Pub Date : 2020-05-14DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2020-5004
P. Arkadiev
Abstract Abaza, a polysynthetic ergative Northwest Caucasian language, possesses a typologically unique system of forming content questions by means of inflectional marking in the verb. I offer a detailed description of this peculiar system, showing how it is grounded in the more general pattern of encoding relativization by means of prefixes forming part of the basic cross-referencing paradigms. I also discuss a tentative diachronic scenario, explaining how at least a subpart of the synthetic interrogative marking in Abaza (and its close relative Abkhaz) could have emerged via univerbation of pseudocleft focus constructions.
{"title":"Syntax in morphological guise: Interrogative verbal morphology in Abaza","authors":"P. Arkadiev","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2020-5004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2020-5004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abaza, a polysynthetic ergative Northwest Caucasian language, possesses a typologically unique system of forming content questions by means of inflectional marking in the verb. I offer a detailed description of this peculiar system, showing how it is grounded in the more general pattern of encoding relativization by means of prefixes forming part of the basic cross-referencing paradigms. I also discuss a tentative diachronic scenario, explaining how at least a subpart of the synthetic interrogative marking in Abaza (and its close relative Abkhaz) could have emerged via univerbation of pseudocleft focus constructions.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":"24 1","pages":"211 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lingty-2020-5004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44160321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2020-2053
Yanwei Jin, Jean-Pierre Koenig
Abstract This paper provides a typological overview of expletive negation based on a survey of 722 languages, focusing in detail on a smaller sample of five languages. Expletive negation (EN) has been discussed extensively within Romance linguistics. This paper surveys its occurrence across languages of the world and offers a comprehensive list of EN-triggering contexts collected from French and Mandarin, comparing that list with EN triggers in Januubi, English, and Zarma-Sonrai. The paper proposes a language production and semantic account of the similarity of EN-triggering contexts found in these five languages. We propose that the meaning of EN triggers entails or strongly implies ¬p and that the activation of ¬p alongside p is what leads speakers to produce EN. Four semantic licensing conditions for EN triggers are identified and each EN-triggering context is semantically analyzed.
{"title":"A cross-linguistic study of expletive negation","authors":"Yanwei Jin, Jean-Pierre Koenig","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2020-2053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2020-2053","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper provides a typological overview of expletive negation based on a survey of 722 languages, focusing in detail on a smaller sample of five languages. Expletive negation (EN) has been discussed extensively within Romance linguistics. This paper surveys its occurrence across languages of the world and offers a comprehensive list of EN-triggering contexts collected from French and Mandarin, comparing that list with EN triggers in Januubi, English, and Zarma-Sonrai. The paper proposes a language production and semantic account of the similarity of EN-triggering contexts found in these five languages. We propose that the meaning of EN triggers entails or strongly implies ¬p and that the activation of ¬p alongside p is what leads speakers to produce EN. Four semantic licensing conditions for EN triggers are identified and each EN-triggering context is semantically analyzed.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":"25 1","pages":"39 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lingty-2020-2053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46325737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1515/LINGTY-2020-2050
M. Khachaturyan
Abstract This paper provides a typological survey of Mano, a Mande language of Guinea and Liberia. It sketches a linguistic portrait of Mano as a representative member of the Southern branch of the Mande family. The family features shared by Mano include S-Aux-O-V-X word order, the parallelism between nominal and verbal syntax, and the ubiquity of passive lability. The branch features include rich tonal morphology, the unstable character of nasal consonants, and rich pronominal paradigms, including auxiliaries that index the person and number of the subject. Some of the features presented here have not been sufficiently analyzed in the Mandeist literature, so it is unclear how unusual Mano is in comparison to other Mande languages in terms of the large class of inalienably possessed nouns, or the clause-level nominalization that may include another clause as its constituent. Finally, some properties are almost certainly specific to Mano, such as the dedicated tonal forms used in conditional clauses. This paper puts Mano in its typological context, elaborating on those features which are cross linguistically well attested versus those which are cross linguistically rare.
