Forensic Sciences Research最新文献_第10页

Evaluation of DNA Methylation-Based Age-Prediction Models from Saliva and Buccal Swab Samples Using Pyrosequencing Data 利用焦磷酸测序数据评估唾液和口腔拭子样本的DNA甲基化年龄预测模型

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic Sciences Research

Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020015

Alexandre Poussard, Jean-Yves Curci, C. Siatka, Francis Hermitte, Amaury Pussiau, Hélène Singla-Sanchez, Sylvain Hubac

In forensic genetics, the identification of an individual is often carried out by comparing unknown DNA profiles obtained in a case against databases or references. When no match is found, investigators need new tools in order to obtain additional leads. The latest technical advances now make it possible to predict externally visible characteristics. With this objective, predicting the age of an individual through DNA methylation analysis remains one of the last challenges. The prediction models have to account for the specific constraints of this field, including tissue specificity and DNA availability (i.e., low DNA amounts or low-quality DNA). Jung and colleagues have recently produced models from blood, saliva and buccal cells by using a single base extension sequencing method. With the goal of evaluating these models in our own analytical conditions, saliva and buccal cell samples from 115 French individuals between the ages of 0 and 88 years old were collected and analyzed. After having determined the optimal analysis conditions, including the DNA quantity for bisulfite conversion (75 ng), some differences were highlighted in the measured methylation rates between the two studies. Despite these discrepancies, the prediction performance levels remain very similar, our study showing mean absolute errors of 3.5 years, 3.9 years and 3.2 years, respectively, for the saliva, buccal swab and multitissue model, with limitations observed for the oldest and youngest individuals. Furthermore, we propose the use of a prediction interval with an error dispersion and correct prediction rate at ±5 years and ±10 years, respectively.

在法医遗传学中，个体的鉴定通常是通过将案件中获得的未知DNA档案与数据库或参考资料进行比较来进行的。当没有找到匹配时，调查人员需要新的工具来获得额外的线索。最新的技术进步使预测外部可见的特征成为可能。有了这个目标，通过DNA甲基化分析预测个体的年龄仍然是最后的挑战之一。预测模型必须考虑到该领域的特定限制，包括组织特异性和DNA可用性(即低DNA量或低质量DNA)。Jung和他的同事们最近利用单碱基扩展测序方法从血液、唾液和口腔细胞中制造出了模型。为了在我们自己的分析条件下评估这些模型，我们收集和分析了115名年龄在0到88岁之间的法国人的唾液和口腔细胞样本。在确定了最佳分析条件后，包括亚硫酸氢盐转化的DNA量(75 ng)，两项研究中甲基化率的测量结果存在一些差异。尽管存在这些差异，但预测性能水平仍然非常相似，我们的研究显示，唾液、口腔拭子和多组织模型的平均绝对误差分别为3.5年、3.9年和3.2年，对最年长和最年轻的个体存在局限性。此外，我们建议使用误差分散和正确预测率分别为±5年和±10年的预测区间。

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引用次数: 1

Age-at-Death Estimation: Accuracy and Reliability of Common Age-Reporting Strategies in Forensic Anthropology 死亡年龄估计:法医人类学常用年龄报告策略的准确性和可靠性

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic Sciences Research

Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3010014

Christine Bailey, Giovanna M. Vidoli

Forensic anthropologists build a biological profile—consisting of sex, age, population affinity, and stature estimates—to assist medicolegal stakeholders in the identification of unknown human skeletal remains. While adult age-at-death estimations can narrow the pool of potential individuals, a lack of standards, best practices, and consensus among anthropologists for method selection and the production of a final age estimate present significant challenges. The purpose of this research is to identify age-reporting strategies that provide the most accurate and reliable (i.e., low inaccuracy and low bias) adult age-at-death estimates when evaluated considering the total sample, age cohort (20–39; 40–59; 60–79), and sex. Age-reporting strategies in this study were derived from six age-at-death estimation methods and tested on 58 adult individuals (31 males, 27 females) from the UTK Donated Skeletal Collection. An experienced-based estimation strategy was also assessed. A paired-samples t-test was used to determine whether there was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the mean estimated age and the actual age for all age-reporting strategies. Results show that the most accurate and reliable age-reporting strategy varied if the sample was evaluated as a whole, by age, or by sex. While none of the age-reporting strategies evaluated in this study were consistently the most accurate and reliable for all of the sample categories, the experience-based approach performed well for each group.

