Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.MART
M. Fátima, S. R. Arthur, Andrew Cockerill
{"title":"The Roles of Government and the Public Utility in Achieving Universal Access to Electricity","authors":"M. Fátima, S. R. Arthur, Andrew Cockerill","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.MART","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.MART","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45808,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70999848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.JCLU
Johanna Cludius, V. Duscha, N. Friedrichsen, K. Schumacher
{"title":"Cost-efficiency of the EU Emissions Trading System: An Evaluation of the Second Trading Period","authors":"Johanna Cludius, V. Duscha, N. Friedrichsen, K. Schumacher","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.JCLU","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.JCLU","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45808,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45052764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.GHE
Gang He
Electrification is key to deliver modern energy services and other fundamental services that dependent on energy. China has achieved electricity for all by end of 2015. This is an impressive achievement, giving China’s large population and the world still has more than 1 billion population without electricity access. Finance is one of the main barriers to deliver energy to the world poorest. While there are numerous programs to facilitate and promote electrification in developing world, there are significant finance gaps to achieve UN’s Sustainable Energy for All by 2030. About 6 billion USD a year in commitments went to increase residential electricity access for medium or high levels of electricity service, which falls well below the estimated 45 billion USD needed annually to meet the 2030 objective of universal electrification. There are still significant financial gaps to fill to enable global electricity for all.
{"title":"Financing the Last Mile of Electricity-for-All Programs: Experiences from China","authors":"Gang He","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.GHE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.GHE","url":null,"abstract":"Electrification is key to deliver modern energy services and other fundamental services that dependent on energy. China has achieved electricity for all by end of 2015. This is an impressive achievement, giving China’s large population and the world still has more than 1 billion population without electricity access. Finance is one of the main barriers to deliver energy to the world poorest. While there are numerous programs to facilitate and promote electrification in developing world, there are significant finance gaps to achieve UN’s Sustainable Energy for All by 2030. About 6 billion USD a year in commitments went to increase residential electricity access for medium or high levels of electricity service, which falls well below the estimated 45 billion USD needed annually to meet the 2030 objective of universal electrification. There are still significant financial gaps to fill to enable global electricity for all.","PeriodicalId":45808,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70999721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.PWAR
P. Warren
Demand-side management (DSM) policy evaluations, including energy efficiency and demand response, primarily focus on ex-ante appraisals or ex-post evaluations of impacts, such as energy savings, carbon savings and implementation costs. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding the mechanisms behind the success and failure of demand-side policies. The paper presents the results of a four-year project to systematically review the global evaluation evidence base in order to identify the key factors for success and failure for different types of DSM policy. The realist synthesis type of systematic review has had limited application in the energy policy field and the research developed a methodological approach to apply it to energy policy analysis. The paper inductively identifies 22 key success factors and 25 key failure factors for twelve types of demand-side policy from a sample of 102 high-quality documents, which cover 690 expost evaluations and 66 countries and sub-national states across six continents.
{"title":"Demand-Side Policy: Mechanisms for Success and Failure","authors":"P. Warren","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.PWAR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.PWAR","url":null,"abstract":"Demand-side management (DSM) policy evaluations, including energy efficiency and demand response, primarily focus on ex-ante appraisals or ex-post evaluations of impacts, such as energy savings, carbon savings and implementation costs. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding the mechanisms behind the success and failure of demand-side policies. The paper presents the results of a four-year project to systematically review the global evaluation evidence base in order to identify the key factors for success and failure for different types of DSM policy. The realist synthesis type of systematic review has had limited application in the energy policy field and the research developed a methodological approach to apply it to energy policy analysis. The paper inductively identifies 22 key success factors and 25 key failure factors for twelve types of demand-side policy from a sample of 102 high-quality documents, which cover 690 expost evaluations and 66 countries and sub-national states across six continents.","PeriodicalId":45808,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41244652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.AJAI
Abhishek Jain, Tauseef Shahidi
{"title":"Guiding Action: A User-centric Approach to Define, Measure, and Manage Electricity Access","authors":"Abhishek Jain, Tauseef Shahidi","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.AJAI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.AJAI","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45808,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70999580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.DPEN
D. Peng, R. Poudineh
Nigeria is Africa’s largest economy and its most populous country, but, as of 2014, only 57.7% of Nigerians had access to electricity. Nigeria’s total primary energy supply (TPES), 20% that of the African continent, is dominated by biomass fuel consumption in the residential sector. As its population continues to grow steadily, one of the greatest challenges for Nigeria is to develop the infrastructure that is needed to provide modern energy services to its citizens.
{"title":"Is Natural Gas a Viable Option to Promote Electrification in Nigeria?","authors":"D. Peng, R. Poudineh","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.DPEN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.DPEN","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria is Africa’s largest economy and its most populous country, but, as of 2014, only 57.7% of Nigerians had access to electricity. Nigeria’s total primary energy supply (TPES), 20% that of the African continent, is dominated by biomass fuel consumption in the residential sector. As its population continues to grow steadily, one of the greatest challenges for Nigeria is to develop the infrastructure that is needed to provide modern energy services to its citizens.","PeriodicalId":45808,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43296585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.IPER
I. Pérez-Arriaga, R. Stoner, Roxanne Rahnama, Stephen J. Lee, Grégoire Jacquot, Eric Protzer, Andres Gonzalez, R. Amatya, Matthew Brusnahan, P. Duenas, Francisco Javier Santos
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the volume of investment that would be needed to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030 is $52 billion per year. Therefore, it is imperative to “think big” in order to address this problem in its true dimension. This necessarily means to create viable business models that can attract private investment.The supply of electricity requires the cooperation of activities of very different nature and electrification can adopt several modes. In this paper, we have focused on the activities that we have deemed as having the best chances for large investments for electrification purposes in developing countries: independent power production (IPP) with large generation, independent power transmission (IPT), electricity distribution and retail, mini/micro grids and stand-alone home systems.
