Historical Dictionary of Algeria. By Phillip C. Naylor. Historical Dictionaries of Africa, No. 102, Third Edition. Lanham, Mary.: Scarecrow Press, 2006. Pp. xlvi, 573; 16 illustrations, 7 maps. $120.00. Discussions of Algerian politics, society, and history became relatively rare in the late 1990s with the subsidence of the quasi-civil war between armed Islamists and a military-supported government that had gripped Algeria since 1992. This changed in late 2006 and early 2007 when an upturn in violence by an apparently revivified Islamic movement (led by the so-called Groupe Salafiste pour la Predication et le Combat, recently rechristened "AI-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb") elevated Algeria-the second largest nation in Africa and a key oil and gas producer-to a higher profile in the crisis-oriented Western media. So it can safely be said that there is a need for a well researched, nonpartisan reference source for Algeria that encompasses the country's entire history and places present-day events and problems in perspective. Fortunately, Phillip C. Naylor has written just such a volume. The book under review (a revision and expansion of Naylor's 1994 work, which itself built upon a 1981 treatment of the subject by the late Alf Andrew Heggoy) begins with a detailed introduction that sets the tone for the rest of the book: every major phase of Algerian history-from earliest times to the Arab conquest, through the Ottoman period and the 1830 takeover of the country by France, down to the brutal 1954-1962 independence war and the eventful post-1962 period-is discussed at length. Naylor has omitted very little in his selection of entries for the volume. All major historical events, geographical features and locations, many important personalities, and economic and cultural information are included. A short, random listing of some of these entries gives an idea of their breadth: the midtwentieth-century political leaders Ramdane Abane and Ferhat Abbas; Emir 'Abd al-Qadir, the renowned 1800s resistance leader; the 1956-57 Battle of Algiers; Presidents Ahmed Ben Bella (1962-65), Houari Boumedienne (1965-78), Chadli Benjedid (1979-92), and Abdelaziz Bouteflika (1999-present); the Evian Accords that ended the independence conflict in 1962; the courageous feminist dissident Khalida Messaoudi; and the Sant'Egidio (Italy) National Contract and Platform of 1994-95, which laid the groundwork for reconciliation between most of the Islamist forces and the regime, without, however, addressing the root causes of Islamist discontent or resolving the countless abuses perpetrated by both sides of the 1992-99 conflict (Naylor calls it a state of fitna, an Arabic term describing dissention or disorder). In addition, there are lengthy sections on the variable fortunes of Algerian agriculture and industry; an educational system that delivered notable gains in literacy after 1962, though mostly without accompanying employment opportunities; the unusually strong (for a develo
阿尔及利亚历史词典。菲利普·c·内勒著。非洲历史词典，第102号，第三版。台北,玛丽。:稻草人出版社，2006。Pp. xlvi, 573;16幅插图，7幅地图。120.00美元。1990年代末，随着伊斯兰武装分子与军方支持的政府之间的准内战(自1992年以来一直困扰着阿尔及利亚)的平息，有关阿尔及利亚政治、社会和历史的讨论变得相对罕见。这种情况在2006年底和2007年初发生了变化，当时一场明显复兴的伊斯兰运动(由所谓的萨拉菲斯特预测与战斗组织领导，最近更名为“伊斯兰马格里布基地组织”)使阿尔及利亚——非洲第二大国家和重要的石油和天然气生产国——在以危机为导向的西方媒体中获得了更高的曝光率。因此，可以肯定地说，阿尔及利亚需要一个经过充分研究的、无党派的参考资料来源，包括该国的整个历史，并正确地看待当今的事件和问题。幸运的是，Phillip C. Naylor写了这样一本书。这本书进行审查(修改和扩展内勒的1994工作,本身建立在一个1981的主题到阿尔夫安德鲁Heggoy)开始详细介绍,定下了基调的书:每一个主要阶段的阿尔及利亚沿岸最早时期阿拉伯征服,通过奥斯曼时期和1830年收购的法国,到残酷的1954 - 1962年的独立战争和不平凡的1962年之后的时期了。内勒在为这本书选择条目时几乎没有遗漏。所有重大的历史事件、地理特征和地点、许多重要人物以及经济和文化信息都包括在内。一个简短的，随机列出的一些条目可以看出他们的广度:二十世纪中叶的政治领袖拉姆丹·阿巴内和费尔哈特·阿巴斯;埃米尔·阿卜杜勒·卡迪尔，19世纪著名的抵抗运动领袖;1956-57年阿尔及尔战役;艾哈迈德·本·贝拉总统(1962-65)、胡阿里·布梅迪纳总统(1965-78)、查德利·本杰迪德总统(1979-92)和阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·布特弗利卡总统(1999-至今);1962年结束独立冲突的《埃维昂协定》;勇敢的女权主义持不同政见者Khalida Messaoudi;1994-95年的圣埃吉迪奥(意大利)国家契约和平台，为大多数伊斯兰势力和政权之间的和解奠定了基础，然而，没有解决伊斯兰不满的根本原因，也没有解决1992-99年冲突双方犯下的无数虐待行为(内勒称之为fitna状态，一个阿拉伯语术语，描述分歧或混乱)。此外，书中还用了很长的篇幅讲述阿尔及利亚农业和工业多变的命运;1962年之后，教育体系在识字率方面取得了显著进步，尽管大多没有随之而来的就业机会;(对一个发展中国家来说)异常强大的电影和文学舞台;主要居住在欧洲的重要移民/移民社区;柏柏尔人的问题，值得特别长的条目，绝对是理解现代阿尔及利亚的关键，考虑到柏柏尔人和多数阿拉伯人之间的长期竞争。…
