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Pentecostal Conceptions of Warfare Prayer among the Yoruba in Southwestern Nigeria 尼日利亚西南部约鲁巴人的五旬节战争祈祷理念
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340243
O. K. Oyelade, A. O. Omobowale
Warfare prayer is a common ritual practice among Yoruba Pentecostal adherents in southwestern Nigeria. It entails visualization of a supposed enemy or battle and the utilization of warfare prayers, songs, and Bible verses to supposedly neutralize opposing forces. In fact, scholars have established that the continued growth of Pentecostalism and the proliferation of Pentecostal churches in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Nigeria, includes its feature of warfare prayer deployment. This study examines the Pentecostal conceptions of warfare prayer among the Yoruba in southwestern Nigeria. The study is basically qualitative, with data collected from branches of four purposively selected indigenous Pentecostal churches. Findings have revealed that warfare prayer is associated with the Yoruba belief system that attributes the so-called ‘spiritual diabolical’ and their human agents with incapacitating capabilities, resulting in devastating effects on victims. Yoruba Pentecostals believe that such diabolical forces can only be vanquished by warfare prayers.
在尼日利亚西南部的约鲁巴五旬节信徒中,战争祈祷是一种常见的仪式。它需要想象假想的敌人或战斗,并利用战争祈祷、歌曲和圣经诗句来压制敌对势力。事实上,学者们已经证实,五旬节派的持续发展和五旬节教会在撒哈拉以南非洲,特别是在尼日利亚的激增,包括其战争祈祷部署的特点。这项研究考察了尼日利亚西南部约鲁巴人中五旬节派的战争祈祷概念。这项研究基本上是定性的,数据是从四个有意选择的土著五旬节教会的分支机构收集的。研究结果表明,战争祈祷与约鲁巴信仰体系有关,该信仰体系将所谓的“精神恶魔”及其人类代理人赋予丧失能力的能力,从而对受害者造成毁灭性影响。约鲁巴五旬节派相信,只有通过战争祈祷才能击败这种恶魔般的力量。
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引用次数: 0
Fá Divination, Well-being, and Coolness in Bénin, West Africa FáDivisition,Wellbeing,and Coolness in Bénin,West Africa
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-10-27 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340248
T. Landry
For more than 40 years the relationships that exist between divination and knowledge have become central to anthropology’s understanding of African religious practice. This paper deemphasizes the commonly mobilized ‘divination as knowledge’ trope in favor of highlighting its role in achieving well-being. Indeed, I argue that by focusing on divination as a way of knowing ethnographers have inadvertently ignored what happens after said knowledge is acquired. It is these moments that I find to be at the heart of divination’s enduring value. Through an analysis of divination rituals, initiations, and material objects, alternative ways to examining divination in the West African rain forest are considered and explored. Looking to Fá divination, one of the major oracular systems employed by Fon speakers in the Republic of Bénin, I turn my attention to the ways in which divination helps individuals fulfill their destinies and achieve goodness in the world. In this way I argue that West African systems of divination are only secondarily about knowledge and first and foremost about achieving a sense of balance (coolness) and well-being.
40多年来,占卜和知识之间的关系已经成为人类学对非洲宗教实践理解的核心。本文不强调普遍动员的“占卜作为知识”的比喻,而是强调其在实现幸福方面的作用。事实上,我认为,将占卜作为一种了解民族志学家的方式,无意中忽略了获得上述知识后发生的事情。我发现这些时刻正是占卜永恒价值的核心所在。通过对占卜仪式、启蒙和实物的分析,研究西非雨林中占卜的替代方法被考虑和探索。看一下占卜术(Fon),这是bacimnin共和国Fon讲者使用的主要神谕系统之一,我把注意力转向占卜帮助个人实现其命运和在世界上实现美好的方式。通过这种方式,我认为西非的占卜系统只是关于知识的次要内容,而最重要的是关于实现平衡感(凉爽)和幸福感。
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引用次数: 0
Decolonising the Theologico-Political Problem 神学政治问题的去殖民化
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-10-18 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-bja10088
S. Dube
The theologico-political problem, traditionally concerned with the question of the seat of authority or sovereignty in the West (rendered through the metaphor of Jerusalem vs Athens or Revelation vs Reason), has been brought to the fore of late in a number of nation-states in Africa. To the end of rethinking the theologico-political problem or decolonising it, this article draws on Achille Mbembe’s notion of improvisation as an important avenue through which the decolonisation of the theologico-political problem can be situated meaningfully in the African context. Its core argument is that such a decolonisation of the theologico-political problem is not only useful for centering African experiences in political theology broadly, but also for further problematizing the decontextualized ways in which notions such as the theologico-political problem elide a history of “others” in their continued access primarily or even solely through Western experiences of state formation.
