INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES最新文献

{"title":"Women Writing Africa: The Eastern Region","authors":"Karen R. Keim","doi":"10.5860/choice.45-5411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-5411","url":null,"abstract":"Women Writing Africa: The Eastern Region. Edited by Amandina Lihamba, Fulata L. Moyo, M.M. Mulokozi, Naomi L. Shitemi, and Saida Yahya-Othman. The Women Writing Africa Project, vol. 3. New York: The Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2007. Pp. xiv, 478. $75.00 cloth, $29.95 paper. As with the two previously published volumes from The Women Writing Africa Project1 (The Southern Region, and West Africa and the Sahel, 2003), this remarkable work features women's voices in a variety of genres that includes fiction, poetry, letters, speeches, songs, lullabies, tales, and riddles. The selected texts represent 300 years of history (1711-2004) and five countries that experienced British rule, listed here with the number of authors from each: Kenya (35), Malawi (10), Tanzania (24), Uganda (26), and Zambia (12). This well-documented volume, with excellent explanatory and historical materials, is a promising addition to the body of resources for teaching about Africa; it is suitable for courses in literature, history, women's studies, and cultural studies, at the upper-class undergraduate and the graduate levels. The anthology opens with \"A Note on the Women Writing Africa Project\" from project co-directors Tuzyline Jita Allan, Abena Busia, and Florence Howe, who guided the making of this volume. A Preface by Austin Bukenya follows, in which he introduces the country committees and coordinators-including men as well as women-who planned, collected, and prepared texts and accompanying information over a period of more than ten years. He explains that the collectors in the field focused especially on oral texts, and that selections for the volume were made according to two criteria: \"women's emancipation and sociohistorical significance\" (p. xxi). The anthology editors Lihamba, Moyo, Mulokozi, Shitemi, and Yahya-Othman have authored a substantial Introduction (67 pages), which examines the background of the texts in a well researched, easy to read, and interesting discussion. Focusing on the status of Eastern African women over time, they include references to individual texts, scholarly notes, and a seven-page Works Cited and Select Bibliography. The goal of the anthology, they explain, is \"to conect distortions characteristic of Eastern African historiography and anthologizing,\" as well as to celebrate women's achievements (p. 1). They treat the following topics in chronological order: the cultural functions of oral literature in the precolonial period; Mother Earth as a theme in traditional African religions; variety in forms of slavery; the impact of Islam; colonialism and Christianity; beginning writing and publishing; the influence of settler women; the effects of capitalism; women and independence; women in Parliament; conflicts and women fighters; the late twentieth century; prostitution and HIV/AIDS; the presence of women writers (including East Africans of Indian descent); and the struggle for women's rights in the twenty-first centu","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"40 1","pages":"517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71120519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Democracy and Elections in Africa","authors":"A. Abraham","doi":"10.1353/book.3263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/book.3263","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"40 1","pages":"538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66388345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Worries of the Heart: Widows, Family, and Community in Kenya","authors":"B. Shadle","doi":"10.5860/choice.45-6335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-6335","url":null,"abstract":"Worries of the Heart: Widows, Family, and Community in Kenya. By Kenda Mutongi. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. xv, 256. $50.00 / £31.50 cloth, $20.00 / £12.00 paper. Worries of the Heart is an in-depth study of the Maragoli section of the Luyia people of western Kenya from the early years of colonial rule through independence. Mutongi divides the book into three parts. The first, \"Everyday Life,\" examines the coming of Christianity; negotiations between missionaries and converts, and Christians and non-Christians; and the impact of the discovery of gold in the 1930s. Part 2, \"Family Life,\" examines how relations within homesteads and extended families changed, especially in regard to parents and children, marriage and bridewealth, gender and morality, widows, and domestic violence. In Part 3, Mutongi continues her story into the postcolonial period, discussing legal disputes over inheritance and how widows negotiated the new discourse of citizenship. Worries of the Heart has much to recommend it. To begin, Mutongi offers a much richer understanding of the plight and strategies of African widows than has any previous historian. Despite the large percentage of widows to be found in any African village or city, few scholars have addressed their history. Mutongi explains how Maragoli widows used the local discourse of \"worries of the heart\" to draw attention to their needs and induce male relatives to live up to their culturally-defined role as providers for and protectors of widows. As many widows' sons sought food and education from missionaries, widows struggled to restrain them-local rumors had it that missionaries were cannibals-or, later, to fund their educations. After uhuru, widows sought help from their new African administrators and elected officials, particularly