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‘He Could Raise and Lay Ghosts at His Will’: Victorian Folklorists and the Creation of Early Modern Clerical Ghost-Laying “他可以随心所欲地养鬼和放鬼”:维多利亚民俗学家和早期现代牧师放鬼的创作
IF 0.4 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2023.2187157
Brendan C. Walsh
Abstract Folk legends of brave clergymen confronting terrifying apparitions in fields and houses can be heard all throughout rural England. Situated in the early modern period, these tales establish the archetype of the ‘conjuring parson’ and perpetuate the spiritual tradition of ‘ghost-laying’: the exorcism of ghosts. Clerical ghost-laying, however, is a spiritual tradition without a well-founded historical or theological precedent. The few extant sixteenth- and seventeenth-century literary depictions of this practice are largely satirical or polemical in nature. Tales of early modern clergymen exorcising restless spirits actually originate from the pens of Victorian authors who developed the sensationalist folkloric exploits of conjuring parsons to fulfil their own literary or political agendas. Through a comparison of early modern and Victorian literary accounts—focusing on the Botathen Ghost haunting—this article illustrates that the genre of clerical ghost-laying lacks any substantial claim to historical, literary, or theological legitimacy.
勇敢的牧师在田野和房屋中面对可怕的幽灵的民间传说,在整个英格兰农村都可以听到。这些故事发生在近代早期,确立了“会召唤的牧师”的原型,并延续了“放鬼”的精神传统:驱鬼。然而,神职人员放鬼是一种精神传统,没有充分的历史或神学先例。现存为数不多的16和17世纪文学对这种做法的描述,本质上主要是讽刺或论战。早期现代牧师驱走不安分的灵魂的故事实际上起源于维多利亚时代作家的笔,他们发展了煽情的民间传说,利用召唤牧师来实现自己的文学或政治议程。通过对早期现代和维多利亚时期的文学描述的比较——重点是波塔森鬼的纠缠——这篇文章说明了神职人员放鬼的类型在历史、文学或神学上缺乏任何实质性的合法性。
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引用次数: 0
The Cooked Child: Urban Legends and Ancient Myths from the Malayo-Polynesian-Speaking World 《煮熟的孩子:来自马来-波利尼西亚语世界的城市传说和古代神话》
IF 0.4 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2023.2184994
Gregory Forth
Abstract In several publications J. H. Brunvand has discussed an ‘urban legend’ labelled ‘the baby roast’. While treating this as an American tale current in the 1970s that spread to urban locations in Europe and elsewhere, Brunvand also mentions much older Malayo-Polynesian narratives from the South Pacific exhibiting the same theme—a child-minder mistaking an infant for food and cooking it. Yet he reaches no conclusion on whether this remarkable resemblance reveals ‘cross-cultural borrowing’ or ‘independent invention’. Analysing the Pacific stories and drawing on Malayo-Polynesian narratives from Indonesia recorded by the present author, this article demonstrates that the best explanation is independent development. The article further shows how stories concerning the accidental cooking and sometimes consumption of young children reflect pan-human concerns about the possibility of cannibalism and the attribution of consuming human flesh to people implicitly regarded as inhuman or, in the Indonesian stories, to characters who subsequently transform into non-human animals.
在一些出版物中,J. H. Brunvand讨论了一个标有“婴儿烤”的“都市传说”。Brunvand认为这是20世纪70年代流行的美国故事,传播到欧洲和其他地方的城市地区,同时也提到了来自南太平洋的马来亚-波利尼西亚更古老的故事,展示了同样的主题——看护者把婴儿误认为食物并将其烹饪。然而,他没有得出结论,这种惊人的相似是“跨文化借鉴”还是“独立发明”。本文分析了太平洋地区的故事,并借鉴了作者记录的来自印度尼西亚的马来亚-波利尼西亚叙事,证明独立发展是最好的解释。这篇文章进一步展示了关于意外烹饪和有时食用幼儿的故事如何反映了全人类对同类相食的可能性的关注,以及将食用人肉归因于隐性被视为不人道的人,或者在印度尼西亚的故事中,将食用人肉归因于随后变成非人类动物的人物。
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引用次数: 0
On the Night the Dead Return: Five Accounts of Fatal Revenants (Sha) from ‘Nighttime Talks’ in Eighteenth-Century Beijing 亡者归来之夜:来自十八世纪北京“夜话”的五种致命亡者(沙)描述
IF 0.4 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2023.2221054
Shengyu Wang, Paulo Brito
Abstract Yetan suilu (Jottings of nighttime talks) by Hebang’e is a late eighteenth-century Chinese collection of ‘anomaly accounts’. Among the roughly 140 entries in the collection, ‘Huisha wuze’ (Five items on fatal revenants) deals particularly with the Chinese belief that a dead person would visit his or her former home on a specific day in the form of a fatal revenant (sha). Besides providing an annotated translation of ‘Huisha wuze’, this article also explicates the uniqueness of the sha-revenant and sheds light on the rich cultural history of a hitherto understudied mortuary ritual that has close connections to Chinese vernacular religion.
