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Toward an Understanding of a Misconceived Igbo Deity 了解被误解的伊格博神灵
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340310
Tobias Chibuike Onah, Kingsley Ikechukwu Uwaegbute, Virginus Uchenna Eze
This ethnographic study investigates the misconception among Christians and adherents of African Traditional Religion in their view and understanding of the deity ‘ekwensu’, commonly called Satan in Christian theology. The study area is Nsukka, a culture area in Nigeria. The adherents of the two religions use the words ‘Satan’ and ‘devil’ for ekwensu interchangeably. Many Christians claim that Satan is the sole equivalent of the traditional deity ekwensu in the Igbo cosmology. The aim of the work is to compare the Christian views of ekwensu as Satan, bringing out the origin, attributes, and activities of the two concepts ekwensu and Satan. The findings show significant differences between Satan and ekwensu, that Satan and ekwensu vary in their origin and attributes, and that they have different geographical locations. It is shown that some shrines and forests were dedicated to the ekwensu deity in Nsukka, and that masquerades also honour the festival of ekwensu (afor ekwensu). It is also evident that Christianity had a significant impact on the culture of the Nsukka people, which engendered the misconception of the ekwensu deity. This was partly based on Igbo Christian theolinguistics occasioned by Christian missionary activities in the area.
本人种学研究调查了基督徒和非洲传统宗教信徒对神灵 "ekwensu"(基督教神学中通常称为撒旦)的误解。研究地区是尼日利亚的文化区恩苏卡。两种宗教的信徒交替使用 "撒旦 "和 "魔鬼 "来称呼 ekwensu。许多基督徒声称撒旦是伊格博宇宙论中传统神灵埃克文苏的唯一对应物。这部作品的目的是比较基督教将 "埃克文苏 "视为 "撒旦 "的观点,揭示 "埃克文苏 "和 "撒旦 "这两个概念的起源、属性和活动。研究结果表明,撒旦和 "ekwensu "之间存在重大差异,撒旦和 "ekwensu "在起源和属性上各不相同,它们的地理位置也不同。研究表明,在恩苏卡,一些神社和森林供奉着埃克文苏神,化妆舞会也纪念埃克文苏节(afor ekwensu)。同样明显的是,基督教对恩苏卡人的文化产生了重大影响,这导致了对埃克文苏神的误解。这在一定程度上是基于基督教在该地区的传教活动所产生的伊格博基督教语言学。
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引用次数: 0
Secularity and Muslim-Christian Relations in Uganda 乌干达的政教分离与穆斯林-基督教关系
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340319
Dorothea Schulz
The article reconstructs aspects of the secularizing project of the British colonial administration in Uganda by exploring how state regulatory practices in the field of Western school education set the conditions for two forms of religious difference: first, relations between Muslims as members of a religious minority and the Christian majority, and second, dynamics among Muslims that transpired not only in leadership competition but also in controversies over education and proper religious practice. Focusing on the intersections between a state regulatory regime and the activities of Muslims who claimed religious and political leadership on behalf of other Muslims in the areas of Buganda and Bugisu, the article argues that these Muslim intellectuals mediated and contributed to the colonial administration’s production of Muslims as a religious minority. As articulators of Islam, they (re)formulated and debated the forms and purpose of Muslim education and partly novel understandings of proper religious practice, and what it means to be a modern, pious Muslim in the new colonial order. Their political aspirations were hampered, not only as a direct consequence of the colonial administration’s production of systematic inequalities between Christians and Muslims, but also as a result of the dynamics of intra-Muslim plurality.
文章通过探讨国家在西方学校教育领域的管理实践如何为两种形式的宗教差异创造条件,重建了英国殖民政府在乌干达的世俗化项目的各个方面:第一,作为宗教少数派成员的穆斯林与基督教多数派之间的关系;第二,穆斯林之间的动态,这种动态不仅体现在领导力竞争中,也体现在关于教育和适当宗教实践的争议中。文章重点论述了国家管理制度与代表布干达和布吉苏地区其他穆斯林声称拥有宗教和政治领导权的穆斯林活动之间的交集,认为这些穆斯林知识分子为殖民政府将穆斯林塑造成宗教少数群体发挥了中介作用并做出了贡献。作为伊斯兰教的传播者,他们(重新)制定并辩论了穆斯林教育的形式和目的,部分地对正确的宗教实践以及在新的殖民秩序下成为虔诚的现代穆斯林的意义有了新的理解。他们的政治抱负受到阻碍,这不仅是殖民政府在基督徒和穆斯林之间制造系统性不平等的直接后果,也是穆斯林内部多元化动态的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Multiple Secularities in Africa – An Introduction 非洲的多重世俗性--导言
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340314
Marian Burchardt, Magnus Echtler, Katharina Wilkens
Raising timely and urgent questions about the forms, scope and boundaries of religious authority and practice, this article offers novel ways for the study of secularities and secularisms in contemporary African societies. In recent scholarly debates on secularity, Africa has been marginal. Part of the reason, it was suggested was that African ways of being in, and knowing, the world lay outside the religious-secular divide. We contest such positions. Secularism was clearly part of modernists colonial ideologies that called for the eradication of African beliefs described as backward and irrational. We find that the colonial encounter had a powerful historical impact, essentializing and othering African societies as marked by holistic indigenous cultures rather than differentiated religions. We suggest that the complex interplay of different African and European cultures has simultaneously shaped the social construction and historical development of multiple secularities. We propose that the concept of multiple secularities provides creative avenues to rethink religion, political authority and belonging. We consider secularities as contested arrangements of religious and other spheres whose dynamics include processes of de-differentiation and de-secularization.