{"title":"Historical Dictionary of Algeria","authors":"Anthony G. Pazzanita","doi":"10.5860/choice.33-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-0043","url":null,"abstract":"Historical Dictionary of Algeria. By Phillip C. Naylor. Historical Dictionaries of Africa, No. 102, Third Edition. Lanham, Mary.: Scarecrow Press, 2006. Pp. xlvi, 573; 16 illustrations, 7 maps. $120.00. Discussions of Algerian politics, society, and history became relatively rare in the late 1990s with the subsidence of the quasi-civil war between armed Islamists and a military-supported government that had gripped Algeria since 1992. This changed in late 2006 and early 2007 when an upturn in violence by an apparently revivified Islamic movement (led by the so-called Groupe Salafiste pour la Predication et le Combat, recently rechristened \"AI-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb\") elevated Algeria-the second largest nation in Africa and a key oil and gas producer-to a higher profile in the crisis-oriented Western media. So it can safely be said that there is a need for a well researched, nonpartisan reference source for Algeria that encompasses the country's entire history and places present-day events and problems in perspective. Fortunately, Phillip C. Naylor has written just such a volume. The book under review (a revision and expansion of Naylor's 1994 work, which itself built upon a 1981 treatment of the subject by the late Alf Andrew Heggoy) begins with a detailed introduction that sets the tone for the rest of the book: every major phase of Algerian history-from earliest times to the Arab conquest, through the Ottoman period and the 1830 takeover of the country by France, down to the brutal 1954-1962 independence war and the eventful post-1962 period-is discussed at length. Naylor has omitted very little in his selection of entries for the volume. All major historical events, geographical features and locations, many important personalities, and economic and cultural information are included. A short, random listing of some of these entries gives an idea of their breadth: the midtwentieth-century political leaders Ramdane Abane and Ferhat Abbas; Emir 'Abd al-Qadir, the renowned 1800s resistance leader; the 1956-57 Battle of Algiers; Presidents Ahmed Ben Bella (1962-65), Houari Boumedienne (1965-78), Chadli Benjedid (1979-92), and Abdelaziz Bouteflika (1999-present); the Evian Accords that ended the independence conflict in 1962; the courageous feminist dissident Khalida Messaoudi; and the Sant'Egidio (Italy) National Contract and Platform of 1994-95, which laid the groundwork for reconciliation between most of the Islamist forces and the regime, without, however, addressing the root causes of Islamist discontent or resolving the countless abuses perpetrated by both sides of the 1992-99 conflict (Naylor calls it a state of fitna, an Arabic term describing dissention or disorder). In addition, there are lengthy sections on the variable fortunes of Algerian agriculture and industry; an educational system that delivered notable gains in literacy after 1962, though mostly without accompanying employment opportunities; the unusually strong (for a develo","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71048728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Worries of the Heart: Widows, Family, and Community in Kenya. By Kenda Mutongi. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. xv, 256. $50.00 / £31.50 cloth, $20.00 / £12.00 paper. Worries of the Heart is an in-depth study of the Maragoli section of the Luyia people of western Kenya from the early years of colonial rule through independence. Mutongi divides the book into three parts. The first, "Everyday Life," examines the coming of Christianity; negotiations between missionaries and converts, and Christians and non-Christians; and the impact of the discovery of gold in the 1930s. Part 2, "Family Life," examines how relations within homesteads and extended families changed, especially in regard to parents and children, marriage and bridewealth, gender and morality, widows, and domestic violence. In Part 3, Mutongi continues her story into the postcolonial period, discussing legal disputes over inheritance and how widows negotiated the new discourse of citizenship. Worries of the Heart has much to recommend it. To begin, Mutongi offers a much richer understanding of the plight and strategies of African widows than has any previous historian. Despite the large percentage of widows to be found in any African village or city, few scholars have addressed their history. Mutongi explains how Maragoli widows used the local discourse of "worries of the heart" to draw attention to their needs and induce male relatives to live up to their culturally-defined role as providers for and protectors of widows. As many widows' sons sought food and education from missionaries, widows struggled to restrain them-local rumors had it that missionaries were cannibals-or, later, to fund their