和邦锷的《夜谈记》是一本18世纪晚期的中国“异常记录”集。在大约140件藏品中,“死而复生五件”特别涉及中国人的一种信仰,即死人会在特定的一天以死而复生的形式回到他或她以前的家。这篇文章除了提供了一个注释翻译的“回沙武则”,还阐述了“尸祭”的独特性,并揭示了迄今为止尚未得到充分研究的与中国本土宗教密切相关的殡葬仪式的丰富文化历史。
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引用次数: 0
A Sociocultural View of Estonian and Slovenian Proverbs on Alcohol and Drinking 爱沙尼亚和斯洛文尼亚关于酒精和饮酒的谚语的社会文化观点
IF 0.4 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2023.2175972
Saša Babič, Piret Voolaid
Abstract This article explores Estonian and Slovenian proverbs related to alcohol and drinking with the aim of interpreting these proverbs in their broader sociocultural context and analysing the controversies embedded in proverbs on this topic. Considering that alcohol is not consumed in the same form everywhere, the article examines Slovenian material as representative of the geographical region of Southern Europe and the Slavic language group, and Estonian material as representative of the geographical region of Northern Europe and the Finno-Ugric language group. The units encompassed by the research contain the following words: wine, beer, spirits (vodka), drunk, and drinking. We analyse how proverbs—as culturally metaphorical units often considered the cornerstone of national identity and a compass of ethnic morals—fit into this ethnic pretext. We focus on three different aspects: those regarded as specific to national culture; gender and family (gender inequality, drinking alcohol as a symbol of masculinity); and the ambivalence surrounding drinking.
本文探讨了爱沙尼亚和斯洛文尼亚与饮酒有关的谚语,目的是在更广泛的社会文化背景下解释这些谚语,并分析谚语中关于这一主题的争议。考虑到各地的酒精消费形式不同,本文考察了作为南欧地理区域和斯拉夫语族代表的斯洛文尼亚材料,以及作为北欧地理区域和芬兰-乌戈尔语族代表的爱沙尼亚材料。研究所涵盖的单位包括以下词语:葡萄酒,啤酒,烈酒(伏特加),醉酒和饮酒。我们分析谚语作为文化隐喻单位,通常被认为是国家认同的基石和民族道德的指南针,是如何适应这种民族借口的。我们关注三个不同的方面:被视为特定于民族文化的方面;性别和家庭(性别不平等,喝酒是男子气概的象征);还有关于喝酒的矛盾心理。
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引用次数: 0
‘When You Try to Tell People about Climate Change, and They Start Making Memes about You’: The Meaning-Making in Greta Thunberg Internet Memes “当你试图告诉人们气候变化时,他们开始制作关于你的表情包”:Greta Thunberg网络表情包的意义制作
IF 0.4 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2023.2179227
Anastasiya Fiadotava
Abstract This article discusses humorous memes dedicated to climate change activist Greta Thunberg. The analysis of the 264 memes illustrates that Thunberg’s environmental agenda is not central among the memes’ topics. Many memes use the catchy phrases in Thunberg’s speeches, recontextualizing them to achieve humorous effects. While some memes aim at ridiculing Thunberg personally, others use her image metaphorically. Memes abound in intertextual references, drawing parallels between Thunberg and characters of films, cartoons, and other internet memes. By embracing textual and visual aspects of Greta Thunberg memes, and the context of their creation, the article reflects on the interrelation between the content of memes and the social facts that inspired them. The focus is on the discrepancy between the original ideas of celebrities and the meanings reflected in celebrity memes. The analysis demonstrates that celebrity memes can bear various degrees of connection to the ideas of the people that they feature.