这篇文章就宗教权威和实践的形式、范围和界限提出了及时而紧迫的问题,为研究当代非洲社会的世俗性和世俗主义提供了新的途径。在最近关于世俗性的学术讨论中,非洲一直处于边缘地位。有人认为,部分原因在于非洲人存在和认识世界的方式不在宗教与世俗的分界线之内。我们对这种观点提出质疑。世俗主义显然是现代主义殖民意识形态的一部分,这种意识形态要求铲除被称为落后和非理性的非洲信仰。我们发现,殖民主义的遭遇产生了强大的历史影响,将非洲社会本质化和他者化,认为非洲社会的特点是整体性的本土文化而非差异化的宗教。我们认为,非洲和欧洲不同文化之间复杂的相互作用同时塑造了多重世俗性的社会建构和历史发展。我们提出,多重世俗性的概念为重新思考宗教、政治权威和归属感提供了创造性的途径。我们认为世俗性是宗教和其他领域的有争议的安排,其动态包括去差异化和去世俗化的过程。
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引用次数: 0
‘The True and Scientific Religion’ 真正的科学宗教
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340317
Judith Bachmann
A scientific worldview is taken to be a dominant factor of European secularity but peculiarly absent in Africa. Taking cues from the multiple secularities and global religious history approaches, the article uses global entanglements as a critical analytical tool to investigate the formation of our present, shared conditions, without essentializing cultural European/African differences. The core question is: Why, how and under which circumstances do people adapt global regimes of secularity, in this case particularly: global debates on religion and science? The article analyzes three lecture-transcripts, delivered by the West African intellectual John Augustus Abayomi Cole and printed in the West African newspaper Lagos Standard. In the context of Christian intellectuals in late nineteenth century West Africa, these lectures discussed African religion as congruent with science. This argument was possible through Abayomi Cole’s adaptation of esotericism, specifically its claim to true religion and science. Thereby, Abayomi Cole tried to negotiate independence from European missionary oversight.
科学世界观被认为是欧洲世俗化的一个主导因素,但在非洲却特别缺乏。文章从多重世俗性和全球宗教史的方法中汲取灵感,将全球纠葛作为一种重要的分析工具,在不将欧洲/非洲的文化差异本质化的情况下,研究我们目前共同状况的形成。文章的核心问题是:人们为什么、如何以及在什么情况下适应全球世俗制度,尤其是关于宗教和科学的全球辩论?文章分析了西非知识分子约翰-奥古斯都-阿巴约米-科尔(John Augustus Abayomi Cole)在西非报纸《拉各斯标准报》上发表的三篇演讲稿。在 19 世纪晚期西非基督教知识分子的背景下,这些演讲讨论了非洲宗教与科学的一致性。阿巴约米-科尔对神秘主义,特别是其对真正的宗教和科学的主张进行了改编,从而使这一论点成为可能。因此,阿巴约米-科尔试图通过谈判摆脱欧洲传教士的监督。
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引用次数: 0
On the Religious and the Secular in Nineteenth-Century Buganda 论十九世纪布干达的宗教与世俗
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340318
Tyler Zoanni
The case of nineteenth-century Buganda opens up a number of assumptions within scholarship about religion, secularity, and politics in African history. Although much scholarship focuses on European colonizers introduced alien categories such as religion and imposed distinctions between religion and politics, this paper foregrounds a different set of historical transformations in what is now Uganda – transformations that ultimately increased rather than diminished connections between the exercise of political power and markedly religious convictions. Along the way, it locates some of the most important pieces of this story in ‘the precolonial’. This allows the paper to trace the emergence of the category of religion, as well as analyze the sense in which it is meaningful to think of precolonial Buganda as secular at a particular moment. In so doing, the paper puts an African story in dialogue with wider conversations on the secular.