in land disputes. Rather than speaking of their \"worries of the heart,\" widows now portrayed themselves as loyal members of the new nation of Kenya. The book is brimming with examples, often very personal ones, of how widows negotiated (although not always successfully) life in the twentieth century. In fact, one of the strongest-although somewhat problematic-aspects of the book is Mutongi's use of oral interviews. The stories her informants related-fears of cannibalistic missionaries, of widows forced to ask male relatives to beat sons who refused to stay away from mission stations, of women who suffered violence at the hands of their husbands-make her book come alive. …","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"40 1","pages":"522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71121238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Dictionary of Algeria","authors":"Anthony G. Pazzanita","doi":"10.5860/choice.33-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-0043","url":null,"abstract":"Historical Dictionary of Algeria. By Phillip C. Naylor. Historical Dictionaries of Africa, No. 102, Third Edition. Lanham, Mary.: Scarecrow Press, 2006. Pp. xlvi, 573; 16 illustrations, 7 maps. $120.00. Discussions of Algerian politics, society, and history became relatively rare in the late 1990s with the subsidence of the quasi-civil war between armed Islamists and a military-supported government that had gripped Algeria since 1992. This changed in late 2006 and early 2007 when an upturn in violence by an apparently revivified Islamic movement (led by the so-called Groupe Salafiste pour la Predication et le Combat, recently rechristened \"AI-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb\") elevated Algeria-the second largest nation in Africa and a key oil and gas producer-to a higher profile in the crisis-oriented Western media. So it can safely be said that there is a need for a well researched, nonpartisan reference source for Algeria that encompasses the country's entire history and places present-day events and problems in perspective. Fortunately, Phillip C. Naylor has written just such a volume. The book under review (a revision and expansion of Naylor's 1994 work, which itself built upon a 1981 treatment of the subject by the late Alf Andrew Heggoy) begins with a detailed introduction that sets the tone for the rest of the book: every major phase of Algerian history-from earliest times to the Arab conquest, through the Ottoman period and the 1830 takeover of the country by France, down to the brutal 1954-1962 independence war and the eventful post-1962 period-is discussed at length. Naylor has omitted very little in his selection of entries for the volume. All major historical events, geographical features and locations, many important personalities, and economic and cultural information are included. A short, random listing of some of these entries gives an idea of their breadth: the midtwentieth-century political leaders Ramdane Abane and Ferhat Abbas; Emir 'Abd al-Qadir, the renowned 1800s resistance leader; the 1956-57 Battle of Algiers; Presidents Ahmed Ben Bella (1962-65), Houari Boumedienne (1965-78), Chadli Benjedid (1979-92), and Abdelaziz Bouteflika (1999-present); the Evian Accords that ended the independence conflict in 1962; the courageous feminist dissident Khalida Messaoudi; and the Sant'Egidio (Italy) National Contract and Platform of 1994-95, which laid the groundwork for reconciliation between most of the Islamist forces and the regime, without, however, addressing the root causes of Islamist discontent or resolving the countless abuses perpetrated by both sides of the 1992-99 conflict (Naylor calls it a state of fitna, an Arabic term describing dissention or disorder). In addition, there are lengthy sections on the variable fortunes of Algerian agriculture and industry; an educational system that delivered notable gains in literacy after 1962, though mostly without accompanying employment opportunities; the unusually strong (for a develo","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"40 1","pages":"528"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71048728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-Saharan Africa: An Environmental History","authors":"Jacob Tropp","doi":"10.5860/choice.44-3427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-3427","url":null,"abstract":"Sub-Saharan Africa: An Environmental History. By Gregory H. Maddox. Nature and Human Societies Series. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2006. Pp. xi, 355. $85.00 cloth. Gregory Maddox has crafted an insightful and accessible introductory survey of sub-Saharan Africa's environmental history over the millennia. Impressively covering material from the origins of human life on the continent to HIV/AIDS in the twenty-first century, from the sands of the Sahara to the central African rainforest, this work brings together the diversity, dynamism, constraints, and innovations of human interactions with their natural surroundings into a concise and readable narrative, without diluting the complexity of particular histories. Maddox frames his analysis around two central themes: the unique and extreme variability of African environments has greatly shaped people's ways of coping with their landscapes; and Africans have consistently demonstrated \"ingenuity and tenacity\" in working to control their local environments (pp. 2-4). The first six chapters then pursue these themes through successive historical stages: the environmental and climatic contexts for the origins of humanity (Chapter 1); the development of food production systems in early human societies (Chapter 2); the evolution of \"complex\" societies and their