法医人类学家建立了一个生物档案——包括性别、年龄、人口亲和力和身高估计——以帮助法医利益相关者识别未知的人类骨骼遗骸。虽然估计成人死亡年龄可以缩小潜在个体的范围，但人类学家在方法选择和最终年龄估计的产生方面缺乏标准、最佳实践和共识，这提出了重大挑战。本研究的目的是确定年龄报告策略，提供最准确和可靠(即低不准确性和低偏差)的成人死亡年龄估计值，考虑到总样本，年龄队列(20-39岁;40岁至59岁;60-79)，以及性。本研究中的年龄报告策略来源于六种死亡年龄估计方法，并对来自UTK捐赠骨骼收藏的58名成年人(31名男性，27名女性)进行了测试。还评估了基于经验的评估策略。采用配对样本t检验确定所有年龄报告策略的平均估计年龄与实际年龄之间是否存在显著差异(p≤0.05)。结果表明，最准确、最可靠的年龄报告策略在样本整体、年龄或性别评估时有所不同。虽然在这项研究中评估的年龄报告策略中，没有一种对所有样本类别都是最准确和可靠的，但基于经验的方法在每一组中都表现良好。

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引用次数: 1

The Effects of Physiological Stress on the Accuracy of Age-at-Death Estimation in The Hamann–Todd Collection 生理应激对哈曼-托德收集的死亡年龄估计准确性的影响

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic Sciences Research

Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3010012

Allyson M. Simon, Colleen M. Cheverko, Melissa A. Clark, Tempest D. Mellendorf, M. Hubbe

Age-at-death estimation is influenced by biological and environmental factors. Physiological stress is intertwined with these factors, yet their impact on senescence and age estimation is unknown. Stature, linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL) in the Hamann–Todd Osteological Collection (n = 297) are used to understand whether physiological stress is related to age estimation inaccuracy using transition analysis (TA). Considering the low socioeconomic status of individuals in the collection, it was expected that many people experienced moderate to severe physiological stressors throughout their lives. Of the sample, 44.1% had at least one LEH, but analyses found no relationship between LEH incidence and TA error. There was no association between stature and TA error for males or females. However, females with at least one LEH had significantly shorter statures (t = 2.412, p = 0.009), but males did not exhibit the same pattern (t = 1.498, p = 0.068). Further, AMTL frequency and TA error were related (r = 0.276, p < 0.001). A partial correlation controlling for age-at-death yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.024 (p = 0.684), suggesting that this relationship is mostly explained by age-at-death. These data suggest that age estimation methods are not significantly affected by physiological stress in this sample, but further investigations are needed to understand how these variables relate to skeletal aging.

死亡年龄估计受生物和环境因素的影响。生理应激与这些因素交织在一起，但它们对衰老和年龄估计的影响尚不清楚。利用Hamann-Todd骨学收集(n = 297)的身高、线性牙釉质发育不全(LEH)和死前牙齿脱落(AMTL)来了解生理应激是否与使用过渡分析(TA)估计年龄不准确有关。考虑到收集中个体的低社会经济地位，预计许多人一生中都会经历中度到重度的生理压力。在样本中，44.1%至少有一个LEH，但分析发现LEH发生率与TA误差之间没有关系。男性和女性的身高和TA误差之间没有关联。然而，至少有一个LEH的女性明显更矮(t = 2.412, p = 0.009)，而男性没有表现出相同的模式(t = 1.498, p = 0.068)。此外，AMTL频率与TA误差相关(r = 0.276, p < 0.001)。在控制死亡年龄的偏相关中，相关系数为0.024 (p = 0.684)，表明这种关系主要由死亡年龄来解释。这些数据表明，在该样本中，年龄估计方法不受生理应激的显著影响，但需要进一步研究以了解这些变量与骨骼衰老的关系。

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引用次数: 0

The Code of Ethics and Conduct for Forensic Specialists: A Framework from The Portuguese Association of Forensic Sciences 《法医专家道德和行为准则:葡萄牙法医科学协会框架》