神学政治问题,传统上与西方权威或主权所在地的问题有关(通过耶路撒冷与雅典或启示录与理性的比喻来呈现),最近在非洲的一些民族国家被提上了议事日程。为了重新思考神学家政治问题或将其非殖民化,本文借鉴了Achille Mbembe的即兴创作概念,认为即兴创作是一种重要的途径,通过这种途径可以在非洲背景下有意义地定位神学家政治问题的非殖民化。其核心论点是,神学政治问题的非殖民化不仅有助于将非洲的经验广泛地集中在政治神学中,但也有助于进一步问题化去文本化的方式,在这种方式中,神学家政治问题等概念主要甚至完全通过西方国家形成的经验来继续接触“他人”,从而消除了“他人”的历史。
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引用次数: 0
Christianity and the Gendering of Personal Names among the Bette in Southeastern Nigeria 基督教与尼日利亚东南部贝特人姓名的性别化
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-10-10 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340246
Romanus Aboh, Eyo O. Mensah, Idom T. Inyabri, Lucy Ushuple
Contributing to extant debates on the juncture of naming and gender(ing), this study interrogates naming practices among Bette-Christians of northern Cross River, Southeastern Nigeria, and how they enhance understanding of the relation between naming and the enunciation of religious identity as well as how gender is enacted. With analytical insights from socio-onomastic theory, which explores the relationship between names, culture, and society, we interrogate naming practices as essential cultural currency for identification, categorization, and connectedness. Data were obtained from 40 participants through semistructured interviews and participant observations. We focus on the intersection of naming and spiritual sentiments to argue that the contemporary reality of naming among Bette-Christians illuminates a practice that negates traditional Bette cosmology and cosmogony. We illustrate how the emergence of Christianity has altered the naming patterns and practices of the people, and how these names embody multidimensional connotations that range from religious identity to stereotyped gender ideologies.
本研究探讨了尼日利亚东南部克罗斯河北部贝特基督徒的命名实践,以及他们如何加强对命名与宗教身份表达之间关系的理解,以及性别是如何制定的。通过对社会经济学理论的分析,我们探讨了名字、文化和社会之间的关系,并将命名实践作为识别、分类和联系的基本文化货币。通过半结构化访谈和参与者观察,从40名参与者中获得数据。我们关注命名和精神情感的交集,认为当代贝特基督徒的命名现实说明了一种否定传统贝特宇宙论和宇宙论的实践。我们说明了基督教的出现如何改变了人们的命名模式和习俗,以及这些名字如何体现从宗教身份到刻板的性别意识形态的多维内涵。
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引用次数: 0
Politics of Spiritual Warfare 属灵争战的政治
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-10-07 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340242
Päivi Hasu
This article examines the transformation of Pastor Josephat Gwajima of the Glory of Christ Tanzania Church in Dar es Salaam into a Pentecostal Big Man characterized by neopatrimonialism and clientelism. It argues that Pastor Gwajima’s status rests first, on religious mediation and individual as well as collective deliverance, and second, on the long-term creation of a Christian electorate. The paper focuses on Gwajima’s political activism during election campaigns that culminated in the 2020 elections when he became a member of parliament. The article concludes that Gwajima has built his religiopolitical profile on popular discourses of suspicion, witchcraft, and conspiracies, and that his Pentecostal politics expand the field of political power beyond political institutions to include demonic entities. Gwajima spiritually mediates people’s failed efforts to participate in the world of development while acknowledging the national and global inequalities, power asymmetries, and associated moral problems resulting from material and power accumulation.