educations. After uhuru, widows sought help from their new African administrators and elected officials, particularly in land disputes. Rather than speaking of their "worries of the heart," widows now portrayed themselves as loyal members of the new nation of Kenya. The book is brimming with examples, often very personal ones, of how widows negotiated (although not always successfully) life in the twentieth century. In fact, one of the strongest-although somewhat problematic-aspects of the book is Mutongi's use of oral interviews. The stories her informants related-fears of cannibalistic missionaries, of widows forced to ask male relatives to beat sons who refused to stay away from mission stations, of women who suffered violence at the hands of their husbands-make her book come alive. …
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{"title":"Democracy and Elections in Africa","authors":"A. Abraham","doi":"10.1353/book.3263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/book.3263","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66388345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sub-Saharan Africa: An Environmental History. By Gregory H. Maddox. Nature and Human Societies Series. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2006. Pp. xi, 355. $85.00 cloth. Gregory Maddox has crafted an insightful and accessible introductory survey of sub-Saharan Africa's environmental history over the millennia. Impressively covering material from the origins of human life on the continent to HIV/AIDS in the twenty-first century, from the sands of the Sahara to the central African rainforest, this work brings together the diversity, dynamism, constraints, and innovations of human interactions with their natural surroundings into a concise and readable narrative, without diluting the complexity of particular histories. Maddox frames his analysis around two central themes: the unique and extreme variability of African environments has greatly shaped people's ways of coping with their landscapes; and Africans have consistently demonstrated "ingenuity and tenacity" in working to control their local environments (pp. 2-4). The first six chapters then pursue these themes through successive historical stages: the environmental and climatic contexts for the origins of humanity (Chapter 1); the development of food production systems in early human societies (Chapter 2); the evolution of "complex" societies and their intensification and spread of agricultural production through roughly the fifteenth century (Chapter 3); the impacts of the Columbian exchange, the transatlantic slave trade, and European "contact" on African populations and environments from the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries (Chapter 4); the reorganization of space under colonial rule (Chapter 5); and (Chapter 6) the "age of conservation and development"- a creative way to address the continuities between political ecological dynamics in the high colonial and postcolonial eras and to frame the globally and locally influenced environmental challenges Africans continue to face today. Chapter 7 then provides three detailed case studies on, respectively, the Sahara, the Serengeti, and food production and agriculture in eastern, central, and southern Africa, some of which overlaps with previous chapters. Finally, a "documents" section follows, offering a small collection of diverse primary source excerpts (from an oral tradition of clan origins in Tanzania to Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness) and brief introductory remarks by the author. Throughout his analysis, Maddox thoughtfully suggests how evidence from Africa's past undermines a number of myths and stereotypes that have continued to plague historical depictions of the continent's populations and landscapes. Some of the most forceful comments in this vein are when the author describes the indigenous development of crop domestication and when he explores the "Monsoon Exchange"-connecting eastern Africa with the Indian Ocean world-to refute older paradigms that gave undue weight to Mediterranean influences and the Columbian exchange to e
撒哈拉以南非洲:一部环境史。Gregory H. Maddox著。自然与人类社会系列。加州圣巴巴拉:ABC-CLIO, 2006。第11页，355页。布85.00美元。格雷戈里·马多克斯对撒哈拉以南非洲数千年来的环境历史进行了深刻而易懂的介绍性调查。从非洲大陆的人类起源到21世纪的艾滋病毒/艾滋病，从撒哈拉沙漠到中非雨林，这本书令人印象深刻，将人类与自然环境互动的多样性、活力、限制和创新汇集在一起，以简洁易懂的方式叙述，而不会淡化特定历史的复杂性。马多克斯围绕两个中心主题进行分析:非洲环境的独特和极端变化极大地影响了人们应对景观的方式;非洲人在努力控制当地环境方面一直表现出“独创性和坚韧”(第2-4页)。然后，前六章通过连续的历史阶段探讨这些主题:人类起源的环境和气候背景(第1章);早期人类社会粮食生产系统的发展(第2章);大约在15世纪，“复杂”社会的演变及其农业生产的集约化和传播(第3章);从16世纪到18世纪，哥伦布大交换、跨大西洋奴隶贸易和欧洲“接触”对非洲人口和环境的影响(第4章);殖民统治下的空间重组(第五章);以及(第6章)“保护和发展的时代”——这是一种创造性的方式，以解决高殖民时期和后殖民时期政治生态动态之间的连续性，并阐述非洲人今天继续面临的受全球和地方影响的环境挑战。然后，第七章提供了三个详细的案例研究，分别是撒哈拉沙漠、塞伦盖蒂草原，以及非洲东部、中部和南部的粮食生产和农业，其中一些与前几章重叠。最后是“文献”部分，提供了一些不同的原始资料摘录(从坦桑尼亚部族起源的口头传统到约瑟夫·康拉德的《黑暗之心》)和作者的简短介绍。在他的分析中，马多克斯若有所思地指出，来自非洲过去的证据如何打破了一些神话和刻板印象，这些神话和刻板印象一直困扰着对非洲大陆人口和景观的历史描述。在这方面，最有力的评论是作者在描述作物驯化的本土发展时，以及在探讨“季风交换”(连接东非和印度洋世界)时，驳斥了将地中海影响和哥伦比亚交换过于重视以解释撒哈拉以南非洲农业创新的旧范式。…