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic Sciences Research

Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3010013

Áurea Madureira-Carvalho, N. Gomes, D. Dias-da-Silva, R. Azevedo, Luís Fernandes, R. Dinis-Oliveira, I. Caldas

Forensic sciences aggregate a series of scientific and technological domains that aid the judiciary and judicial system. Despite the highly specialized and qualified professionals taking a role in forensic practice, this paradigmatic integration of law, science, and technology often leads them to face significant ethical challenges. Indeed, forensic sciences hold a unique position due to the social and legal implications inherent to forensic expertise. The potential interference with personal rights and freedoms requires the professional practice of the forensic specialist to be guided by alignment with scientific-technical competence under the seal of the highest ethical principles. However, the absence of a specific statutory regulation blurs the performance of the forensic professional and may harm the professional credibility but also the scientific domain as a whole. The existence of ethical pillars is essential to support professional practice, following international recommendations in this regard. Herein, we propose a framework for a code of ethics and conduct that is based on the professional particularities characterizing the forensic practice but also considers the ethical issues that are mandatory to ensure high levels of reliability and credibility of forensic specialists.

法医学集合了一系列有助于司法和司法系统的科学和技术领域。尽管高度专业化和合格的专业人员在法医实践中发挥作用，但这种法律，科学和技术的范式整合往往导致他们面临重大的道德挑战。事实上，由于法医专业知识所固有的社会和法律影响，法医学具有独特的地位。对个人权利和自由的潜在干扰要求法医专家的专业实践以符合科学技术能力为指导，并遵循最高的道德原则。然而，缺乏具体的法定规定模糊了法医专业人员的表现，可能损害专业信誉，也可能损害整个科学领域。遵循这方面的国际建议，道德支柱的存在对于支持专业实践至关重要。在此，我们提出了一个道德和行为准则框架，该框架基于法医实践的专业特殊性，但也考虑了确保法医专家高水平可靠性和可信度的强制性道德问题。

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引用次数: 1

Discrimination between falls and blows from the localization and the number of fractures on computed tomography scans of the skull and the trunk. 从颅骨和躯干计算机断层扫描的骨折位置和数量区分跌倒和打击。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic Sciences Research

Pub Date : 2023-03-09 eCollection Date: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owad006

Mélanie Henriques, Bérengère Saliba-Serre, Laurent Martrille, Alain Blum, Kathia Chaumoître, Paulo Donato, Nuno Campos, Eugénia Cunha, Pascal Adalian

The distinction between falls and blows is a common and difficult task in forensic sciences. One of the most often used criteria to address this issue is the hat brim line (HBL) rule, which states that fall-related injuries do not lie above the HBL. Some studies, however, have found that the use of HBL rule is not so relevant. This study assesses the aetiologies, the number of fractures, and their location on the skull and the trunk in a sample of 400 individuals aged 20-49 years, which were CT scanned after traumas. This may facilitate the interpretation of such injuries in skeletonized or heavily decomposed bodies in which soft tissues are no longer available. Our aim is to improve the distinction rate between falls and blows by combining several criteria and assessing their predictability. Skeletal lesions were analysed using retrospective CT scans. Cases selected comprise 235 falls and 165 blows. We registered the presence and the number of fractures in 14 skeletal anatomical regions related to the two different aetiologies. We showed that the HBL rule should be used with caution, but there is nevertheless a possibility of discussing the aetiology of blunt fractures. Possibly, parameters like the anatomical location and the number of fractures by region can be used to distinguish falls and blows.