本文考察了达累斯萨拉姆基督荣耀坦桑尼亚教会的牧师Josephhat Gwajima转变为一个以新父权主义和客户主义为特征的五旬节大人物。它认为,Gwajima牧师的地位首先取决于宗教调解和个人以及集体的拯救,其次取决于基督教选民的长期创建。这篇论文聚焦于Gwajima在竞选期间的政治激进主义,最终在2020年的选举中成为国会议员。文章的结论是,瓜岛的宗教政治形象建立在怀疑、巫术和阴谋的流行话语之上,他的五旬节政治将政治权力领域扩展到政治机构之外,将恶魔实体包括在内。Gwajima在精神上调解人们参与发展世界的失败努力,同时承认国家和全球的不平等、权力不对称以及物质和权力积累带来的相关道德问题。
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引用次数: 1
Inscribing Agency in Religious Change 宗教变革中的中介
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-10-07 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340244
Karani Shiyuka
In the wake of the cultural turn, there has been a gradual shift in the theorization of African religions, from the static structural-functionalist oriented models, towards the insertion of agency. This new approach foregrounds the intentional actions of individuals, or collective actors, to create meaning when confronted with external cultural ideas. The African, therefore, is treated as an active agent capable of manipulating and inventing new religious possibilities, rather than being a puppet of a rigid social structure. This paper is cast in this mould. It examines the agentic role played by the Pokot as they navigated the cultural challenges presented to them by western Christianity during the British colonial rule in Kenya. However, because the agentic power to authorize meaning is never uniformly distributed in any society, this article highlights the central role played by Lukas Pkech in mediating the cultural conflict between the indigenous Pokot religion and western Christianity.
在文化转向之后,非洲宗教的理论化逐渐发生了转变,从静态的结构-功能主义导向的模型,转向代理的插入。这种新方法强调了个人或集体行动者在面对外部文化观念时创造意义的有意行为。因此,非洲人被视为能够操纵和发明新的宗教可能性的积极行动者,而不是僵化的社会结构的傀儡。这张纸是用这个模子铸造的。它考察了在英国殖民统治肯尼亚期间,波科特人在应对西方基督教给他们带来的文化挑战时所扮演的代理角色。然而,由于授权意义的代理权力在任何社会中都不是均匀分布的,因此本文强调了卢卡斯·普切在调解本土波切特宗教与西方基督教之间的文化冲突中所发挥的核心作用。
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引用次数: 0
On the Colonial History of the Ideas of God(s) in Africa 论上帝观念在非洲的殖民历史
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-10-07 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340245
Diana Lunkwitz
This contribution examines contested ideas of god(s) as held by Protestant missionaries and the German explorer Hugo Zöller in the early colonial period of Cameroon and in neighbouring West African countries in the 1880s. While many present studies on African Traditional Religion(s) tend to perpetuate an understanding of religion around one supreme god, Zöller’s reports included discontinuities and open questions. An intertextual reading approach is used to question historical and translation barriers and analyse the ideas of god(s) in reception history, including through the report of a later mission director and a handbook of religion. It becomes apparent that all the analysed historical material assumed one supreme god or one origin of religion, albeit according to the different interests of each foreign writer’s point of view. A decolonising reading that focuses on the foreigner’s idea of god(s) in the local people’s view then offers interesting insights into the perception and interpretation of the exploitative trade with ‘products’ from Cameroon linked to the coloniser’s own religion. That shift in perspective animadverts on the entire colonising trade system. This contribution thus proposes a decolonial historiography of religion in Africa in order to extend the critical investigation of reception history and perspectives.
这篇文章考察了新教传教士和德国探险家雨果·舍勒在19世纪80年代喀麦隆殖民早期和西非邻国所持的有争议的上帝思想。虽然目前许多关于非洲传统宗教的研究倾向于围绕一个至高无上的神来延续对宗教的理解,但Zöller的报告包括不连续性和悬而未决的问题。采用互文阅读的方法来质疑历史和翻译障碍,并分析接受历史中的上帝思想,包括通过后来的任务负责人的报告和宗教手册。很明显,所有被分析的历史材料都假设了一个至高无上的神或一个宗教起源,尽管根据每个外国作家的不同兴趣。一本非殖民化读物聚焦于当地人眼中外国人对上帝的看法,然后对与殖民者自己的宗教有关的喀麦隆“产品”的剥削性贸易的看法和解释提供了有趣的见解。这种观点的转变批判了整个殖民贸易体系。因此,这一贡献提出了非洲宗教的非殖民化史学,以扩展对接受历史和观点的批判性研究。
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引用次数: 0
From the Ruins of Empire 来自帝国的废墟
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-09-16 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340237
José Ramón Rodríguez Lago
After Spain lost its overseas territories, Spanish priests increased their presence in Africa. From an analysis of the bibliography and the press of the time as well as of the different documents issued by the nunciature of Madrid, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, and the Secretariat of State of the Vatican, it is possible to draw some significant conclusions about the evolution of Spanish missions in the Protectorate of Morocco and Spanish Guinea in the four decades that separate the so-called Disaster and the propagandistic myth of the Crusade represented by Francoists – and Africanists – during the civil war.