{"title":"Sub-Saharan Africa: An Environmental History","authors":"Jacob Tropp","doi":"10.5860/choice.44-3427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-3427","url":null,"abstract":"Sub-Saharan Africa: An Environmental History. By Gregory H. Maddox. Nature and Human Societies Series. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2006. Pp. xi, 355. $85.00 cloth. Gregory Maddox has crafted an insightful and accessible introductory survey of sub-Saharan Africa's environmental history over the millennia. Impressively covering material from the origins of human life on the continent to HIV/AIDS in the twenty-first century, from the sands of the Sahara to the central African rainforest, this work brings together the diversity, dynamism, constraints, and innovations of human interactions with their natural surroundings into a concise and readable narrative, without diluting the complexity of particular histories. Maddox frames his analysis around two central themes: the unique and extreme variability of African environments has greatly shaped people's ways of coping with their landscapes; and Africans have consistently demonstrated \"ingenuity and tenacity\" in working to control their local environments (pp. 2-4). The first six chapters then pursue these themes through successive historical stages: the environmental and climatic contexts for the origins of humanity (Chapter 1); the development of food production systems in early human societies (Chapter 2); the evolution of \"complex\" societies and their intensification and spread of agricultural production through roughly the fifteenth century (Chapter 3); the impacts of the Columbian exchange, the transatlantic slave trade, and European \"contact\" on African populations and environments from the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries (Chapter 4); the reorganization of space under colonial rule (Chapter 5); and (Chapter 6) the \"age of conservation and development\"- a creative way to address the continuities between political ecological dynamics in the high colonial and postcolonial eras and to frame the globally and locally influenced environmental challenges Africans continue to face today. Chapter 7 then provides three detailed case studies on, respectively, the Sahara, the Serengeti, and food production and agriculture in eastern, central, and southern Africa, some of which overlaps with previous chapters. Finally, a \"documents\" section follows, offering a small collection of diverse primary source excerpts (from an oral tradition of clan origins in Tanzania to Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness) and brief introductory remarks by the author. Throughout his analysis, Maddox thoughtfully suggests how evidence from Africa's past undermines a number of myths and stereotypes that have continued to plague historical depictions of the continent's populations and landscapes. Some of the most forceful comments in this vein are when the author describes the indigenous development of crop domestication and when he explores the \"Monsoon Exchange\"-connecting eastern Africa with the Indian Ocean world-to refute older paradigms that gave undue weight to Mediterranean influences and the Columbian exchange to e","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71114826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Women's Organization and Democracy in South Africa: Contesting Authority. By Shireen Hassim. Madison, Wise: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 355. $24.95 paper. This book discusses the intersection between the growth of women's organizations and democracy in South Africa. It examines the struggle for women's rights and how it was affected by issues of race, class, and ideology during the campaign against apartheid and after independence. The study is an empirical analysis of women's groups and how they changed over time as they negotiated this difficult terrain. It analyzes how they dealt with divisions over the role of women in the nationalist struggle and the various tensions within and between groups concerning inclusion and exclusion, strategy and tactics, the desire for autonomy, and other matters. The