在法医学中，区分摔伤和击打是一项常见而又困难的工作。解决这一问题最常用的标准之一是帽檐线（HBL）规则，即与跌落有关的伤害不在帽檐线之上。然而，一些研究发现，HBL 规则的使用并不那么相关。本研究以 400 名年龄在 20-49 岁之间的人为样本，评估了创伤后进行 CT 扫描的病因、骨折数量及其在头骨和躯干上的位置。这可能会有助于解释骸骨化或严重腐烂的尸体中的此类损伤，因为其中的软组织已不复存在。我们的目的是通过结合几种标准并评估其可预测性来提高摔伤和击打伤的区分率。我们使用回顾性 CT 扫描对骨骼病变进行了分析。所选病例包括 235 例跌倒和 165 例击打。我们登记了与两种不同病因相关的 14 个骨骼解剖区域的骨折情况和数量。我们的研究表明，应谨慎使用 HBL 规则，但仍有可能讨论钝性骨折的病因。解剖位置和各区域骨折数量等参数有可能用于区分跌倒和打击。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring Adult Age-at-Death Research in Anthropology: Bibliometric Mapping and Content Analysis 人类学成人死亡年龄研究探索:文献计量测绘与内容分析

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic Sciences Research

Pub Date : 2023-03-08 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3010011

V. Campanacho, Francisca Alves-Cardoso

Although there are known limited skeletal traits that can be used to estimate age-at-death, an increasing body of literature is addressing this topic. This is particularly true in journals dedicated to forensic anthropology and past population studies. Research has focused mostly on methodological developments, aiming to update and validate age-at-death methods’ accuracy, with recurrent formulation, reformulation, testing, and re-testing of classical methodological approaches in multiple populational datasets and using novel statistical approaches. This paper explores aging research in adults published over the last century, aiming to portray major research agendas and highlight main institutions and co-authorship networks. A comprehensive dataset of bibliometric data from 1225 publications on age-at-death estimation, published between 1890 and October 2022, was used in the analysis. Major results showed that since the 1990s there has been continuous growth in aging research, predominantly by institutions in the United States. However, in the last 2 decades, research contributions from institutions with a wider geographical location were observed. Moreover, the research terms associated with aging are not limited to bone changes. Rather, dental-related changes are major contributors to aging research. Temporal trends suggested changes in research agendas related to terms and institutional co-authorships which may bring more inclusive and accurate-related method developments.

虽然已知有限的骨骼特征可以用来估计死亡年龄，但越来越多的文献正在讨论这个话题。在专门研究法医人类学和过去人口研究的期刊上尤其如此。研究主要集中在方法学的发展上，旨在更新和验证死亡年龄方法的准确性，在多个人口数据集中反复制定、重新制定、测试和重新测试经典方法学方法，并使用新的统计方法。本文探讨了上个世纪发表的成人老龄化研究，旨在描绘主要研究议程，突出主要机构和合著者网络。分析中使用了1890年至2022年10月期间出版的1225份关于死亡年龄估计的文献计量数据的综合数据集。主要结果表明，自20世纪90年代以来，老龄化研究持续增长，主要是由美国的机构进行的。然而，在过去20年里，我们观察到来自地理位置更广的机构的研究贡献。此外，与衰老相关的研究术语并不局限于骨骼变化。相反，与牙齿相关的变化是衰老研究的主要贡献者。时间趋势表明，与术语和机构共同作者相关的研究议程发生了变化，这可能带来更具包容性和准确性的相关方法发展。

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引用次数: 0

Is It Time to Revisit the Definition of Serial Homicide? New Evidence and Theory 是时候重新审视连环杀人案的定义了吗?新的证据和理论

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic Sciences Research

Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3010010

Francisca Dinis-Oliveira, Alves Cardoso, P. M. Barone, D. J. Williams

Historically, serial homicide has been defined in various ways by experts. Recently, there have been renewed efforts to arrive at a consensus definition, yet these efforts have not yet been resolved. At the heart of the controversy appears to be the prioritization of either qualitative definitional features, such as offenders’ intentions and motives, or more observable quantitative features, specifically a minimum threshold of completed murders. The present technical note briefly summarizes this controversy before considering new empirical and theoretical research developments. These developments support a definition that includes a three-victim minimum threshold of forensically linked murderers by the same person(s), occurring in separate events over time, wherein a primary motive is often personal gratification (leisure experience).