{"title":"A typological portrait of Mano, Southern Mande","authors":"M. Khachaturyan","doi":"10.1515/LINGTY-2020-2050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/LINGTY-2020-2050","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper provides a typological survey of Mano, a Mande language of Guinea and Liberia. It sketches a linguistic portrait of Mano as a representative member of the Southern branch of the Mande family. The family features shared by Mano include S-Aux-O-V-X word order, the parallelism between nominal and verbal syntax, and the ubiquity of passive lability. The branch features include rich tonal morphology, the unstable character of nasal consonants, and rich pronominal paradigms, including auxiliaries that index the person and number of the subject. Some of the features presented here have not been sufficiently analyzed in the Mandeist literature, so it is unclear how unusual Mano is in comparison to other Mande languages in terms of the large class of inalienably possessed nouns, or the clause-level nominalization that may include another clause as its constituent. Finally, some properties are almost certainly specific to Mano, such as the dedicated tonal forms used in conditional clauses. This paper puts Mano in its typological context, elaborating on those features which are cross linguistically well attested versus those which are cross linguistically rare.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":"25 1","pages":"123 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/LINGTY-2020-2050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41385999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-2075
Yunfan Lai
Abstract This paper focuses on the verbal inflection chain of Siyuewu Khroskyabs, a Gyalrongic language (Trans-Himalayan). Siyuewu Khroskyabs goes against two general typological tendencies: first, as an SOV language, it shows an overwhelming preference for prefixes, which is rarely reported typologically; second, the inflectional prefixes in the outer slots are older than those in the inner slots, which is the reverse case of most languages. In this paper, I will first identify distinct historical layers within the inflectional prefixes, and then focus on two of the prefixes, də- ‘even’ and ɕə- ‘q’ whose evolutionary pathways are relatively clear. The essential part of the hypotheses is that the prefixes originate from enclitics which could be attached to the end of a preverbal chain, originally loosely attached to the verb stem. The preverbal chain later became tightly attached to the verbal stem and eventually became a part of it as a chain of prefixes. As a result, the original enclitics are reanalysed as prefixes. The integration of preverbal morphemes is responsible for the prefixing preference in Modern Siyuewu Khroskyabs. However, despite this superficial prefixing preference, Siyuewu Khroskyabs underlyingly favours postposed morphemes. By following the general suffixing tendency, this language finally managed to create a typologically rare, overwhelmingly prefixing verbal template.
{"title":"Betrayal through obedience: on the history of the unusual inflectional chain in Siyuewu Khroskyabs","authors":"Yunfan Lai","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2021-2075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2021-2075","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper focuses on the verbal inflection chain of Siyuewu Khroskyabs, a Gyalrongic language (Trans-Himalayan). Siyuewu Khroskyabs goes against two general typological tendencies: first, as an SOV language, it shows an overwhelming preference for prefixes, which is rarely reported typologically; second, the inflectional prefixes in the outer slots are older than those in the inner slots, which is the reverse case of most languages. In this paper, I will first identify distinct historical layers within the inflectional prefixes, and then focus on two of the prefixes, də- ‘even’ and ɕə- ‘q’ whose evolutionary pathways are relatively clear. The essential part of the hypotheses is that the prefixes originate from enclitics which could be attached to the end of a preverbal chain, originally loosely attached to the verb stem. The preverbal chain later became tightly attached to the verbal stem and eventually became a part of it as a chain of prefixes. As a result, the original enclitics are reanalysed as prefixes. The integration of preverbal morphemes is responsible for the prefixing preference in Modern Siyuewu Khroskyabs. However, despite this superficial prefixing preference, Siyuewu Khroskyabs underlyingly favours postposed morphemes. By following the general suffixing tendency, this language finally managed to create a typologically rare, overwhelmingly prefixing verbal template.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":"25 1","pages":"79 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lingty-2021-2075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48933956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-22DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2019-5001
Hilary Chappell, Denis Creissels
{"title":"Corrigendum to: Topicality and the typology of predicative possession","authors":"Hilary Chappell, Denis Creissels","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2019-5001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2019-5001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":"24 1","pages":"209 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lingty-2019-5001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41357725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-22DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2020-2037
Klaudia Dombrowsky-Hahn
The Gur languages (called Voltaic in the French tradition) form a huge language family within the Niger-Congo phylum. The family includes more than 70 languages spoken mainly in southeastern Mali, Burkina Faso, northern Benin, Nigeria, northern Togo, northern Ghana and northern Ivory Coast. While the position of some subgroups of the family, e. g. Senufo and some isolated languages, has recently been called into question, the languages of Central Gur undeniably form a tightly connected unit. Languages of this subgroup have similar phonological and tonal systems of two or three tones, and they share some grammatical features such as SVO constituent order, so-called “noun classes”, serial verb constructions and other multiverb predicates and coordinate constructions. Central Gur languages generally have a distinction between groups of stative and dynamic verbs, and aspect is important in the verbal system, marked with suffixes on the verb itself, whereas tense is marked by means of preverbal particles or auxiliaries. Research on Gur languages is growing, albeit slowly; however good descriptions taking into account all levels of the language are still scarce. Therefore, any effort to write a grammar of a Gur language is highly appreciated. The book under review is one of the rare grammars of a Central Gur language undertaken by a mother tongue speaker. In the following, I give a synopsis of the contents of this book, including my own analysis of remarkable and intriguing issues.
