Linguistic Typology最新文献

英文中文

Review of Linlin Sun ‘Flexibility in the parts-of-speech system of classical Chinese’ 孙《文言词性灵活性》述评

IF 2 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Linguistic Typology

Pub Date : 2022-07-14 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2022-2094

Guillaume Jacques

引用次数: 0

Estimative constructions in cross-linguistic perspective 跨语言视角下的估计结构

IF 2 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Linguistic Typology

Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-0054

Guillaume Jacques

Abstract This article deals with estimative (also called ‘tropative’) constructions meaning ‘find/consider X to be Y’, where Y stands for a noun or an adjective. It systematically investigates morphological estimatives and their relationship to causative, applicative and denominal derivations from synchronic and diachronic perspectives. In addition, the article presents a survey of periphrastic estimative strategies in the world’s languages.

摘要本文讨论了估计性（也称为“比喻性”）结构，意思是“发现/认为X是Y”，其中Y代表名词或形容词。它从共时和历时的角度系统地研究了形态估计及其与致使、应用和名词派生的关系。此外，本文还对世界语言中的边缘估计策略进行了综述。

引用次数: 1

Corpus-based typology: applications, challenges and some solutions. 基于语料库的类型学:应用、挑战和一些解决方案。

IF 2 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Linguistic Typology

Pub Date : 2022-05-25 Epub Date: 2021-03-30 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2020-0118

Natalia Levshina

Over the last few years, the number of corpora that can be used for language comparison has dramatically increased. The corpora are so diverse in their structure, size and annotation style, that a novice might not know where to start. The present paper charts this new and changing territory, providing a few landmarks, warning signs and safe paths. Although no corpus at present can replace the traditional type of typological data based on language description in reference grammars, corpora can help with diverse tasks, being particularly well suited for investigating probabilistic and gradient properties of languages and for discovering and interpreting cross-linguistic generalizations based on processing and communicative mechanisms. At the same time, the use of corpora for typological purposes has not only advantages and opportunities, but also numerous challenges. This paper also contains an empirical case study addressing two pertinent problems: the role of text types in language comparison and the problem of the word as a comparative concept.

在过去的几年里，可用于语言比较的语料库数量急剧增加。语料库在结构、大小和注释风格上如此多样化，以至于新手可能不知道从哪里开始。本文描绘了这个新的和不断变化的领域，提供了一些地标，警告标志和安全路径。虽然目前没有语料库可以取代基于参考语法中语言描述的传统类型数据，但语料库可以帮助完成各种任务，特别适合于调查语言的概率和梯度特性，以及发现和解释基于处理和交际机制的跨语言概括。同时，使用语料库进行类型学研究既有优势和机遇，也有诸多挑战。本文还包含了一个实证案例研究，解决了两个相关问题:文本类型在语言比较中的作用和单词作为比较概念的问题。

引用次数: 12

Frontmatter Frontmatter

IF 2 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Linguistic Typology

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2022-frontmatter1

引用次数: 0

Neuroprotective effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane and ɑ-naphthoflavone, aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators in an experimental model of ischemic stroke. 3,3'-二吲哚甲烷和ɑ-萘黄酮（芳香烃受体调节剂）在缺血性中风实验模型中的神经保护作用

IF 3 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Linguistic Typology

Pub Date : 2022-04-18 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220418120224

Neha Dhir, Ashish Jain, Amit Raj Sharma, Ajay Prakash, Alka Bhatia, Bikash Medhi

Background: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated signaling pathway is being emerged as a current target for neuromodulation. The present study was conducted to characterize the neuroprotective action of AhR modulators, i.e., 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) and ɑ-naphthoflavone (ANF) in an experimental model of stroke using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in Wistar rats.

Methods: The animals were treated with respective AhR modulators via intraperitoneal (i.p) injection 3 hrs after MCAO for 4 days (at 24 h interval). Following transient MCAO, the brain infarct volume, ND scoring, and various neuro behavioural tests were conducted to confirm the ischemic stroke. Further, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic mRNA expression were assessed. The histopathological changes in the brain of the rats were assessed using H&E staining and the results obtained were correlated with the molecular parameters.

Results: Treatment with AhR modulators had significantly decreased the brain infarct volume, ND scoring and improved neuro-behivoral deficits in animals following MCAO. A significant decrease was also observed in the oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic mRNA expression in the AhR ligand treated groups. Moreover, a significant improvement was observed in the neuronal damage following MCAO in the treatment groups.

Conclusion: AhR pathway modulation may be taken as a valuable therapeutic target for treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

背景：芳基烃受体（AhR）介导的信号通路正在成为神经调节的靶点。本研究采用一过性大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）对 Wistar 大鼠进行脑卒中实验模型研究，旨在鉴定 AhR 调节剂（即 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) 和 ɑ-naphthoflavone (ANF)）的神经保护作用：方法：在 MCAO 发生 3 小时后，通过腹腔注射（i.p）相应的 AhR 调节剂对动物进行为期 4 天（间隔 24 小时）的治疗。一过性 MCAO 后，进行脑梗死体积、ND 评分和各种神经行为测试以确认缺血性中风。此外，还对氧化应激参数、炎症细胞因子和细胞凋亡 mRNA 表达进行了评估。使用 H&E 染色法评估大鼠大脑组织病理学变化，并将评估结果与分子参数进行关联：结果：AhR调节剂能显著减少MCAO后动物的脑梗塞体积和ND评分，并改善神经-精神障碍。AhR 配体治疗组的氧化应激、促炎细胞因子和细胞凋亡 mRNA 表达也明显减少。此外，还观察到治疗组在 MCAO 后神经元损伤方面有明显改善：结论：AhR通路调节可作为治疗急性缺血性中风（AIS）的重要治疗靶点。