19 世纪布干达的案例揭示了学术界对非洲历史中宗教、世俗性和政治的一些假设。尽管许多学术研究侧重于欧洲殖民者引入宗教等外来范畴,并强加宗教与政治之间的区别,但本文强调的是现在的乌干达发生的一系列不同的历史变革--这些变革最终加强而非削弱了政治权力的行使与明显的宗教信仰之间的联系。在这一过程中,本文将这一故事中最重要的一些片段放在了 "前殖民时期"。这使得本文能够追溯宗教类别的出现,并分析在特定时刻将前殖民时期的布干达视为世俗的意义。这样,本文将一个非洲故事与更广泛的世俗对话联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Secular Framings 世俗框架
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340292
Benedikt Pontzen
The secular Ghanaian state frames and governs ‘African Traditional Religion’ (‘ATR’) in three main ways. As culture and heritage, aspects of ‘ATR’ are integrated into public performances and national narratives, displaying the African identity of the Ghanaian nation. As providers of traditional forms of therapy, traditional shrines are administered as health facilities and supervised by the Ministry of Health. As religion, ‘ATR’ is counted as one of the country’s religions. This article discusses these framings and their social dynamics drawing on framing theories and secularity studies. Devising secular framings and eclectically appropriating traditional religious presences, the Ghanaian state seeks to govern ‘ATR’ and integrate it into its nation-building politics. Traditional religious actors have reappropriated these framings, carving out spaces of their own. The relations between ‘ATR’ and the Ghanaian state are subject to constant negotiations that impact both.
世俗的加纳国家主要通过三种方式对 "非洲传统宗教"(ATR)进行构架和管理。作为文化和遗产,"非洲传统宗教 "的各个方面被纳入公共表演和国家叙事,展示加纳民族的非洲身份。作为传统治疗方式的提供者,传统圣地被作为卫生设施管理,并接受卫生部的监督。作为宗教,"ATR "被视为加纳的宗教之一。本文借鉴框架理论和世俗性研究,讨论了这些框架及其社会动态。加纳国家通过设计世俗框架和折衷利用传统宗教存在,试图管理 "ATR "并将其纳入国家建设政治中。传统宗教行为者重新利用了这些框架,开辟了自己的空间。ATR "与加纳国家之间的关系需要不断协商,这对双方都有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Combating COVID-19 and ‘Possessing the Nations’: Insights from Ghana’s Megachurches 打击 COVID-19 和 "占有国家":加纳大型教会的启示
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340298
Allison Norton, Felicity Apaah

This article employs social listening techniques to capture the themes and public response to popular coronavirus-related social media posts made by leaders via their public Facebook pages at two of Ghana’s largest and fastest-growing churches: The Church of Pentecost (CoP) and the United Denominations Originating from the Lighthouse Group of Churches (UD-OLGC). We examine how religious leaders employed social media in response to the pandemic, and how these religious groups reinforced their relevance and reinvented themselves in the face of COVID-19. Additionally, we explore the major beliefs, perceptions, and values that the church’s social media users portrayed in response to the church’s pandemic postings, using social listening techniques and sentiment analysis. These results show how, while adapting to the realities demanded by the pandemic, the social media presence of two of Ghana’s largest churches served as a site for the contestation and negotiation of the religious authority of the leadership.

本文采用社交聆听技术来捕捉加纳最大、发展最快的两个教会的领导人通过其 Facebook 公共页面发布的与冠状病毒相关的热门社交媒体帖子的主题和公众反应:五旬节教会 (CoP) 和灯塔教会联合教派 (UD-OLGC)。我们研究了宗教领袖如何利用社交媒体来应对这一流行病,以及这些宗教团体如何在 COVID-19 的影响下加强其相关性并重塑自我。此外,我们还利用社交聆听技术和情感分析,探讨了教会社交媒体用户在回应教会发布的大流行病信息时所描绘的主要信仰、观念和价值观。这些结果表明,在适应大流行病所要求的现实情况的同时,加纳最大的两个教会的社交媒体是如何成为领导层宗教权威的争论和协商场所的。
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引用次数: 0
‘Something Like a Nuclear Weapon’: African Charismatic Prophetic Revelations and Responses to the Covid-19 Pandemic 类似核武器的东西":非洲灵恩派先知对 Covid-19 大流行病的启示和回应
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340299
J. Kwabena Asamoah-Gyadu

This article discusses the role of mega size African Pentecostal/charismatic prophets and charismatic figures in the public response to Covid-19. There were responses to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in late 2019, and in Africa, a lot of these were religious. This article examines the intersection between religion and the Covid-19 pandemic, in the context contemporary African charismatic-prophetism. The data is sought mainly from oral and media sources of the various charismatic figures at the center of the discussion. The same religious interpretations that inform the understanding of events in society and human life in Africa were extended to the interpretation, diagnosis, and response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The charismatic power and influence of Pentecostal/charismatic church leaders, such as Emmanuel Makandiwa of Zimbabwe, was evident through the public role that the prophets played as these churches articulated their responses to the pandemic as a public health issue with spiritual implications.