volume unveils the enormous difficulties women had asserting themselves within a largely male-centric nationalist movement and addressing the problem of violence against women and children. It also examines how women's organizations dealt with issues related to leadership, including the role of Winnie Mandela, and how the legalization of political parties paved the way for separate women's organizations outside the ANC, eventually leading to the equality of women being enshrined in the constitution. The study covers the entire history of the struggles of South African women from 1913 onwards. It is divided into eight chapters that discuss the following: feminism and nationalism, which situate the study theoretically; the emergence of women as a political constituency; the ANC in exile; the return of the ANC women's league; transition and its impact on the South African women's movement; political parties, quotas and representation in the new democracy; one women, one desk, one typist- moving into the bureaucracy; and autonomy, engagement, and democratic consolidation. Each chapter is packed full of interesting empirical data gleaned from primary and secondary sources as well as from in-depth interviews. Throughout these chapters, Hassim effectively connects her findings to the broader theoretical literature and to the history of women's struggles in other parts of the world as well as including a comprehensive bibliography. While raising generic issues, the book's primary appeal is to individuals interested in the history of women's organizations and democracy in South Africa and the relationship between feminism and nationalism. South African women's organizations fought against being thought of as derivatives of middle class feminism in the west. …
{"title":"Women's Organization and Democracy in South Africa: Contesting Authority","authors":"S. Mueller","doi":"10.5860/choice.44-1759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-1759","url":null,"abstract":"Women's Organization and Democracy in South Africa: Contesting Authority. By Shireen Hassim. Madison, Wise: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 355. $24.95 paper. This book discusses the intersection between the growth of women's organizations and democracy in South Africa. It examines the struggle for women's rights and how it was affected by issues of race, class, and ideology during the campaign against apartheid and after independence. The study is an empirical analysis of women's groups and how they changed over time as they negotiated this difficult terrain. It analyzes how they dealt with divisions over the role of women in the nationalist struggle and the various tensions within and between groups concerning inclusion and exclusion, strategy and tactics, the desire for autonomy, and other matters. The volume unveils the enormous difficulties women had asserting themselves within a largely male-centric nationalist movement and addressing the problem of violence against women and children. It also examines how women's organizations dealt with issues related to leadership, including the role of Winnie Mandela, and how the legalization of political parties paved the way for separate women's organizations outside the ANC, eventually leading to the equality of women being enshrined in the constitution. The study covers the entire history of the struggles of South African women from 1913 onwards. It is divided into eight chapters that discuss the following: feminism and nationalism, which situate the study theoretically; the emergence of women as a political constituency; the ANC in exile; the return of the ANC women's league; transition and its impact on the South African women's movement; political parties, quotas and representation in the new democracy; one women, one desk, one typist- moving into the bureaucracy; and autonomy, engagement, and democratic consolidation. Each chapter is packed full of interesting empirical data gleaned from primary and secondary sources as well as from in-depth interviews. Throughout these chapters, Hassim effectively connects her findings to the broader theoretical literature and to the history of women's struggles in other parts of the world as well as including a comprehensive bibliography. While raising generic issues, the book's primary appeal is to individuals interested in the history of women's organizations and democracy in South Africa and the relationship between feminism and nationalism. South African women's organizations fought against being thought of as derivatives of middle class feminism in the west. …","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71113739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The End of Chidyerano. A History of Food and Everyday Life in Malawi, 1860-2004. By Elias C. Mandate. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2004. Pp. xiv, 346. $139.95 cloth, $29.95 paper. This well-documented historical and thorough ethnographic account of food and culture in Malawi's Tchiri Valley argues that the inhabitants of this region have always lived on the edge of subsistence; experiencing oases of plenty with deserts of famine. Whereas seasonal hunger (njala) is expected and occurs yearly, famine (chaola, which translates to "rotten hunger") has occurred just twice, because people spread their risks, by planting and harvesting foods from different environmental zones and sharing non-staple foods selectively. Previous analysts, for their own ideological purposes, have hypothesized either (deterioration from) a pre-capitalist "golden age" or relentless "crisis." Both miss the true historical dynamics, which combine "time's cycle" (seasonal oscillations) with "time's arrow"1 (cumulative and irreversible change). As a native-speaker who was able to interview surviving generations in their own idiom, and as a Western-trained historian, the author finds no "end of chidyerano" (sharing the "communal meal"); only never-ending oases of plenty coexistent with deserts of famine. Supporting his case are exhaustive citations from archival literature, travelers' and political accounts, previous historical analyses, and his own recent ethnographic observations, interviews, and surveys. Part I reconstructs the very different political circumstances surrounding the famines of 1862-63 and 192223, and in the process critically assesses historical research methods. Part II is an agricultural treasure, specifying what cropping and additional livelihood strategies farmers have used, under varying ecological and political circumstances, to balance their needs and desires for food security and cash. Part III provides an instructive case history of cotton, rationalizing why it never became a more dominant export crop; not only were its chemical inputs costly, but its labor demands interfered with food production. The last two chapters-which consider "The Logic of the Peasant Garden" in all its diversity and "The Daily Meal" with its extensive seasonal, geographic, and personal variants-each stand on their own, and could serve as readings for courses in African history, society, culture, or food studies. The dietary chapter, in particular, demonstrates how consumption strategies of food sharing complement diverse production strategies, and what discretion women have over household food resources. …
《奇耶拉诺的终结》1860-2004年马拉维食物和日常生活的历史。作者:Elias C. Mandate朴茨茅斯，新罕布什尔州:海涅曼出版社，2004年。第14页，346页。布139.95美元，纸29.95美元。这本关于马拉维奇里山谷的食物和文化的文献翔实、详尽的民族志书认为，该地区的居民一直生活在温饱的边缘;经历了丰饶的绿洲和饥荒的沙漠。季节性饥饿(njala)是预料之中的，而且每年都会发生，而饥荒(chaola，意为“腐烂的饥饿”)只发生过两次，因为人们分散了风险，从不同的环境区域种植和收获食物，并有选择地分享副食品。先前的分析家，出于他们自己意识形态的目的，要么假设(从)前资本主义的“黄金时代”恶化，要么假设无情的“危机”。两者都错过了真正的历史动态，它将“时间周期”(季节波动)与“时间箭头”(累积和不可逆转的变化)结合在一起。作为一名能够用他们自己的习语采访幸存的几代人的母语人士，以及一名受过西方训练的历史学家，作者没有发现“共享“公共膳食”的“终结”;只有永远富足的绿洲与饥荒的沙漠共存。为了支持他的观点，他详尽地引用了档案文献、旅行者和政治记录、以前的历史分析，以及他自己最近的民族志观察、采访和调查。第一部分重建了围绕1862-63年和1922 - 23年饥荒的截然不同的政治环境，并在此过程中批判性地评估了历史研究方法。第二部分是农业宝藏，详细说明了农民在不同的生态和政治环境下使用的种植和其他生计策略，以平衡他们对粮食安全和现金的需求和愿望。第三部分提供了一个具有指导意义的棉花历史案例，解释了为什么棉花从未成为一种更主要的出口作物;不仅化学品投入昂贵，而且劳动力需求也干扰了食品生产。最后两章——考虑了“农民花园的逻辑”的多样性和“日常膳食”的广泛季节、地理和个人变化——每一章都有自己的立场，可以作为非洲历史、社会、文化或食品研究课程的阅读材料。特别是饮食这一章，展示了食物共享的消费策略如何补充各种生产策略，以及女性对家庭食物资源的自由裁量权。…
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Diasporic Africa: A Reader. Edited by Michael Gomez. New York: New York University Press, 2006. Pp. viii, 317. $70.00 cloth, $23.00 paper. This collection of essays makes a fine introduction to recent scholarship on the African Diaspora, from the slave trade and the geographic dispersal of African people, to the modern conceptualization of the Diaspora as an imagined homeland. Gomez presents a wide, interdisciplinary presentation, which is hardly comprehensive, and not a textbook presentation, but rather a sample of current trends and research. The book is divided into three broad parts: the first is dedicated to the period of slavery, generally the African background and its transformation in America; the second deals with historical developments in the nineteenth century; and the final section covers the recent and contemporary period. In the first part, Frederick Knight presents new research showing how important African knowledge of indigo production was