西班牙失去海外领土后,西班牙牧师增加了他们在非洲的存在。通过对参考书目和当时的新闻以及马德里大使馆、传播信仰圣部和梵蒂冈国务秘书处发布的不同文件的分析,对于西班牙在摩洛哥和西属几内亚保护国传教的演变,我们有可能得出一些重要的结论。内战期间,佛朗哥主义者和非洲主义者代表了所谓的“灾难”和十字军东征的宣传神话。
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引用次数: 0
‘I Got the Call – Not Him’ “我接到电话了——不是他”
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-09-07 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340238
M. Frost
This paper examines how the call to found their own churches has allowed and enabled women to subvert and challenge prescribed gender roles. It focuses on African Initiated Churches including both African Independent and Pentecostal Charismatic churches. While the importance of women in these churches is widely acknowledged, less attention has been given to the question of how female church founders gain and maintain their leadership positions. Drawing on historical cases as well as on interviews with founders and church leaders conducted in South Africa and Nigeria, this paper shows how the charismatic authority and doctrinal independence women gain through the call not only legitimate their position but enable them to challenge social and doctrinal norms and thus emancipate themselves from traditional gender roles. However, it also discusses whether in some cases women did not fully use their authority in order to keep it.
本文探讨了建立自己的教会的呼吁是如何让女性颠覆和挑战规定的性别角色的。它专注于非洲发起的教会,包括非洲独立教会和五旬节派魅力教会。虽然妇女在这些教会中的重要性得到了广泛承认,但对女性教会创始人如何获得和保持其领导地位的问题却很少关注。根据历史案例以及在南非和尼日利亚对创始人和教会领袖的采访,本文展示了魅力四射的权威和教义独立女性是如何通过这一呼吁获得的,不仅使她们的地位合法,而且使她们能够挑战社会和教义规范,从而将自己从传统的性别角色中解放出来。然而,它也讨论了在某些情况下,妇女是否没有充分利用自己的权力来维护权力。
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引用次数: 0
Rwandan Perceptions of Jews, Judaism, and Israel 卢旺达对犹太人、犹太教和以色列的看法
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-09-07 DOI: 10.1163/15700666-12340230
J. Beloff
Religious studies of Rwanda typically focus on Christianity’s involvement before, during, and after the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, also referred to as the Rwandan Genocide. Rwanda’s postgenocide reconstruction has witnessed new and changing political and social commitments by previously established religious organisations such as the Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Adventist Churches. The Rwandan government has taken a more progressive stance on divisions of power and religious institutions, and the promotion of religious freedoms that has benefitted the domestic Muslim population. This essay examines how Judaism, a previously unknown religion in the region, is impacting Rwandan identity formation. Jewish identity is increasingly being tied to the nation’s own reconstructed identity, with a strong focus on historical persecution, rebuilding after genocide, and development. This essay suggests that Rwandan identity and religious studies should include the ever-growing ties with Jews and Israel to better understand its political and social reconstruction since 1994.
卢旺达的宗教研究通常侧重于1994年针对图西族的种族灭绝(也称为卢旺达种族灭绝)之前、期间和之后基督教的参与。卢旺达种族灭绝后的重建见证了罗马天主教、新教和基督复临安息日会等先前成立的宗教组织新的和不断变化的政治和社会承诺。卢旺达政府在权力划分和宗教机构以及促进宗教自由方面采取了更为进步的立场,这使国内穆斯林人口受益。本文探讨了该地区以前不为人知的犹太教如何影响卢旺达身份认同的形成。犹太人的身份越来越多地与国家自身重建的身份联系在一起,重点关注历史迫害、种族灭绝后的重建和发展。本文建议,卢旺达的身份和宗教研究应包括与犹太人和以色列日益增长的关系,以更好地了解其自1994年以来的政治和社会重建。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
JOURNAL OF RELIGION IN AFRICA
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