavonoids content in the root and exudates was observed under Fe-deficiency in this ecotype. Unlike other abiotic stresses, it appears that iron deficiency effects were more pronounced in Thellungiella than in Arabidopsis. The higher tolerance of the Arabidopsis plant to iron deficiency may be due to the metabolic changes occurring in the roots.
{"title":"Arabidopsis thaliana Tolerates Iron Deficiency more than Thellungiella Salsuginea by Inducing Metabolic Changes at the Root Level","authors":"N. Msilini, Jihed Ferhi, M. Chebbi, M. Lachâal, Z. Ouerghi","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have used A. thaliana as a model to identify the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying iron deficiency tolerance in plants. Here, Arabidopsis thaliana and Thellungiella salsuginea were used to investigate the differential responses to iron deficiency of these two species. Plants were cultivated in hydroponic medium containing 5 or 0 μM Fe, for 10 days. Results showed that rosette biomass was more reduced in T. salsuginea than in A. thaliana when grown on Fe-deficient medium. As a marker for iron deficiency tolerance, the induction of ferric chelate reductase (FCR) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activities was observed only in A. thaliana roots. In addition, we found that the accumulation of phenolic acids in roots of N1438 ecotype of A. thaliana was stimulated by Fe deficiency. Furthermore, an increase of flavonoids content in the root and exudates was observed under Fe-deficiency in this ecotype. Unlike other abiotic stresses, it appears that iron deficiency effects were more pronounced in Thellungiella than in Arabidopsis. The higher tolerance of the Arabidopsis plant to iron deficiency may be due to the metabolic changes occurring in the roots.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"57 1","pages":"44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sutkowska, Andrzej Pasierbzziński, W. Bąba, T. Warzecha, J. Mitka
The co-occurrence of hybrids and parental species in similar ecological niches poses a question on the role of traits additivity and overdispersion (emergence of new traits) in microevolutionary processes. We analysed genetic polymorphism of Bromus benekenii , B. ramosus and the spontaneous hybrid B. benekenii × B. ramosus in sympatric and allopatric parts of the species distribution in Europe, based on non-coding regions of the taxon genomes (ISSR genetic fingerprinting). We tested 68 individuals in 7 populations, including a hybrid population in N France. Altogether 233 polymorphic ISSR bands (loci) were obtained. We found that the parent species were genetically distinct and the hybrids had an additive pattern of ISSR bands found in the putative parental species (NMDS, STRUCTURE); however, there was evidence of introgression towards B. ramosus (NEWHYBRIDS, UPGMA classifications, Nei's D genetic distance). Bromus benekenii had 72, B. ramosus 21 and the hybrids 9 private bands (genetic overdispersion), probably resulting from the rearranged genomes. Based on its low genetic divergence index DW, the hybrid population seems to be at a young age. We argue that in the face of anthropogenic landscape transformations favouring secondary contacts, the hybrids may competitively replace the parental species in sympatric areas. KKeeyy wwoorrddss:: Genetic additivity, hybrid zone, introgression, ISSR, Linnaean taxonomy, microevolution.