for the development of its processing in the Americas, shadowing the already celebrated work that has been done on rice production elsewhere. Joâo Jose Reis's article reveals the complexity of African dances and social-religious gatherings in Brazil, both in terms of the ambiguous reactions that whites had to them, and as a potential vehicle for revolts. James Sweet's article on calundu is one of the best in the book, showing how catundu evolved from a spiritual ceremony of Central African origin to a generic African dance in Brazil, eventually crossed the ocean to Europe as a musical form, and then returned to Brazil. Sweet's article on the naturalization of an African tradition provides a good transition to the second part of the book, in which Africa is evoked, but not directly remembered by American-born African Americans. Jerome Archer shows how nineteenth-century African American writers used concepts of African origin like conjure ancestor veneration, possession, and flying to create a special identity for themselves. Diane Botts Morrow's article on the Oblate Sisters in Baltimore is a fine piece tracing the growth of this African American order, with some less convincing attempts to connect it to West African precedents. Fran Markowitz's study of the African Hebrew Israelite community reveals a self-created ideology rooted in conceptions of Africa that are not informed by direct knowledge or folk memory, a piece that sets the stage for further work, which is followed up by Elizabeth Pigou-Denis's contribution on the development of Rastafarian architecture with its connections to an imagined Ethiopia. …
散居的非洲:一个读者。迈克尔·戈麦斯编辑。纽约:纽约大学出版社，2006。第8页，317页。布70美元，纸23美元。这本文集很好地介绍了最近关于非洲散居者的学术研究，从奴隶贸易和非洲人的地理分散，到散居者作为想象家园的现代概念化。戈麦斯展示了一个广泛的、跨学科的展示，这几乎是不全面的，也不是教科书式的展示，而是当前趋势和研究的一个样本。这本书分为三大部分:第一部分致力于奴隶制时期，一般是非洲背景及其在美国的转变;第二部分涉及19世纪的历史发展;最后一部分涵盖了近代和当代。在第一部分中，弗雷德里克·奈特提出了一项新的研究，表明非洲对靛蓝生产的了解对美洲靛蓝加工的发展有多么重要，这与其他地方已经在水稻生产方面取得的著名成就形成了鲜明的关系。jo o Jose Reis的文章揭示了巴西非洲舞蹈和社会宗教集会的复杂性，既体现在白人对它们的模棱两可的反应上，也体现在作为反抗的潜在载体上。James Sweet关于calundu的文章是本书中最好的文章之一，展示了catundu如何从中非的精神仪式演变为巴西的普通非洲舞蹈，最终以音乐形式漂洋过海到欧洲，然后回到巴西。Sweet关于非洲传统归化的文章为书的第二部分提供了一个很好的过渡，在第二部分中，非洲被唤起，但不是被美国出生的非洲裔美国人直接记住。杰罗姆·阿彻展示了19世纪的非裔美国作家如何使用非洲血统的概念，比如对祖先的崇拜、占有和飞翔，来为自己创造一种特殊的身份。黛安·博茨·莫罗(Diane Botts Morrow)关于巴尔的摩Oblate姐妹会的文章是一篇很好的文章，它追溯了这个非裔美国人秩序的发展，并试图将其与西非的先例联系起来。Fran Markowitz对非洲希伯莱以色列人社区的研究揭示了一种根植于非洲概念的自我创造的意识形态，这种意识形态没有直接的知识或民间记忆，这为进一步的工作奠定了基础，随后是Elizabeth Pigou-Denis对拉斯塔法里建筑发展的贡献，它与想象中的埃塞俄比亚有联系。…
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{"title":"Yoruba Identity and Power Politics","authors":"E. Renne","doi":"10.5860/choice.44-1679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-1679","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71113967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760-1900","authors":"D. V. D. Bersselaar","doi":"10.5860/choice.46-1640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.46-1640","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71122388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nachituti's Gift: Economy, Society and Environment in Central Africa. By David M. Gordon. Africa and the Diaspora: History, Politics, Culture. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 304; 14 illustrations. $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper. Nachituti's Gift is a finely crafted history of the fisheries of southern Lake Mweru from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, located in their regional economic and political contexts. But while David Gordon uses local people's changing relationships to fisheries as a touchstone, his primary interest is in broader questions of central Africans' understandings of and strategizing around resource use and ownership. In the oral tradition of the people living in the Luapula river valley south of Lake Mweru, in the late eighteenth century, Nachituti was the sister of a local Shila ruler, Nkuba. After Nkuba murdered Nachituti's son, she sought revenge on her brother by inviting the eastern Lunda to conquer the Luapula valley. After the Lunda conquest and her brother's execution, Nachituti presented the Lunda king with a basket of earth and a pot of water representing the natural resources of the river valley. Local people have understood and deployed this story (and adjusted and contested it) to define reciprocal and ambiguous relationships between political control over local people and local control of fisheries resources. The meanings of the story, problematizing Western ideas about power and private property as they do, frame David Gordon's history of the