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Let my speakers talk: metalinguistic activity can indicate semantic change 让我的演讲者谈谈:元语言活动可以指示语义变化
IF 1.6 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.1515/cllt-2023-0022
Israela Becker
Abstract In the absence of a diachronic corpus or a synchronic corpus tagged for speakers’ age, substantiating the presence of semantic change and the stage of change ― initial or advanced ― are challenging tasks. In the present study I introduce three methods for overcoming such difficulties by extracting various kinds of evidence from a synchronic corpus not tagged for speakers’ age. All three methods are based on speakers’ metalinguistic activity. Two of them are of a psycholinguistic nature and the third is of a sociolinguistic nature. Not only do these methods provide data hitherto overlooked by researchers for detecting semantic change, but they can also minimize the researchers’ need for interpretative interventions with regard to speakers’ communicative intentions, thus improving the quality of the analysis.
摘要在缺乏根据说话者年龄标记的历时语料库或共时语料库的情况下,证实语义变化的存在和变化的阶段——初始或高级——是一项具有挑战性的任务。在本研究中,我介绍了三种克服这些困难的方法,即从未标记说话者年龄的共时语料库中提取各种证据。这三种方法都是基于说话人的元语言活动。其中两个是心理语言学性质的,第三个是社会语言学性质的。这些方法不仅提供了迄今为止被研究人员忽视的用于检测语义变化的数据,而且还可以最大限度地减少研究人员对说话者交际意图的解释干预需求,从而提高分析质量。
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引用次数: 0
A multifactorial aspectual analysis of verb concatenation with imperfective markers zhe in Mandarin 汉语动词连接不完全标记语的多因素面相分析
IF 1.6 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1515/cllt-2022-0080
Junjie Jin, F. Li
Abstract As a cognitive ability to construe events in alternate ways, aspectuality has aroused many researchers’ academic attention; however, the concatenation of aspect markers in a clause is understudied in previous studies. The present paper follows a bidimensional approach of aspect to conduct a corpus-based aspectual analysis of verb concatenation with imperfective markers zhe (henceforth VCIMs zhe) in Mandarin. Specifically, to construe the cognitive inference mechanism of aspect, a multifactorial analysis of VCIMs zhe by the statistical techniques of multiple correspondence analysis, conditional inference trees and conditional random forests is carried out to explore the prototypical temporal features of verbs in two slots, predict the aspectual meanings of two imperfective markers zhe, and also discuss the conditional importance of factors such as durativity, dynamicity, telicity, boundedness, and slot in identifying the situation types of two verbs or verb phrases in VCIMs zhe. Methodologically, a usage-based multifactorial analysis of VCIMs zhe complements previous introspective studies on aspect marking. Theoretically, a corpus-based aspectual account of VCIMs zhe, one type of complex viewpoint aspects, expands traditional studies on Chinese aspect system, supplies evidence for aspect typology cross-linguistically, and provides reference for second language acquisition of usage patterns of zhe by non-native speakers.
作为一种以不同的方式解释事件的认知能力,方面性引起了学术界的广泛关注。然而,在以往的研究中,对从句中体标记的连接研究较少。本文采用多维方面的方法,对汉语动词与不完全标记物“着”(以下简称“着”)的连接进行了基于语料库的方面分析。具体来说,为了解释方面的认知推理机制,运用多重对应分析、条件推理树和条件随机森林等统计技术,对VCIMs的两个槽进行了多因素分析,探索两个槽动词的原型时间特征,预测两个不完全标记的方面意义,并讨论了持久性、动态性、遥性、有界性、有界性等因素的条件重要性。并对vcim中两个动词或动词短语的情景类型进行识别。在方法学上,基于使用的多因素VCIMs分析补充了先前对方面标记的内省研究。从理论上讲,基于语料库的对“着”这一复杂视点“着”的体貌描述,拓展了传统汉语体貌系统的研究,为“着”的跨语言类型学研究提供了依据,并为非母语者对“着”使用模式的二语习得提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
To drop or not to drop? Predicting the omission of the infinitival marker in a Swedish future construction 摔还是不摔?预测瑞典语将来式中不定式标记的省略
IF 1.6 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.1515/cllt-2022-0101
Aleksandrs Berdicevskis, E. Coussé, Alexander Koplenig, Yvonne Adesam
Abstract We investigate the optional omission of the infinitival marker in a Swedish future tense construction. During the last two decades the frequency of omission has been rapidly increasing, and this process has received considerable attention in the literature. We test whether the knowledge which has been accumulated can yield accurate predictions of language variation and change. We extracted all occurrences of the construction from a very large collection of corpora. The dataset was automatically annotated with language-internal predictors which have previously been shown or hypothesized to affect the variation. We trained several models in order to make two kinds of predictions: whether the marker will be omitted in a specific utterance and how large the proportion of omissions will be for a given time period. For most of the approaches we tried, we were not able to achieve a better-than-baseline performance. The only exception was predicting the proportion of omissions using autoregressive integrated moving average models for one-step-ahead forecast, and in this case time was the only predictor that mattered. Our data suggest that most of the language-internal predictors do have some effect on the variation, but the effect is not strong enough to yield reliable predictions.