{"title":"Additivity of ISSR markers in natural hybrids of related forest species Bromus benekenii and B. ramosus (Poaceae)","authors":"A. Sutkowska, Andrzej Pasierbzziński, W. Bąba, T. Warzecha, J. Mitka","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0015","url":null,"abstract":"The co-occurrence of hybrids and parental species in similar ecological niches poses a question on the role of traits additivity and overdispersion (emergence of new traits) in microevolutionary processes. We analysed genetic polymorphism of Bromus benekenii , B. ramosus and the spontaneous hybrid B. benekenii × B. ramosus in sympatric and allopatric parts of the species distribution in Europe, based on non-coding regions of the taxon genomes (ISSR genetic fingerprinting). We tested 68 individuals in 7 populations, including a hybrid population in N France. Altogether 233 polymorphic ISSR bands (loci) were obtained. We found that the parent species were genetically distinct and the hybrids had an additive pattern of ISSR bands found in the putative parental species (NMDS, STRUCTURE); however, there was evidence of introgression towards B. ramosus (NEWHYBRIDS, UPGMA classifications, Nei's D genetic distance). Bromus benekenii had 72, B. ramosus 21 and the hybrids 9 private bands (genetic overdispersion), probably resulting from the rearranged genomes. Based on its low genetic divergence index DW, the hybrid population seems to be at a young age. We argue that in the face of anthropogenic landscape transformations favouring secondary contacts, the hybrids may competitively replace the parental species in sympatric areas. KKeeyy wwoorrddss:: Genetic additivity, hybrid zone, introgression, ISSR, Linnaean taxonomy, microevolution.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"57 1","pages":"82-94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pollen grains of Pinus mugo, P. sylvestris and P. ×rhaetica (= P. mugo × P. sylvestris) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains were bisaccate and monosulcate. The corpus-saccus attachment was distinct. The pollen corpus exine sculpture was verrucate-rugulate and deeply sculptured. The surface of the tectum was covered with small grana and it was perforate. The saccus sexine ornamentation was reticulate and irregularly perforate. The tectum surface characters in the proximal and distal view of the corpus and saccus were less variable and they did not provide good criteria to identify the species under study. However, some differences were observed in the size of elevation on the corpus between pollen grains of the same species and between the parental species. This study of the pollen grain morphology of the corpus and saccus provided some important new data.
用光镜和扫描电镜对马丘松、西尔维斯特松和×rhaetica (= P. mugo × P. sylvestris)的花粉粒进行了研究。花粉粒呈双盐型和单盐型。体囊附着明显。花粉体外壁雕刻呈疣状，雕刻深刻。顶盖表面覆盖小颗粒，呈穿孔状。囊性纹饰呈网状，不规则穿孔。胼胝体和囊体近端和远端视图的顶盖表面特征变化较小，不能提供很好的标准来识别所研究的物种。但是，同一种花粉粒与亲本花粉粒在花粉体上的高度大小存在一定差异。本研究提供了一些重要的新资料。
{"title":"Pollen Morphology of Pinus mugo Turra × Pinus sylvestris L. Hybrids and Parental Species in an Experimental Culture","authors":"Joanna Bykowska, M. Klimko","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Pollen grains of Pinus mugo, P. sylvestris and P. ×rhaetica (= P. mugo × P. sylvestris) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains were bisaccate and monosulcate. The corpus-saccus attachment was distinct. The pollen corpus exine sculpture was verrucate-rugulate and deeply sculptured. The surface of the tectum was covered with small grana and it was perforate. The saccus sexine ornamentation was reticulate and irregularly perforate. The tectum surface characters in the proximal and distal view of the corpus and saccus were less variable and they did not provide good criteria to identify the species under study. However, some differences were observed in the size of elevation on the corpus between pollen grains of the same species and between the parental species. This study of the pollen grain morphology of the corpus and saccus provided some important new data.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"57 1","pages":"149-160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. sinensis Anderss., M. sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack. and M. ×giganteus J.M.Greef & Deuter ex Hodk. and Renvoize have considerably the highest potential for biomass production among Miscanthus Anderss. species, there is an urgent need to broaden the knowledge about cytological characteristics required for their improvement. In this study our objectives were to assess the genome size variation among eighteen Miscanthus accessions, as well as estimation of the monoploid genome size (2C and Cx) of the M. sinensis cultivars, which have not been analyzed yet. The characterization of three Miscanthus species was performed with the use of flow cytometry and analysis of the stomatal length. The triploid (2n = 3x = 57) M. sinensis 'Goliath' and M. ×gigan- teus clones possessed the highest 2C DNA content (8.34 pg and 7.43 pg, respectively). The intermediate 2C-val-ues were found in the nuclei of the diploid (2n = 2x = 38) M. sinensis accessions (5.52–5.72 pg), whereas they were the lowest in the diploid (2n = 2x = 38) M. sacchariflorus ecotypes (4.58–4.59 pg). The presented study revealed interspecific variation of nuclear DNA content (P<0.01) and therefore allowed for recognition of partic- ular taxa, inter- and intraspecific hybrids and prediction of potential parental components. Moreover, intraspecific genome size variation (P<0.01) was observed in M. sinensis cultivars at 3.62%. The values of the stomatal size obtained for the triploid M. ×giganteus 'Great Britain' (mean 30.70 μ m) or 'Canada' (mean 29.67 μ m) and diploid M. sinensis 'Graziella' (mean 29.96 μ m) did not differ significantly, therefore this parameter is not rec- ommended for ploidy estimation.
