Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.1017/s0963926823000366
L. Mocarelli, G. Ongaro, Laura Prosperi
This study estimates the cost of living in three cities – Florence, Bologna and Milan – in eighteenth-century northern Italy. Although they do not allow an understanding of the differences between social groups or seasonal consumption patterns, the calculation of living costs and the implied modelling have a twofold aim. First, they allow the calculation of real wages, which are obtained by dividing nominal wages by the cost of a consumption basket; therefore, broadly, they allow the Italian case to be put into great debates of economic history, such as the one on the Little Divergence between northern and southern Europe at the end of the early modern period. In this regard, we will show that the existing calculations used for this purpose have many criticalities, and we will solve them. Second, determining the cost of consumption baskets allows us to observe the role played by urban public institutions in mediating between the market and consumers, with relevant effects on price trends and, therefore, on the purchasing power of the urban population.
{"title":"The cost of living in early modern cities: a study on eighteenth-century northern Italy","authors":"L. Mocarelli, G. Ongaro, Laura Prosperi","doi":"10.1017/s0963926823000366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963926823000366","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study estimates the cost of living in three cities – Florence, Bologna and Milan – in eighteenth-century northern Italy. Although they do not allow an understanding of the differences between social groups or seasonal consumption patterns, the calculation of living costs and the implied modelling have a twofold aim. First, they allow the calculation of real wages, which are obtained by dividing nominal wages by the cost of a consumption basket; therefore, broadly, they allow the Italian case to be put into great debates of economic history, such as the one on the Little Divergence between northern and southern Europe at the end of the early modern period. In this regard, we will show that the existing calculations used for this purpose have many criticalities, and we will solve them. Second, determining the cost of consumption baskets allows us to observe the role played by urban public institutions in mediating between the market and consumers, with relevant effects on price trends and, therefore, on the purchasing power of the urban population.","PeriodicalId":45626,"journal":{"name":"Urban History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49522584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-19DOI: 10.1017/s0963926823000184
J. Hasegawa
At the conclusion of the 1950s in Japan, plans to reclaim and develop Tokyo Bay were proposed by the Japan Housing Corporation's president and a private think tank on economic affairs. The vision was incompatible with dispersion, the basic direction of the state's policy, so it was quickly rejected, but its legacy lived on as the trans-Tokyo Bay highway in 1997. This article argues that the lack of an effective national policy led to contradictory initiatives and divisions among the stakeholders, leaving open the way for the large-scale reclamation and development of Tokyo Bay.
{"title":"The plans for Tokyo Bay: the challenge of urban policy, 1950s–1990s","authors":"J. Hasegawa","doi":"10.1017/s0963926823000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963926823000184","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 At the conclusion of the 1950s in Japan, plans to reclaim and develop Tokyo Bay were proposed by the Japan Housing Corporation's president and a private think tank on economic affairs. The vision was incompatible with dispersion, the basic direction of the state's policy, so it was quickly rejected, but its legacy lived on as the trans-Tokyo Bay highway in 1997. This article argues that the lack of an effective national policy led to contradictory initiatives and divisions among the stakeholders, leaving open the way for the large-scale reclamation and development of Tokyo Bay.","PeriodicalId":45626,"journal":{"name":"Urban History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48456870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-02DOI: 10.1017/s0963926822000645
Wout Saelens
This article presents a comparative study of the industrial energy consumption in Ghent and Leiden, from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. It asks whether or not industrial development depended on the availability of coal. Whereas the Southern Low Countries had recourse to cheap coal from the beginning of the eighteenth century onwards, the Northern Low Countries remained trapped in its ‘proto-fossil’ trajectory based on peat, lacking a full fossil-fuel transition. By using production data to estimate the fuel consumption by industry, it is argued that energy divergences did not matter for industrialization. Both in Ghent and in Leiden, industries such as brewing, sugar refining, glass making and textile production had already largely switched to coal by the end of the seventeenth century. Explanations for these early coal-burning trajectories should be found, not in the ‘lucky’ location of coal supplies, but in the demand and organization of coal-specific industry itself.