摘要我们研究了瑞典语将来时结构中不定式标记的选择性省略。在过去的二十年里,遗漏的频率迅速增加,这一过程在文献中受到了相当大的关注。我们测试积累的知识是否能准确预测语言的变化。我们从大量的语料库中提取了所有出现的结构。数据集自动注释了语言内部预测因子,这些预测因子先前已被显示或假设会影响变异。为了做出两种预测,我们训练了几个模型:标记在特定的话语中是否会被省略,以及在给定的时间段内省略的比例有多大。对于我们尝试的大多数方法,我们都无法实现比基线更好的性能。唯一的例外是使用自回归综合移动平均模型预测遗漏的比例,用于提前一步预测,在这种情况下,时间是唯一重要的预测因素。我们的数据表明,大多数语言内部预测因素确实对变异有一定影响,但这种影响还不足以产生可靠的预测。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter 头版头条
2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/cllt-2023-frontmatter2
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of keyness metrics: performance and reliability 关键指标的评估:性能和可靠性
IF 1.6 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1515/cllt-2022-0116
Lukas Sönning
Abstract The methodological debates surrounding keyword analysis have given rise to a wide range of keyness metrics. The present paper delineates four dimensions of keyness, which distinguish between frequency- and dispersion-related perspectives. Existing measures are then organized according to these dimensions and evaluated with regard to their performance on a specific keyword analysis task: The identification of key verbs in academic writing. To this end, the rankings produced by 32 different metrics are evaluated against an established academic word list. Further, the reliability of measures is assessed, to determine whether they produce stable rankings across repeated studies on the same pair of text varieties. We observe notable differences among metrics with regard to these criteria. Our findings provide further support for the superiority of the Wilcoxon rank sum test and text-dispersion–based measures, and allow us to identify, within each dimension of keyness, metrics that may be given preference in applied work.
围绕关键字分析的方法论争论已经引起了广泛的关键字度量。本文描述了关键度的四个维度,它们区分了频率和色散相关的视角。然后根据这些维度组织现有的测量方法,并评估它们在特定关键词分析任务中的表现:学术写作中关键动词的识别。为此,由32种不同指标产生的排名是根据既定的学术词汇表进行评估的。此外,评估措施的可靠性,以确定它们是否在同一对文本品种的重复研究中产生稳定的排名。我们观察到关于这些标准的指标之间存在显著差异。我们的研究结果进一步支持了Wilcoxon秩和检验和基于文本分散的测量方法的优越性,并使我们能够在每个关键度维度中确定在应用工作中可能优先考虑的指标。
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引用次数: 0
Seeing the wood for the trees: predictive margins for random forests 见树见木:随机森林的预测边缘
IF 1.6 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1515/cllt-2022-0083
Lukas Sönning, Jason Grafmiller
Abstract Classification trees and random forests offer a number of attractive features to corpus data analysts. However, the way in which these models are typically reported – a decision tree and/or set of variable importance scores – offers insufficient information if interest centers on the (form of) relationship between (multiple) predictors and the outcome. This paper develops predictive margins as an interpretative approach to ensemble techniques such as random forests. These are model summaries in the form of adjusted predictions, which provide a clearer picture of patterns in the data and allow us to query a model on potential nonlinear associations and interactions among predictor variables. The present paper outlines the general strategy for forming predictive margins and addresses methodological issues from an explicitly (corpus) linguistic perspective. For illustration, we use data on the English genitive alternation and provide an R package and code for their implementation.
摘要分类树和随机森林为语料库数据分析提供了许多有吸引力的特征。然而,如果兴趣集中在(多个)预测因子和结果之间的关系(形式)上,这些模型的典型报告方式——决策树和/或可变重要性分数集——提供的信息不足。本文发展预测边际作为一种解释方法集成技术,如随机森林。这些是调整预测形式的模型摘要,它提供了数据模式的更清晰的图像,并允许我们查询预测变量之间潜在的非线性关联和相互作用的模型。本文概述了形成预测边缘的一般策略,并从明确(语料库)语言学的角度解决了方法论问题。为了说明这一点,我们使用了英语属格替换的数据,并提供了一个R包和实现它们的代码。
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引用次数: 0
Large-scale patterns of number use in spoken and written English. 英语口语和书面语中数字使用的大规模模式
IF 1.6 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-27 eCollection Date: 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1515/cllt-2022-0082
Greg Woodin, Bodo Winter, Jeannette Littlemore, Marcus Perlman, Jack Grieve

This paper describes patterns of number use in spoken and written English and the main factors that contribute to these patterns. We analysed more than 1.7 million occurrences of numbers between 0 and a billion in the British National Corpus, including conversational speech, presentational speech (e.g., lectures, interviews), imaginative writing (e.g., fiction), and informative writing (e.g., academic books). We find that four main factors affect number frequency: (1) Magnitude - smaller numbers are more frequent than larger numbers; (2) Roundness - round numbers are more frequent than unround numbers of a comparable magnitude, and some round numbers are more frequent than others; (3) Cultural salience - culturally salient numbers (e.g., recent years) are more frequent than non-salient numbers; and (4) Register - more informational texts contain more numbers (in writing), types of numbers, decimals, and larger numbers than less informational texts. In writing, we find that the numbers 1-9 are mostly represented by number words (e.g., 'three'), 10-999,999 are mostly represented by numerals (e.g., '14'), and 1 million-1 billion are mostly represented by a mix of numerals and number words (e.g., '8 million'). Altogether, this study builds a detailed profile of number use in spoken and written English.