fishing economy in the Lualuba valley. This is a powerful portrayal of the complexity, fluidity, and subtlety of Lake Mweru fishers' production strategies. Central components of these strategies include dependable supplies of nets and boats and people being more vital than cash; the importance of close involvement in the entire commodity chain, from fishing to processing to transportation and marketing; and that social and economic investments are closely bound. As environmental history, the text includes discussions of spawning grounds and the relationships between changing fishing technology and species. But David Gordon is primarily interested in changing economic and social relationships in the practices and businesses of fishing. This is a story of relative success and resilience, of taking advantage of opportunities as opposed to losing them or never having many to begin with. David Gordon's chapter on the Chisense fishery (a small anchovy-like fish) emphasizes a recent commercial boom in this fishery and, in particular, women's successful involvement in this growing economic opportunity. But I imagine, as with similar fisheries in other central African lakes, this is also a fishery of poverty, as Chisense can be purchased in extremely small amounts, and caught and processed with the simplest of equipment. …
{"title":"Nachituti's Gift: Economy, Society and Environment in Central Africa","authors":"K. A. Hoppe","doi":"10.5860/choice.44-2840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-2840","url":null,"abstract":"Nachituti's Gift: Economy, Society and Environment in Central Africa. By David M. Gordon. Africa and the Diaspora: History, Politics, Culture. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 304; 14 illustrations. $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper. Nachituti's Gift is a finely crafted history of the fisheries of southern Lake Mweru from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, located in their regional economic and political contexts. But while David Gordon uses local people's changing relationships to fisheries as a touchstone, his primary interest is in broader questions of central Africans' understandings of and strategizing around resource use and ownership. In the oral tradition of the people living in the Luapula river valley south of Lake Mweru, in the late eighteenth century, Nachituti was the sister of a local Shila ruler, Nkuba. After Nkuba murdered Nachituti's son, she sought revenge on her brother by inviting the eastern Lunda to conquer the Luapula valley. After the Lunda conquest and her brother's execution, Nachituti presented the Lunda king with a basket of earth and a pot of water representing the natural resources of the river valley. Local people have understood and deployed this story (and adjusted and contested it) to define reciprocal and ambiguous relationships between political control over local people and local control of fisheries resources. The meanings of the story, problematizing Western ideas about power and private property as they do, frame David Gordon's history of the fishing economy in the Lualuba valley. This is a powerful portrayal of the complexity, fluidity, and subtlety of Lake Mweru fishers' production strategies. Central components of these strategies include dependable supplies of nets and boats and people being more vital than cash; the importance of close involvement in the entire commodity chain, from fishing to processing to transportation and marketing; and that social and economic investments are closely bound. As environmental history, the text includes discussions of spawning grounds and the relationships between changing fishing technology and species. But David Gordon is primarily interested in changing economic and social relationships in the practices and businesses of fishing. This is a story of relative success and resilience, of taking advantage of opportunities as opposed to losing them or never having many to begin with. David Gordon's chapter on the Chisense fishery (a small anchovy-like fish) emphasizes a recent commercial boom in this fishery and, in particular, women's successful involvement in this growing economic opportunity. But I imagine, as with similar fisheries in other central African lakes, this is also a fishery of poverty, as Chisense can be purchased in extremely small amounts, and caught and processed with the simplest of equipment. …","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71114267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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