本文讨论了气候变化活动家Greta Thunberg的幽默表情包。对264个模因的分析表明,滕伯格的环境议程并不是模因主题的中心。许多表情包使用了滕伯格演讲中朗朗上口的短语,将它们重新置于语境中,以达到幽默的效果。虽然一些表情包旨在嘲笑滕伯格个人,但其他表情包则隐喻地使用她的形象。模因中有大量的互文参考,将滕伯格与电影、漫画和其他网络模因中的人物相提并论。本文通过对Greta Thunberg模因的文本和视觉方面及其创作背景的分析,思考了模因的内容与激发模因的社会事实之间的相互关系。重点关注名人的原始想法与名人表情包所反映的含义之间的差异。分析表明,名人表情包可以与他们所描绘的人的思想有不同程度的联系。
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引用次数: 0
Dan Ben-Amos (1934–2023) 他的父亲是一名律师,母亲是一名律师。
IF 0.4 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/0015587x.2023.2210432
Simon J. Bronner
Dan Ben-Amos, a giant of folkloristics as an international academic discipline, died on 26 March 2023 at the age of eighty-eight. Despite his advancing age and illness, he was actively teaching, writing, and working at the University of Pennsylvania (USA) weeks before his death. In fact, I talked to him in the hospital days before he died and he dispensed instructions to me of projects he wanted my help to finish, along with his boast that he would be back in the classroom. When I replied that he needed to concentrate on his health, he recited in Hebrew the proverb, ‘From your mouth to God’s ear’. Over his long career, Dan Ben-Amos established himself as a leader in a number of folkloristic fields: narrative, humour, proverb, historiography, African studies, and Jewish studies. He was instrumental in the performance studies movement in folkloristics arising during the 1960s and his name is inexorably linked to the keyword of ‘context’. Every student of folklore knows his foundational 1971 essay ‘Toward a Definition of Folklore in Context’ in which he famously declared, ‘folklore is artistic communication in small groups’. According to Dan, the scholarly analysis of context is at its core about the functioning of society. Nonetheless, as a scholar of literature he appreciated and studied texts, and annotated them masterfully, as evidenced in his monumental tomes that formed the Folktales of the Jews series (2006, 2007, 2011). He privately shared with me that this series, of which he published three of the projected five volumes, each topping a thousand pages, would be his parting scholarly gift. Dan’s book of ground-breaking essays in the performance turn of folkloristics, Folklore in Context (1982), contains headings for research directions that he pursued throughout his career. Understandably leading the list is ‘Context’, followed by ‘Genre’, ‘Jewish Humor’, and ‘Folklore in Africa’. I could add to this list expertise he shared in publications and presentations on European folktale, structuralism, collective memory, folk speech, religion, translation and textualization, motif analysis and classification, history of folklore studies and the relationship of history to folklore, Jewish literature and Biblical studies, and psychological and sociolinguistic approaches. Towards the end of his career, Dan’s theoretical contributions beyond performance were gathered by Henry Glassie and Elliott Oring in Folklore Concepts: Histories and Critiques (2020) for Indiana University Press.
丹·本·阿莫斯,民俗学作为一门国际学术学科的巨人,于2023年3月26日去世,享年88岁。尽管他年事已高,疾病缠身,但在去世前几周,他仍在美国宾夕法尼亚大学积极地教学、写作和工作。事实上,在他去世前几天,我在医院里和他谈过,他给我下达了一些他想让我帮忙完成的项目的指令,同时还吹嘘他会回到教室。当我回答说他需要关注自己的健康时,他用希伯来语背诵了一句谚语:“从你的嘴到上帝的耳朵”。在他漫长的职业生涯中,丹·本·阿莫斯在许多民俗学领域确立了自己的领导地位:叙事、幽默、谚语、史学、非洲研究和犹太研究。他在20世纪60年代兴起的民俗学表演研究运动中发挥了重要作用,他的名字不可避免地与“语境”这个关键词联系在一起。每个学民俗学的学生都知道他1971年的基础论文《走向语境中的民俗学定义》,他在其中发表了著名的声明,“民俗学是小团体中的艺术交流”。根据丹的说法,对语境的学术分析是关于社会运作的核心。尽管如此,作为一名文学学者,他欣赏和研究文本,并熟练地注释它们,这在他的不朽巨著中得到了证明,这些巨著构成了犹太人的民间故事系列(2006年,2007年,2011年)。他私下告诉我,这个系列将是他临别时的学术礼物。他计划出版五卷中的三卷,每卷都超过一千页。丹在民俗学的表演转向方面的开创性论文的书,民俗语境(1982),包含了他在整个职业生涯中追求的研究方向的标题。可以理解,名列榜首的是“语境”,其次是“流派”、“犹太幽默”和“非洲民间传说”。我可以在这个列表中加上他在欧洲民间故事,结构主义,集体记忆,民间演讲,宗教,翻译和文本化,母题分析和分类,民俗学研究的历史和历史与民俗学的关系,犹太文学和圣经研究,以及心理学和社会语言学方法方面的专业知识。在他的职业生涯结束时,丹的理论贡献超越表演被亨利·格拉西和埃利奥特·奥林收集在民俗学概念:历史和批评(2020)印第安纳大学出版社。
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引用次数: 0
Fenrir’s Fetter and the Power of Stories 《芬里尔的镣铐与故事的力量
IF 0.4 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/0015587x.2023.2200279
Katherine Langrish
Abstract This lecture concerns the sometimes underrated power of stories to influence us, an influence that depends upon factors such as how closely a tale adheres to what we consider either possible or desirable. I examine legends, fairy tales, the gruesome urban legends children tell at sleepovers, and those stories handed down in families, communities, and nations which confer a sense of common identity and pride, sometimes at the cost of excluding others. Stories offer wisdom, solace, joy; they may also frighten or alienate. For good or ill they can change our perceptions of ourselves and others, and of the world around us.