{"title":"A Grammar of Kusaal: A Mabia (Gur) Language of Northern Ghana","authors":"Klaudia Dombrowsky-Hahn","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2020-2037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2020-2037","url":null,"abstract":"The Gur languages (called Voltaic in the French tradition) form a huge language family within the Niger-Congo phylum. The family includes more than 70 languages spoken mainly in southeastern Mali, Burkina Faso, northern Benin, Nigeria, northern Togo, northern Ghana and northern Ivory Coast. While the position of some subgroups of the family, e. g. Senufo and some isolated languages, has recently been called into question, the languages of Central Gur undeniably form a tightly connected unit. Languages of this subgroup have similar phonological and tonal systems of two or three tones, and they share some grammatical features such as SVO constituent order, so-called “noun classes”, serial verb constructions and other multiverb predicates and coordinate constructions. Central Gur languages generally have a distinction between groups of stative and dynamic verbs, and aspect is important in the verbal system, marked with suffixes on the verb itself, whereas tense is marked by means of preverbal particles or auxiliaries. Research on Gur languages is growing, albeit slowly; however good descriptions taking into account all levels of the language are still scarce. Therefore, any effort to write a grammar of a Gur language is highly appreciated. The book under review is one of the rare grammars of a Central Gur language undertaken by a mother tongue speaker. In the following, I give a synopsis of the contents of this book, including my own analysis of remarkable and intriguing issues.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":"24 1","pages":"187 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lingty-2020-2037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48323202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-22DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2020-2035
Nathan W. Hill
Few airline passengers meet the one word question ‘Coffee?’ with a baffled stare; the question clearly means ‘Would you like some coffee?’ despite the absence of verbs and pronouns. Questions ask about the addressee or his ken and statements give information about the speaker or her ken. This pattern, which I shall call the ‘conversational presumption’, is built into the fabric of human communication; it permits languages even without verb agreement to make sparse use of pronouns. Witness Japanese genki desu ka (well COP Q) ‘Are you well?’ and genki desu (well COP) ‘I am well’. In particular, forms with inherently private evidential meaning (Wittgenstein’s ‘toothache’) are restricted to first person statements (ha ga itai desu [tooth SBJ hurt COP] ‘I have a toothache’) and second person questions (ha ga itai desu ka [tooth SBJ hurt COP Q] ‘Do you have a toothache?’); other contexts require different expressions (ha ga ita gatteiru [tooth SBJ hurt appear-PROG] ‘He (you) appears (appear) to have a toothache’.). In a 1980 paper, Austin Hale mistook the intersection of the conversational presumption and personal evidentiality in Newar as an exotic form of person agreement, which he referred to as ‘conjunct-disjunct’ and, under the influence of Nicolas Tournadre’s analysis of Lhasa Tibetan, later came to be called ‘egophoricity’ (Hill and Gawne 2017). I use the term ‘Personal evidentiality’ (equivalent to conjunct, egophoric, or participatory in descriptions of particular languages) for the marking of information as known through conscious personal involvement, e. g. ‘I am a linguist’, ‘I work in London’, etc. Since Hale’s time linguists have struggled to overcome his error. The book under review is a step forward in this struggle, but the battle is far from won. Before Hale, Edward Bendix correctly described Newar personal evidentiality as expressing “the evidential category of intentional action” (Bendix 1974: 54) and
很少有航空公司的乘客会遇到一个词的问题“咖啡？”带着困惑的凝视；这个问题的意思显然是“你想喝杯咖啡吗？”尽管没有动词和代词。关于收件人或其话语的问题和陈述提供了关于说话者或其话语信息。这种模式，我将称之为“对话推定”，是建立在人类交流结构中的；它允许即使没有动词一致性的语言也可以稀疏地使用代词。见证日本人genki desu ka（好COP Q）“你还好吗？”和genki desu（好COP）“我很好”。特别是，具有固有私人证据意义的形式（维特根斯坦的“牙痛”）仅限于第一人称陈述（ha ga itai desu[tooth SBJ hurt COP]“我牙疼”）和第二人称问题（ha ga itai desu ka[toothe SBJ hur COP Q]“你牙痛吗？”）；其他上下文需要不同的表达方式（ha ga ita gatteiru[tooth SBJ hurt appear PROG]“他（你）看起来（似乎）牙痛”）。在1980年的一篇论文中，Austin Hale将Newar中的会话推定和个人证据性的交叉误认为是一种奇特的人身协议形式，他称之为“连词-析取”，在Nicolas Tournadre对拉萨藏语的分析的影响下，后来被称为“自指性”（Hill和Gawne 2017）。我使用“个人证据性”一词（相当于连词、自指或参与特定语言的描述）来标记通过有意识的个人参与已知的信息，例如“我是一名语言学家”、“我在伦敦工作”等。自黑尔时代以来，语言学家们一直在努力克服他的错误。正在审查的这本书是在这场斗争中向前迈出的一步，但这场斗争远未取得胜利。在Hale之前，Edward Bendix正确地将Newar的个人证据性描述为表达“故意行为的证据类别”（Bendix 1974:54）和