intensification and spread of agricultural production through roughly the fifteenth century (Chapter 3); the impacts of the Columbian exchange, the transatlantic slave trade, and European \"contact\" on African populations and environments from the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries (Chapter 4); the reorganization of space under colonial rule (Chapter 5); and (Chapter 6) the \"age of conservation and development\"- a creative way to address the continuities between political ecological dynamics in the high colonial and postcolonial eras and to frame the globally and locally influenced environmental challenges Africans continue to face today. Chapter 7 then provides three detailed case studies on, respectively, the Sahara, the Serengeti, and food production and agriculture in eastern, central, and southern Africa, some of which overlaps with previous chapters. Finally, a \"documents\" section follows, offering a small collection of diverse primary source excerpts (from an oral tradition of clan origins in Tanzania to Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness) and brief introductory remarks by the author. Throughout his analysis, Maddox thoughtfully suggests how evidence from Africa's past undermines a number of myths and stereotypes that have continued to plague historical depictions of the continent's populations and landscapes. Some of the most forceful comments in this vein are when the author describes the indigenous development of crop domestication and when he explores the \"Monsoon Exchange\"-connecting eastern Africa with the Indian Ocean world-to refute older paradigms that gave undue weight to Mediterranean influences and the Columbian exchange to e","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"40 1","pages":"354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71114826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women's Organization and Democracy in South Africa: Contesting Authority","authors":"S. Mueller","doi":"10.5860/choice.44-1759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-1759","url":null,"abstract":"Women's Organization and Democracy in South Africa: Contesting Authority. By Shireen Hassim. Madison, Wise: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 355. $24.95 paper. This book discusses the intersection between the growth of women's organizations and democracy in South Africa. It examines the struggle for women's rights and how it was affected by issues of race, class, and ideology during the campaign against apartheid and after independence. The study is an empirical analysis of women's groups and how they changed over time as they negotiated this difficult terrain. It analyzes how they dealt with divisions over the role of women in the nationalist struggle and the various tensions within and between groups concerning inclusion and exclusion, strategy and tactics, the desire for autonomy, and other matters. The volume unveils the enormous difficulties women had asserting themselves within a largely male-centric nationalist movement and addressing the problem of violence against women and children. It also examines how women's organizations dealt with issues related to leadership, including the role of Winnie Mandela, and how the legalization of political parties paved the way for separate women's organizations outside the ANC, eventually leading to the equality of women being enshrined in the constitution. The study covers the entire history of the struggles of South African women from 1913 onwards. It is divided into eight chapters that discuss the following: feminism and nationalism, which situate the study theoretically; the emergence of women as a political constituency; the ANC in exile; the return of the ANC women's league; transition and its impact on the South African women's movement; political parties, quotas and representation in the new democracy; one women, one desk, one typist- moving into the bureaucracy; and autonomy, engagement, and democratic consolidation. Each chapter is packed full of interesting empirical data gleaned from primary and secondary sources as well as from in-depth interviews. Throughout these chapters, Hassim effectively connects her findings to the broader theoretical literature and to the history of women's struggles in other parts of the world as well as including a comprehensive bibliography. While raising generic issues, the book's primary appeal is to individuals interested in the history of women's organizations and democracy in South Africa and the relationship between feminism and nationalism. South African women's organizations fought against being thought of as derivatives of middle class feminism in the west. …","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"40 1","pages":"350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71113739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The End of Chidyerano. A History of Food and Everyday Life in Malawi, 1860-2004","authors":"E. Messer","doi":"10.5860/choice.43-5425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-5425","url":null,"abstract":"The End of Chidyerano. A History of Food and Everyday Life in Malawi, 1860-2004. By Elias C. Mandate. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2004. Pp. xiv, 346. $139.95 cloth, $29.95 paper. This well-documented historical and thorough ethnographic account of food and culture in Malawi's Tchiri Valley argues that the inhabitants of this region have always lived on the edge of subsistence; experiencing oases of plenty with deserts of famine. Whereas seasonal hunger (njala) is expected and occurs yearly, famine (chaola, which translates to \"rotten hunger\") has occurred just twice, because people spread their risks, by planting and harvesting foods from different environmental zones and sharing non-staple foods selectively. Previous analysts, for their own ideological purposes, have hypothesized either (deterioration from) a pre-capitalist \"golden age\" or relentless \"crisis.