{"title":"Industrial energy consumption in the urban Low Countries: Ghent and Leiden compared (c. 1650–1850)","authors":"Wout Saelens","doi":"10.1017/s0963926822000645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963926822000645","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article presents a comparative study of the industrial energy consumption in Ghent and Leiden, from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. It asks whether or not industrial development depended on the availability of coal. Whereas the Southern Low Countries had recourse to cheap coal from the beginning of the eighteenth century onwards, the Northern Low Countries remained trapped in its ‘proto-fossil’ trajectory based on peat, lacking a full fossil-fuel transition. By using production data to estimate the fuel consumption by industry, it is argued that energy divergences did not matter for industrialization. Both in Ghent and in Leiden, industries such as brewing, sugar refining, glass making and textile production had already largely switched to coal by the end of the seventeenth century. Explanations for these early coal-burning trajectories should be found, not in the ‘lucky’ location of coal supplies, but in the demand and organization of coal-specific industry itself.","PeriodicalId":45626,"journal":{"name":"Urban History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44558373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-02DOI: 10.1017/s0963926823000093
Colin Rose
In early modern violence, location mattered, and where something took place communicated much to early modern urban residents about the people involved, the significance of the act and the likely judicial repercussions for their communities. This article uses GIS to trace the locations of homicides in early modern Bologna, Italy, with a ‘prepositional cartography’ that translates early modern Italian spatial mentalities into modern GIS analyses. Mapping homicides reveals much about their meaning and significance. From private buildings, streets and churches, early modern killers spoke a language of space to their audience.
{"title":"Homicide in early modern Bologna: a prepositional cartography","authors":"Colin Rose","doi":"10.1017/s0963926823000093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963926823000093","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In early modern violence, location mattered, and where something took place communicated much to early modern urban residents about the people involved, the significance of the act and the likely judicial repercussions for their communities. This article uses GIS to trace the locations of homicides in early modern Bologna, Italy, with a ‘prepositional cartography’ that translates early modern Italian spatial mentalities into modern GIS analyses. Mapping homicides reveals much about their meaning and significance. From private buildings, streets and churches, early modern killers spoke a language of space to their audience.","PeriodicalId":45626,"journal":{"name":"Urban History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42150249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.1017/S0963926823000056
F. Buylaert, J. van der Meulen, Gerrit Verhoeven, Reinoud Vermoesen, T. Logan
{"title":"Pre-1500","authors":"F. Buylaert, J. van der Meulen, Gerrit Verhoeven, Reinoud Vermoesen, T. Logan","doi":"10.1017/S0963926823000056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963926823000056","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45626,"journal":{"name":"Urban History","volume":"50 1","pages":"341 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45328024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.1017/S0963926823000068
F. Buylaert, J. van der Meulen, Gerrit Verhoeven, Reinoud Vermoesen, T. Logan
both the pope and the Benedictine Order to wrestle control over convents and their resources from the Roman urban elite, this process also allowed the nuns to claim a privileged relationship with the papacy (Mary Harvey Donyo, ‘Roman women: female religious, the papacy, and a growing Dominican order’, Speculum, 97 (2022), 1040–72). Rachel Delman, finally, shows that the English town of Stamford also knew a ‘prominent female culture’ of religiosity in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Taking the powerful noblewoman Margaret Beaufort (mother of King Henry VII) as a starting point, Delman exposes a vibrant network of rich urban women that oscillated between the town of Stamford and Beaufort’s household at Collyweston in Northamptonshire. Lady Beaufort functioned as a conduit within this network, as did the guild of St Katherine and other urban anchoresses in Stamford (Rachel Delman, ‘The vowesses, the anchoresses and the aldermen’s wives: Lady Margaret Beaufort and the devout society of late medieval Stamford’, Urban History, 49 (2022), 248–64).