{"title":"Miscanthus: Inter- and Intraspecific Genome Size Variation Among M. × Giganteus, M. Sinensis, M. Sacchariflorus Accessions","authors":"S. Cichorz, M. Gośka, M. Rewers","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0013","url":null,"abstract":"M. sinensis Anderss., M. sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack. and M. ×giganteus J.M.Greef & Deuter ex Hodk. and Renvoize have considerably the highest potential for biomass production among Miscanthus Anderss. species, there is an urgent need to broaden the knowledge about cytological characteristics required for their improvement. In this study our objectives were to assess the genome size variation among eighteen Miscanthus accessions, as well as estimation of the monoploid genome size (2C and Cx) of the M. sinensis cultivars, which have not been analyzed yet. The characterization of three Miscanthus species was performed with the use of flow cytometry and analysis of the stomatal length. The triploid (2n = 3x = 57) M. sinensis 'Goliath' and M. ×gigan- teus clones possessed the highest 2C DNA content (8.34 pg and 7.43 pg, respectively). The intermediate 2C-val-ues were found in the nuclei of the diploid (2n = 2x = 38) M. sinensis accessions (5.52–5.72 pg), whereas they were the lowest in the diploid (2n = 2x = 38) M. sacchariflorus ecotypes (4.58–4.59 pg). The presented study revealed interspecific variation of nuclear DNA content (P<0.01) and therefore allowed for recognition of partic- ular taxa, inter- and intraspecific hybrids and prediction of potential parental components. Moreover, intraspecific genome size variation (P<0.01) was observed in M. sinensis cultivars at 3.62%. The values of the stomatal size obtained for the triploid M. ×giganteus 'Great Britain' (mean 30.70 μ m) or 'Canada' (mean 29.67 μ m) and diploid M. sinensis 'Graziella' (mean 29.96 μ m) did not differ significantly, therefore this parameter is not rec- ommended for ploidy estimation.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"57 1","pages":"104-113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The electrical penetration graph (EPG) method was used to quantify the effect of surface waxes on probing behaviour of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae F. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The experiments showed that wax removal significantly affected probing behaviour of S. avenae. Generally, the aphids feeding on the plants without wax had a shortened non-probing (EPG-pattern np) and prolonged penetration of peripheral tissues – epidermis and mesophyll (EPG-pattern C). The EPG tests also showed that the three tested extracts of surface waxes from waxy plants RAH 122 were active as aphicides against the grain aphid.
{"title":"Surface waxes as a plant defense barrier towards grain aphid","authors":"A. Wójcicka","doi":"10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0012","url":null,"abstract":"The electrical penetration graph (EPG) method was used to quantify the effect of surface waxes on probing behaviour of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae F. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The experiments showed that wax removal significantly affected probing behaviour of S. avenae. Generally, the aphids feeding on the plants without wax had a shortened non-probing (EPG-pattern np) and prolonged penetration of peripheral tissues – epidermis and mesophyll (EPG-pattern C). The EPG tests also showed that the three tested extracts of surface waxes from waxy plants RAH 122 were active as aphicides against the grain aphid.","PeriodicalId":45465,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica","volume":"57 1","pages":"95-103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/ABCSB-2015-0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67072266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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