本文讨论了非洲五旬节派/灵恩派的超大型先知和灵恩人物在公众对Covid-19的反应中所起的作用。2019年底爆发的Covid-19大流行病引起了人们的反应,而在非洲,很多反应都是宗教性的。本文以当代非洲魅力预言主义为背景,探讨了宗教与 Covid-19 大流行病之间的交集。数据主要来自讨论中心的各种神恩人物的口头和媒体资料。对非洲社会和人类生活中发生的事件的理解所依据的宗教解释,同样被延伸到对 Covid-19 大流行病的解释、诊断和应对中。五旬节派/灵恩派教会领袖(如津巴布韦的 Emmanuel Makandiwa)的灵恩力量和影响力通过先知们所扮演的公共角色显而易见,这些教会将该流行病作为具有灵性影响的公共卫生问题来阐述其应对措施。
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引用次数: 0
Religion, Science, and Pentecostalism: RCCG and the COVID-19 Pandemic 宗教、科学与五旬节派:RCCG 与 COVID-19 流行病
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340297
Dodeye Williams, Abimbola Adelakun, Nike Ogunnowo

The COVID-19 pandemic flustered dimensions of public and private life in varied ways. In Nigeria, as in several parts of the world, faith-based groups variously tried to make sense of the event as they also try to cope with government ‘lockdown’ measures introduced to contain and limit the spread of the virus. This study focuses on the Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), one of the largest megachurches within global religious landscapes. The study compares the narratives birthed within the RCCG to what obtained among other Pentecostal denominational leaders to make sense of the pandemic as everyone confronted a befuddling global event. Both science and religion became instruments of discerning the meaning of the pandemic, sometimes as competing and sometimes reconciled.

COVID-19 大流行以各种方式扰乱了公共和私人生活。在尼日利亚,与世界其他地区一样,信仰团体在努力应对政府为遏制和限制病毒传播而采取的 "封锁 "措施的同时,也试图以不同的方式理解这一事件。本研究以上帝救赎基督教会 (RCCG) 为重点,该教会是全球宗教中最大的巨型教会之一。本研究将 RCCG 内部产生的叙事与其他五旬节教派领导人的叙事进行了比较,以便在每个人都面对这一令人困惑的全球事件时对这一流行病有所了解。科学和宗教都成了辨别大流行病意义的工具,有时相互竞争,有时又相互调和。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching and Preaching 教学与传道
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340301
Temesgen T. Beyan
During European colonial times in Africa and elsewhere, missionary education was an integral part of the colonial instruments for political domination, economic exploitation, and cultural assimilation. This paper aims to investigate the process of making colonial subjects through missionary education that was mainly provided by Catholic and Evangelical mission schools during the Italian colonial period in Eritrea. The paper argues that the Catholic and Evangelical mission schools distinctively worked to achieve their separate objectives that can be explained as employment versus salvation, teaching versus preaching, flag versus Bible, and hands versus soul, respectively. While the Catholic mission school focused on training the hand in order to supply labour, the Evangelical mission school stressed harvesting the soul to cultivate a docile labour force. Despite their differences, the works of the Catholic and Evangelical mission schools placed much emphasis on and exerted much effort to producing a class of colonial subjects that could serve as brokers of power.
在非洲和其他地区的欧洲殖民时期,传教士教育是政治统治、经济剥削和文化同化等殖民手段的组成部分。本文旨在研究厄立特里亚意大利殖民时期主要由天主教和福音派传教士学校提供的传教教育对殖民主体的塑造过程。本文认为,天主教传教士学校和福音传教士学校分别致力于实现各自的目标,这些目标可分别解释为就业与救赎、教学与布道、旗帜与圣经、双手与灵魂。天主教传教士学校侧重于训练手,以提供劳动力,而福音派传教士学校则强调收获灵魂,以培养温顺的劳动力。天主教传教士学校和福音派传教士学校的作品尽管存在差异,但都非常重视并努力培养能够充当权力经纪人的殖民地臣民。
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引用次数: 0
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JOURNAL OF RELIGION IN AFRICA
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