{"title":"1500–1800","authors":"F. Buylaert, J. van der Meulen, Gerrit Verhoeven, Reinoud Vermoesen, T. Logan","doi":"10.1017/S0963926823000068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963926823000068","url":null,"abstract":"both the pope and the Benedictine Order to wrestle control over convents and their resources from the Roman urban elite, this process also allowed the nuns to claim a privileged relationship with the papacy (Mary Harvey Donyo, ‘Roman women: female religious, the papacy, and a growing Dominican order’, Speculum, 97 (2022), 1040–72). Rachel Delman, finally, shows that the English town of Stamford also knew a ‘prominent female culture’ of religiosity in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Taking the powerful noblewoman Margaret Beaufort (mother of King Henry VII) as a starting point, Delman exposes a vibrant network of rich urban women that oscillated between the town of Stamford and Beaufort’s household at Collyweston in Northamptonshire. Lady Beaufort functioned as a conduit within this network, as did the guild of St Katherine and other urban anchoresses in Stamford (Rachel Delman, ‘The vowesses, the anchoresses and the aldermen’s wives: Lady Margaret Beaufort and the devout society of late medieval Stamford’, Urban History, 49 (2022), 248–64).","PeriodicalId":45626,"journal":{"name":"Urban History","volume":"50 1","pages":"349 - 356"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47528975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.1017/s0963926823000044
R. Rodger
In September 1966, a meeting in Leicester, described as a ‘round table’, was arranged by Dr H.J. Dyos. It was prompted by a groundswell of interest in cities and urban development, both historical and contemporary, and was multidisciplinary in character. Invitations were sent to distinguished academic historians, early career lecturers and a few doctoral students, one of whom was Mr R.J. Morris. He had recently (1965) completed a BA degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics whilst at Keble College, Oxford and had embarked on a doctorate supervised jointly by two distinguished economic historians, Professor H.J. Habakkuk (Nuffield College) and medievalist, Professor Maurice Beresford (Leeds). Bob’s topic was the ‘Organization and aims of the principal secular voluntary organizations of the Leeds middle class 1830–51’ (1971). A few years before, in 1963, Jim Dyos had initiated a series of Urban History Newsletters which informed the direction of scholarly travel, but it was the Study of Urban History (1968), as the subsequent book of the round table proceedings was entitled, that set out agendas for understanding the range, scope and nature of urban historical scholarship. Bob Morris was present in Leicester, therefore, at an embryonic stage in the development of urban history. Consistent with the tone of that meeting, Bob’s interdisciplinary engagement with the histories of towns and cities endured throughout his life. Robert John Morris (always Bob) was born in wartime Sheffield, the son of Barbara Joan (née Aston) and George Ernest Morris. His father was a teacher first in Wakefield and then in Leeds (1943–54), and it was while the family lived in Guiseley (north-west Leeds) during years of post-war rationing that Bob, encouraged by his father, developed an interest in allotments. The family moved to Middlesbrough when Bob’s father was appointed headmaster at the local grammar school. Bob attended the other Middlesbrough grammar school, Acklam Hall, which he left in 1962 for Oxford to begin his undergraduate studies. During a summer vacation in 1966 and while undertaking excavations at the deserted medieval village of Wharram Percy in North Yorkshire, Bob met Barbara McConnell from Belfast. Their shared historical, archaeological and cartographic interests were evident and the following year they undertook an intrepid journey from Aberystwyth to Athens in a mini-van studying Byzantine monasteries in former Yugoslavia en route. The origins of Bob’s Irish research interests are not difficult to detect. They were married in Ireland in 1967. The following year, Bob was appointed to a lectureship at Edinburgh University in the newly created