{"title":"Simeon Floyd, Elisabeth Norcliffe, and Lila San Roque: Egophoricity","authors":"Nathan W. Hill","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2020-2035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2020-2035","url":null,"abstract":"Few airline passengers meet the one word question ‘Coffee?’ with a baffled stare; the question clearly means ‘Would you like some coffee?’ despite the absence of verbs and pronouns. Questions ask about the addressee or his ken and statements give information about the speaker or her ken. This pattern, which I shall call the ‘conversational presumption’, is built into the fabric of human communication; it permits languages even without verb agreement to make sparse use of pronouns. Witness Japanese genki desu ka (well COP Q) ‘Are you well?’ and genki desu (well COP) ‘I am well’. In particular, forms with inherently private evidential meaning (Wittgenstein’s ‘toothache’) are restricted to first person statements (ha ga itai desu [tooth SBJ hurt COP] ‘I have a toothache’) and second person questions (ha ga itai desu ka [tooth SBJ hurt COP Q] ‘Do you have a toothache?’); other contexts require different expressions (ha ga ita gatteiru [tooth SBJ hurt appear-PROG] ‘He (you) appears (appear) to have a toothache’.). In a 1980 paper, Austin Hale mistook the intersection of the conversational presumption and personal evidentiality in Newar as an exotic form of person agreement, which he referred to as ‘conjunct-disjunct’ and, under the influence of Nicolas Tournadre’s analysis of Lhasa Tibetan, later came to be called ‘egophoricity’ (Hill and Gawne 2017). I use the term ‘Personal evidentiality’ (equivalent to conjunct, egophoric, or participatory in descriptions of particular languages) for the marking of information as known through conscious personal involvement, e. g. ‘I am a linguist’, ‘I work in London’, etc. Since Hale’s time linguists have struggled to overcome his error. The book under review is a step forward in this struggle, but the battle is far from won. Before Hale, Edward Bendix correctly described Newar personal evidentiality as expressing “the evidential category of intentional action” (Bendix 1974: 54) and","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":"24 1","pages":"201 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lingty-2020-2035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45671580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-22DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2019-0029
Uta Reinöhl
Abstract This study explores continuous and discontinuous word order patterns of multi-word nominal expressions in flexible word order languages (traditionally referred to as “free word order” or “non-configurational” languages). Besides describing syntagmatic patterns, this paper seeks to identify any functional or other correlates that can be associated with different word orders. The languages under investigation are a number of Australian languages as well as Vedic Sanskrit, all of which have long been known for their syntagmatic flexibility. With respect to continuous order, evidence from several of these languages suggests that default ordering is primarily governed by functional templates. Deviations from default order, while maintaining continuity, can be attributed to different types of “focus” interpretations or heaviness effects. With respect to discontinuous order, I identify three sub-types. The most widespread one, “Left-Edge Discontinuity”, involves one element placed in or near utterance-initial position. It shows a clear, if not an absolute, correlation with different kinds of focus interpretations, similarly to deviations from the default order in continuity. The other two types of discontinuity are linked to the behaviour of specific function words. Besides teasing out cross-linguistic similarities, this paper also sheds light on language-specific characteristics that affect the forms and functions of complex (i.e. multi-word) nominal expressions in flexible word order languages, such as the nature of 2nd position (“Wackernagel”) elements.
{"title":"Continuous and discontinuous nominal expressions in flexible (or “free”) word order languages: Patterns and correlates","authors":"Uta Reinöhl","doi":"10.1515/lingty-2019-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2019-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study explores continuous and discontinuous word order patterns of multi-word nominal expressions in flexible word order languages (traditionally referred to as “free word order” or “non-configurational” languages). Besides describing syntagmatic patterns, this paper seeks to identify any functional or other correlates that can be associated with different word orders. The languages under investigation are a number of Australian languages as well as Vedic Sanskrit, all of which have long been known for their syntagmatic flexibility. With respect to continuous order, evidence from several of these languages suggests that default ordering is primarily governed by functional templates. Deviations from default order, while maintaining continuity, can be attributed to different types of “focus” interpretations or heaviness effects. With respect to discontinuous order, I identify three sub-types. The most widespread one, “Left-Edge Discontinuity”, involves one element placed in or near utterance-initial position. It shows a clear, if not an absolute, correlation with different kinds of focus interpretations, similarly to deviations from the default order in continuity. The other two types of discontinuity are linked to the behaviour of specific function words. Besides teasing out cross-linguistic similarities, this paper also sheds light on language-specific characteristics that affect the forms and functions of complex (i.e. multi-word) nominal expressions in flexible word order languages, such as the nature of 2nd position (“Wackernagel”) elements.","PeriodicalId":45834,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Typology","volume":"24 1","pages":"111 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lingty-2019-0029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43294104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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