本讲座关注的是有时被低估的故事对我们的影响,这种影响取决于故事与我们所认为的可能性或期望的密切程度等因素。我研究了传说、童话、孩子们在朋友家过夜时讲的可怕的城市传说,以及那些在家庭、社区和国家中流传下来的故事,这些故事赋予了人们一种共同的认同感和自豪感,有时是以排斥他人为代价的。故事提供智慧、慰藉和欢乐;他们也可能吓唬或疏远。无论是好是坏,它们都能改变我们对自己、对他人、对周围世界的看法。
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引用次数: 0
‘Gan qey bedenî yeno çi mana’ (What the Soul Means for the Body): Collecting and Archiving Kurdish Folklore as a Strategy for Language Revitalization and Indigenous Knowledge Production “Gan qey bedenî yeno i mana”(灵魂对身体意味着什么):收集和存档库尔德民间传说,作为语言复兴和本土知识生产的战略
IF 0.4 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2023.2205777
Joanna Bocheńska, Farangis Ghaderi
Abstract Folklore-collecting initiatives in Turkey and Iran have become increasingly popular over the past decade. In this article we present a historical overview of folklore-collecting practices and focus on more recent developments in this field. While Kurdish folklore has been perceived as a cornerstone of Kurdish national identity and as a source of information on Kurdish history, today’s collectors in Turkey and Iran understand its role in a wider context of language revitalization and indigenous knowledge production. Collecting oral traditions in the Kurdish dialects of Kurmanji, Sorani, and Zazaki is appreciated as a step towards protecting and developing the Kurdish language, which is endangered by language assimilation policies in both countries. Reviving folkloric vocabulary, stories, and traditional knowledge practices such as agricultural teachings, folklore collectors revive and promote indigenous knowledge production, and enrich education and research. Drawing on language revitalization theories and indigenous knowledge production, this article offers insights into unexplored aspects of collecting, archiving, and publishing Kurdish folklore in recent years.
在过去的十年里,土耳其和伊朗的民间传说收集活动越来越受欢迎。在这篇文章中,我们介绍了民间传说收集实践的历史概况,并重点介绍了这一领域的最新发展。虽然库尔德民间传说一直被视为库尔德民族认同的基石,也是库尔德历史信息的来源,但今天土耳其和伊朗的收藏家了解其在语言复兴和本土知识生产的更广泛背景下的作用。收集库尔曼吉、索拉尼和扎扎基的库尔德方言的口头传统被认为是保护和发展库尔德语的一步,这一语言受到两国语言同化政策的威胁。通过复兴民俗词汇、故事和农业教学等传统知识实践,民俗收藏家复兴和促进了土著知识生产,丰富了教育和研究。借助语言复兴理论和本土知识生产,本文提供了对近年来收集、归档和出版库尔德民间传说未被探索的方面的见解。
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引用次数: 0
A Cultural History of Fairy Tales 《童话的文化史
4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.1080/0015587x.2023.2205281
Juliette Wood
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引用次数: 0
Grimm Ripples: The Legacy of the Grimms’ Deutsche Sagen in Northern Europe 格林的涟漪:格林在北欧的德意志帝国的遗产
IF 0.4 4区 社会学 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.1080/0015587x.2023.2216578
Joann Conrad
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引用次数: 0
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FOLKLORE
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