{"title":"Bob Morris: an appreciation","authors":"R. Rodger","doi":"10.1017/s0963926823000044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963926823000044","url":null,"abstract":"In September 1966, a meeting in Leicester, described as a ‘round table’, was arranged by Dr H.J. Dyos. It was prompted by a groundswell of interest in cities and urban development, both historical and contemporary, and was multidisciplinary in character. Invitations were sent to distinguished academic historians, early career lecturers and a few doctoral students, one of whom was Mr R.J. Morris. He had recently (1965) completed a BA degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics whilst at Keble College, Oxford and had embarked on a doctorate supervised jointly by two distinguished economic historians, Professor H.J. Habakkuk (Nuffield College) and medievalist, Professor Maurice Beresford (Leeds). Bob’s topic was the ‘Organization and aims of the principal secular voluntary organizations of the Leeds middle class 1830–51’ (1971). A few years before, in 1963, Jim Dyos had initiated a series of Urban History Newsletters which informed the direction of scholarly travel, but it was the Study of Urban History (1968), as the subsequent book of the round table proceedings was entitled, that set out agendas for understanding the range, scope and nature of urban historical scholarship. Bob Morris was present in Leicester, therefore, at an embryonic stage in the development of urban history. Consistent with the tone of that meeting, Bob’s interdisciplinary engagement with the histories of towns and cities endured throughout his life. Robert John Morris (always Bob) was born in wartime Sheffield, the son of Barbara Joan (née Aston) and George Ernest Morris. His father was a teacher first in Wakefield and then in Leeds (1943–54), and it was while the family lived in Guiseley (north-west Leeds) during years of post-war rationing that Bob, encouraged by his father, developed an interest in allotments. The family moved to Middlesbrough when Bob’s father was appointed headmaster at the local grammar school. Bob attended the other Middlesbrough grammar school, Acklam Hall, which he left in 1962 for Oxford to begin his undergraduate studies. During a summer vacation in 1966 and while undertaking excavations at the deserted medieval village of Wharram Percy in North Yorkshire, Bob met Barbara McConnell from Belfast. Their shared historical, archaeological and cartographic interests were evident and the following year they undertook an intrepid journey from Aberystwyth to Athens in a mini-van studying Byzantine monasteries in former Yugoslavia en route. The origins of Bob’s Irish research interests are not difficult to detect. They were married in Ireland in 1967. The following year, Bob was appointed to a lectureship at Edinburgh University in the newly created","PeriodicalId":45626,"journal":{"name":"Urban History","volume":"50 1","pages":"199 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43937443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.1017/S096392682300007X
Frederik Buylaert, J. van der Meulen, Gerrit Verhoeven, Reinoud Vermoesen, T. Logan
However, the financial aspects of the Fire and specifically the Corporation’s defaulting on its debt have not been fully examined yet. The late seventeenth century is considered to be a period in which sovereigns, city-states and others experimented with new instruments of public credit to support their strategies of borrowing, but as the authors show, the Corporation drew on well-established instruments, private, short-term, interest-bearing deposits, to meet the financial challenges of rebuilding their part of the City. The Great Fire placed a heavy burden on the Corporation already known for its deep financial troubles. Because it did not adapt to new financial opportunities and relied on its reputation based on meeting repayments, the financial consequences for this urban institution were dramatic.
{"title":"Post-1800","authors":"Frederik Buylaert, J. van der Meulen, Gerrit Verhoeven, Reinoud Vermoesen, T. Logan","doi":"10.1017/S096392682300007X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S096392682300007X","url":null,"abstract":"However, the financial aspects of the Fire and specifically the Corporation’s defaulting on its debt have not been fully examined yet. The late seventeenth century is considered to be a period in which sovereigns, city-states and others experimented with new instruments of public credit to support their strategies of borrowing, but as the authors show, the Corporation drew on well-established instruments, private, short-term, interest-bearing deposits, to meet the financial challenges of rebuilding their part of the City. The Great Fire placed a heavy burden on the Corporation already known for its deep financial troubles. Because it did not adapt to new financial opportunities and relied on its reputation based on meeting repayments, the financial consequences for this urban institution were dramatic.","PeriodicalId":45626,"journal":{"name":"Urban History","volume":"50 1","pages":"356 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45937933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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