摘要本文阐述了英语口语和书面语中数字的使用模式,以及形成这些模式的主要因素。我们分析了英国国家语料库中超过170万次出现在0到10亿之间的数字,包括会话演讲、陈述演讲(如讲座、采访)、想象写作(如小说)和信息性写作(如学术书籍)。我们发现有四个主要因素影响数字频率:(1)大小——较小的数字比较大的数字更频繁;(2)圆整性——整数比同等数量级的整数出现频率高,某些整数出现频率高于其他整数;(3)文化显著性——文化显著性数字(例如,近年来)比非显著性数字更频繁;(4)寄存器——信息较多的文本比信息较少的文本包含更多的数字(书面形式)、数字类型、小数和更大的数字。在书写中,我们发现数字1 - 9大多用数字词来表示(如“three”),10-999,999多用数字来表示(如“14”),100 - 10亿多用数字和数字词的混合来表示(如“800万”)。总之,这项研究建立了一个详细的概况数字使用在口语和书面英语。
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引用次数: 0
A corpus-based quantitative study of numeral classifiers in Nepali 基于语料库的尼泊尔语数词定量研究
IF 1.6 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1515/cllt-2022-0064
Krishna Prasad Parajuli, Marc Allassonnière-Tang
Abstract Nepali is typologically rare in terms of nominal classification systems, as it is one of the few languages of the world having simultaneously two gender systems (human/non-human, masculine/feminine) and one numeral classifier system (distinguishing features such as human, round-shaped objects, and long objects among others). Such a rare co-occurrence of different nominal classification systems is highly relevant for investigating linguistic complexity, as languages generally do not have several systems of the same type fulfilling the same functions. However, no corpus-based quantitative analyses have been conducted on the productive use of nominal classification systems in Nepali. The current paper aims at filling this gap by providing a token-based study from the Nepali National Corpus (∼20 million words). Our preliminary results show that there is in fact little formal overlap between the classifier and the gender systems.
摘要尼泊尔语在名词分类系统方面在类型学上是罕见的,因为它是世界上为数不多的同时拥有两个性别系统(人类/非人、阳性/阴性)和一个数字分类系统(区分特征,如人类、圆形物体和长形物体等)的语言之一。不同的名词分类系统罕见地同时出现,这与研究语言复杂性非常相关,因为语言通常没有几个相同类型的系统来实现相同的功能。然而,尚未对尼泊尔语中名词分类系统的生产性使用进行基于语料库的定量分析。目前的论文旨在通过提供尼泊尔国家语料库(约2000万字)的代币研究来填补这一空白。我们的初步结果表明,事实上,分类器和性别系统之间几乎没有正式的重叠。
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引用次数: 0
They worked their hardest on the construction’s history: Superlative Objoid Constructions in Late Modern American English 他们尽最大努力研究这种结构的历史:晚期现代美国英语中的最高级宾语结构
IF 1.6 2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1515/cllt-2022-0088
Tamara Bouso, M. Hundt
Abstract English verbs can combine with an object-like (or Objoid) element consisting of a possessive and a superlative. These Superlative Objoids do not add a participant to the event but function like manner adverbs (they work their hardest, i.e. they work extremely hard). This paper is the first to use diachronic evidence from a corpus of Late Modern American English to trace the recent history of Superlative Objoid Constructions (SOC). In particular, it aims to assess whether the construction has become entrenched to the extent that it can give rise to analogical extension. Secondly, the evidence is used to model, within the framework of Construction Grammar, the horizontal and vertical links between the SOC and its (potential) relatives in the constructional network of transitivity changing constructions.
抽象的英语动词可以与一个由所有格和最高级组成的类宾语(或宾语)结合。这些最高级宾语不会将参与者添加到事件中,而是像态度副词一样起作用(他们工作得最努力,即他们工作得非常努力)。本文首次利用美国晚期现代英语语料库中的历时证据来追溯最高级宾语结构(SOC)的近代史。特别是,它的目的是评估结构是否已经成为根深蒂固的程度,它可以引起类比延伸。其次,在构式语法的框架内,利用证据对及物性变化构式网络中SOC与其(潜在)亲属之间的横向和纵向联系进行建模。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter 头版头条
2区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1515/cllt-2023-frontmatter1
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory
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