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引用次数: 0

Measuring and assessing indeterminacy and variation in the morphology-syntax distinction 测量和评估形态-句法区分的不确定性和变化

IF 2 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Linguistic Typology

Pub Date : 2022-03-24 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-0041

Adam J. R. Tallman, Sandra Auderset

Abstract We provide a discussion of some of the challenges in using statistical methods to investigate the morphology-syntax distinction cross-linguistically. The paper is structured around three problems related to the morphology-syntax distinction: (i) the boundary strength problem; (ii) the composition problem; (iii) the architectural problem. The boundary strength problem refers to the possibility that languages vary in terms of how distinct morphology and syntax are or the degree to which morphology is autonomous. The composition problem refers to the possibility that languages vary in terms of how they distinguish morphology and syntax: what types of properties distinguish the two systems. The architecture problem refers to the possibility that languages vary in terms of whether a global distinction between morphology and syntax is motivated at all and the possibility that languages might partition phenomena in different ways. This paper is concerned with providing an overarching review of the methodological problems involved in addressing these three issues. We illustrate the problems using three statistical methods: correlation matrices, random forests with different choices for the dependent variable, and hierarchical clustering with validation techniques.

摘要本文讨论了使用统计方法跨语言研究词法句法差异的一些挑战。本文围绕三个与形态语法区分相关的问题展开:(i)边界强度问题;(二)构成问题;(iii)建筑问题。边界强度问题指的是语言在词法和句法的不同程度或词法的自治程度上发生变化的可能性。组合问题指的是语言在如何区分词法和语法方面存在差异的可能性:用什么类型的属性区分这两个系统。架构问题指的是语言在词法和语法之间是否存在全局区别方面存在差异的可能性，以及语言可能以不同方式划分现象的可能性。本文关注的是提供解决这三个问题所涉及的方法论问题的总体审查。我们使用三种统计方法来说明这些问题:相关矩阵、对因变量有不同选择的随机森林和使用验证技术的分层聚类。

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引用次数: 2

Jędrzejowski, Łukasz and Przemysław Staniewski: The linguistics of olfaction: Typological and diachronic approaches to synchronic diversity Jędrzejowski， Łukasz和Przemysław斯坦尼斯基:嗅觉语言学:共时多样性的类型学和历时性方法

IF 2 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Linguistic Typology

Pub Date : 2022-03-21 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-0064

Thomas Poulton

引用次数: 3

A desmemic architecture for autotyp: a review article 一种用于自动打字的设计架构:一篇评论文章

IF 2 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Linguistic Typology

Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2022-2093

Adam J. R. Tallman

引用次数: 0

Zariquiey, Roberto, Masayoshi Shibatani and David W. Fleck: Nominalization in languages of the Americas Zariquiey, Roberto, Masayoshi Shibatani和David W. Fleck:《美洲语言中的名词化》

IF 2 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Linguistic Typology

Pub Date : 2022-01-10 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-2092

Katharina katarˈina Haude ˈhawdɘ

引用次数: 0

Challenges of sampling and how phylogenetic comparative methods help: with a case study of the Pama-Nyungan laminal contrast 采样的挑战以及系统发育比较方法如何帮助：以Pama Nyungan薄层对比为例

IF 2 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Linguistic Typology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2021-0025

Jayden L. Macklin-Cordes, Erich R. Round

Abstract Phylogenetic comparative methods are new in our field and are shrouded, for most linguists, in at least a little mystery. Yet the path that led to their discovery in comparative biology is so similar to the methodological history of balanced sampling, that it is only an accident of history that they were not discovered by a linguistic typologist. Here we clarify the essential logic behind phylogenetic comparative methods and their fundamental relatedness to a deep intellectual tradition focussed on sampling. Then we introduce concepts, methods and tools which will enable typologists to use these methods in everyday typological research. The key commonality of phylogenetic comparative methods and balanced sampling is that they attempt to deal with statistical non-independence due to genealogy. Whereas sampling can never achieve independence and requires most comparative data to be discarded, phylogenetic comparative methods achieve independence while retaining and using all comparative data. We discuss the essential notions of phylogenetic signal; uncertainty about trees; typological averages and proportions that are sensitive to genealogy; comparison across language families; and the effects of areality. Extensive supplementary materials illustrate computational tools for practical analysis and we illustrate the methods discussed with a typological case study of the laminal contrast in Pama-Nyungan.

摘要系统发育比较方法在我们的领域是新的，对大多数语言学家来说，至少有点神秘。然而，导致他们在比较生物学中发现的路径与平衡抽样的方法论历史非常相似，以至于他们没有被语言类型学家发现只是历史的偶然。在这里，我们阐明了系统发育比较方法背后的基本逻辑，以及它们与专注于采样的深层知识传统的根本联系。然后，我们介绍了概念、方法和工具，使类型学家能够在日常类型学研究中使用这些方法。系统发育比较方法和平衡抽样的主要共同点是，它们试图处理由于谱系学而导致的统计不独立性。尽管采样永远无法实现独立性，并且需要丢弃大多数比较数据，但系统发育比较方法在保留和使用所有比较数据的同时实现了独立性。我们讨论了系统发育信号的基本概念；树木的不确定性；对谱系敏感的类型平均数和比例；跨语系的比较；以及面积效应。大量的补充材料说明了用于实际分析的计算工具，我们还说明了在Pama Nyungan的薄层对比的类型学案例研究中讨论的方法。

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引用次数: 3

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