{"title":"A Utility Approach to Accelerate Universal Electricity Access in Less Developed Countries: A Regulatory Proposal","authors":"I. Pérez-Arriaga, R. Stoner, Roxanne Rahnama, Stephen J. Lee, Grégoire Jacquot, Eric Protzer, Andres Gonzalez, R. Amatya, Matthew Brusnahan, P. Duenas, Francisco Javier Santos","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.IPER","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.IPER","url":null,"abstract":"According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the volume of investment that would be needed to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030 is $52 billion per year. Therefore, it is imperative to “think big” in order to address this problem in its true dimension. This necessarily means to create viable business models that can attract private investment.The supply of electricity requires the cooperation of activities of very different nature and electrification can adopt several modes. In this paper, we have focused on the activities that we have deemed as having the best chances for large investments for electrification purposes in developing countries: independent power production (IPP) with large generation, independent power transmission (IPT), electricity distribution and retail, mini/micro grids and stand-alone home systems.","PeriodicalId":45808,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70999777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.MFOW
M. Fowlie, Yashraj Khaitan, Catherine Wolfram, D. Wolfson
This paper documents the challenges faced by one company, Gram Power, installing and operating solar microgrids in rural India. We begin by summarizing the existing literature on best practices for microgrid deployment. Although Gram Power followed nearly all of these recommendations, the company nevertheless faced significant challenges. First, demand for solar microgrids was very limited, largely due to the perception that grid power was imminent and preferred. The company installed only 10 microgrids after visiting 176 villages, so customer acquisition costs were high and economies of scale were lower than expected. In villages where microgrids were eventually deployed, Gram Power faced challenges collecting revenues, mainly due to theft. Even though Gram Power installed sophisticated meters that could detect theft remotely, principal-agent problems hampered the companys ability to deter theft. We conclude with a discussion of policy changes that could better support the integration of solar technologies into a coordinated rural electrification strategy.
{"title":"Solar Microgrids and Remote Energy Access: How Weak Incentives Can Undermine Smart Technology","authors":"M. Fowlie, Yashraj Khaitan, Catherine Wolfram, D. Wolfson","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.MFOW","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.MFOW","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents the challenges faced by one company, Gram Power, installing and operating solar microgrids in rural India. We begin by summarizing the existing literature on best practices for microgrid deployment. Although Gram Power followed nearly all of these recommendations, the company nevertheless faced significant challenges. First, demand for solar microgrids was very limited, largely due to the perception that grid power was imminent and preferred. The company installed only 10 microgrids after visiting 176 villages, so customer acquisition costs were high and economies of scale were lower than expected. In villages where microgrids were eventually deployed, Gram Power faced challenges collecting revenues, mainly due to theft. Even though Gram Power installed sophisticated meters that could detect theft remotely, principal-agent problems hampered the companys ability to deter theft. We conclude with a discussion of policy changes that could better support the integration of solar technologies into a coordinated rural electrification strategy.","PeriodicalId":45808,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49210329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.JMAK
J. Makholm
{"title":"Letter to the Editor on Abada, et al. (EEEP 8(1))","authors":"J. Makholm","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.JMAK","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.JMAK","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45808,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46644889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.IABA
I. Abada, Gauthier de Maere d'Aertrycke, A. Ehrenmann, Y. Smeers
The efficiency of short-term markets is a recurrent and major concern in EU documents on the restructuring of the gas and electricity sectors. The Winter Package of the European Commission reinforces that message: efficient short-term energy markets and associated short-term energy price signals are implicitly presented as sufficient conditions for steering investment in the energy transition. This is a folk, theorem for which one finds no proof whether in theory or observation. The reason is that there is a long and risky path between creating value in short-term markets and appraising this value in investment calculations. Without a proper environment for trading risk the future benefits from the efficient short-run market will not be properly conveyed to the investor. Risk is today overwhelming both in the global economy in general and in the gas and power sectors in particular and it is commonly acknowledged that it has a devastating effect on investment. Short run efficiency is certainly of the essence for the success of the restructuring and the transition of the energy sector but it will not suffice if unmanageable risks cloud the path from the short term to the long term.
{"title":"What Models Tell us about Long-term Contracts in Times of the Energy Transition","authors":"I. Abada, Gauthier de Maere d'Aertrycke, A. Ehrenmann, Y. Smeers","doi":"10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.IABA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.1.IABA","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of short-term markets is a recurrent and major concern in EU documents on the restructuring of the gas and electricity sectors. The Winter Package of the European Commission reinforces that message: efficient short-term energy markets and associated short-term energy price signals are implicitly presented as sufficient conditions for steering investment in the energy transition. This is a folk, theorem for which one finds no proof whether in theory or observation. The reason is that there is a long and risky path between creating value in short-term markets and appraising this value in investment calculations. Without a proper environment for trading risk the future benefits from the efficient short-run market will not be properly conveyed to the investor. Risk is today overwhelming both in the global economy in general and in the gas and power sectors in particular and it is commonly acknowledged that it has a devastating effect on investment. Short run efficiency is certainly of the essence for the success of the restructuring and the transition of the energy sector but it will not suffice if unmanageable risks cloud the path from the short term to the long term.","PeriodicalId":45808,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48904931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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