\" Both miss the true historical dynamics, which combine \"time's cycle\" (seasonal oscillations) with \"time's arrow\"1 (cumulative and irreversible change). As a native-speaker who was able to interview surviving generations in their own idiom, and as a Western-trained historian, the author finds no \"end of chidyerano\" (sharing the \"communal meal\"); only never-ending oases of plenty coexistent with deserts of famine. Supporting his case are exhaustive citations from archival literature, travelers' and political accounts, previous historical analyses, and his own recent ethnographic observations, interviews, and surveys. Part I reconstructs the very different political circumstances surrounding the famines of 1862-63 and 192223, and in the process critically assesses historical research methods. Part II is an agricultural treasure, specifying what cropping and additional livelihood strategies farmers have used, under varying ecological and political circumstances, to balance their needs and desires for food security and cash. Part III provides an instructive case history of cotton, rationalizing why it never became a more dominant export crop; not only were its chemical inputs costly, but its labor demands interfered with food production. The last two chapters-which consider \"The Logic of the Peasant Garden\" in all its diversity and \"The Daily Meal\" with its extensive seasonal, geographic, and personal variants-each stand on their own, and could serve as readings for courses in African history, society, culture, or food studies. The dietary chapter, in particular, demonstrates how consumption strategies of food sharing complement diverse production strategies, and what discretion women have over household food resources. …","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"40 1","pages":"166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71111682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diasporic Africa: A Reader","authors":"J. Thornton","doi":"10.5860/choice.43-6687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-6687","url":null,"abstract":"Diasporic Africa: A Reader. Edited by Michael Gomez. New York: New York University Press, 2006. Pp. viii, 317. $70.00 cloth, $23.00 paper. This collection of essays makes a fine introduction to recent scholarship on the African Diaspora, from the slave trade and the geographic dispersal of African people, to the modern conceptualization of the Diaspora as an imagined homeland. Gomez presents a wide, interdisciplinary presentation, which is hardly comprehensive, and not a textbook presentation, but rather a sample of current trends and research. The book is divided into three broad parts: the first is dedicated to the period of slavery, generally the African background and its transformation in America; the second deals with historical developments in the nineteenth century; and the final section covers the recent and contemporary period. In the first part, Frederick Knight presents new research showing how important African knowledge of indigo production was for the development of its processing in the Americas, shadowing the already celebrated work that has been done on rice production elsewhere. Joâo Jose Reis's article reveals the complexity of African dances and social-religious gatherings in Brazil, both in terms of the ambiguous reactions that whites had to them, and as a potential vehicle for revolts. James Sweet's article on calundu is one of the best in the book, showing how catundu evolved from a spiritual ceremony of Central African origin to a generic African dance in Brazil, eventually crossed the ocean to Europe as a musical form, and then returned to Brazil. Sweet's article on the naturalization of an African tradition provides a good transition to the second part of the book, in which Africa is evoked, but not directly remembered by American-born African Americans. Jerome Archer shows how nineteenth-century African American writers used concepts of African origin like conjure ancestor veneration, possession, and flying to create a special identity for themselves. Diane Botts Morrow's article on the Oblate Sisters in Baltimore is a fine piece tracing the growth of this African American order, with some less convincing attempts to connect it to West African precedents. Fran Markowitz's study of the African Hebrew Israelite community reveals a self-created ideology rooted in conceptions of Africa that are not informed by direct knowledge or folk memory, a piece that sets the stage for further work, which is followed up by Elizabeth Pigou-Denis's contribution on the development of Rastafarian architecture with its connections to an imagined Ethiopia. …","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"40 1","pages":"360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71112877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yoruba Identity and Power Politics","authors":"E. Renne","doi":"10.5860/choice.44-1679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-1679","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"40 1","pages":"178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71113967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760-1900","authors":"D. V. D. Bersselaar","doi":"10.5860/choice.46-1640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.46-1640","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45676,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71122388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}