历史上，专家们对连环杀人案有不同的定义。最近，重新进行了努力以达成协商一致的定义，但这些努力尚未得到解决。争论的核心似乎是对定性定义特征(如罪犯的意图和动机)或更可观察到的定量特征(特别是完成谋杀的最低门槛)的优先排序。在考虑新的实证和理论研究进展之前，本技术说明简要总结了这一争议。这些发展支持了一个定义，其中包括三个受害者的最低阈值，即法医上有联系的凶手是同一个人，发生在不同的事件中，其中主要动机通常是个人满足(休闲体验)。

引用次数: 0

The Composite Method: A Novel, Continuum-Based Approach to Estimating Age from the Female Pubic Symphysis with Particular Relevance to Mature Adults 复合方法:一种新的、基于连续体的方法来估计女性耻骨联合的年龄，与成熟的成年人特别相关

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic Sciences Research

Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3010009

J. Truesdell

While a myriad of effective techniques exist to aid in symphyseal age estimation for those 40 years and younger, few offer similar levels of efficacy for those beyond that threshold. Through the application of a novel technique, this study sought to determine whether a closer inspection of degenerative change may help to improve precision in age estimation for post-epiphyseal adults. Results show that the combination of five distinct areas of interest, plus a correction for density, accurately estimated age 87.75% of the time (averaged amongst four observers [spread: 72–100%]) for a subset of 50 living British females. An adjusted R2 value of 0.85, an RSME value of 5.62 years, and a PCC value of 0.92 also confirmed the trialed technique to be a good predictor of age for the entirety of the larger female sample (n = 533). Low inaccuracy (3.86 years) and Bias (0.69 years) further indicate that a continuum-based approach, without pre-set phases or ranges, such as was utilized by this research holds the potential to be at least as effective as the currently available methodologies but with the added advantage of allowing for increased variation at the individual level. Age estimation by linear regression, or by simple addition, yielded estimation envelopes (intervals) of 22–23 and 24 years, respectively, which remain narrow enough to be forensically useful while still wide enough to maximize accuracy in mature adults.

虽然有无数有效的技术可以帮助估计40岁及以下的人的联合神经年龄，但很少有技术能对超过40岁的人提供类似的疗效。通过一项新技术的应用，本研究试图确定对退行性改变的更密切检查是否有助于提高骺后成人年龄估计的精度。结果表明，结合五个不同的兴趣区域，加上对密度的校正，对50名在世的英国女性子集准确估计了87.75%的年龄(四个观察者的平均值[差值:72-100%])。校正后的R2值为0.85,RSME值为5.62年，PCC值为0.92也证实了该试验技术对于整个较大女性样本(n = 533)是一个很好的年龄预测器。低不准确性(3.86年)和偏差(0.69年)进一步表明，基于连续体的方法，没有预先设定的阶段或范围，如本研究所使用的方法，具有至少与当前可用方法一样有效的潜力，但具有允许个体水平上增加变化的额外优势。通过线性回归的年龄估计，或者通过简单的加法，分别产生了22-23岁和24岁的估计范围(间隔)，它仍然足够窄，可以在法医上有用，同时仍然足够宽，可以在成年人中最大限度地提高准确性。

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引用次数: 0

Risk of occupational infection in forensic workers: a review. 法医工作人员职业感染风险分析综述。

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic Sciences Research

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owad001

Laurène Dufayet, Jerome Langrand, Bertrand Ludes

The occupational risk of infection in forensic workers is a cause for concern, furthermore in the current context of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. In order to characterize this risk, we performed an extended review of the literature on occupational infections occurring in forensic workers. Seventeen articles were included. Direct contamination by aerosolization was the main mode of transmission reported, with 17 cases of tuberculosis. Indirect contamination was described as the mode of transmission in 10 cases (five cases of blastomycosis, two cases of tuberculosis, two Streptococcus pyogenes, and one case of human immunodeficiency virus). In all the other included cases, the mode of transmission was unknown. For two of them, the information provided was sufficient to link them to occupational exposure (one case of toxoplasmosis, one case of tuberculosis). For the remaining 10 cases, the link was uncertain (six cases of tuberculosis, three of hepatitis B, and one of COVID-19). Even if there is probably significant under-declaration, the number of infections linked to an occupational risk in forensic workers is not alarming, thanks to effective preventive measures.

此外，在当前冠状病毒病-19 (COVID-19)大流行的背景下，法医工作者的职业感染风险令人担忧。为了描述这种风险，我们对法医工作者职业感染的文献进行了广泛的回顾。共纳入17篇文章。雾化直接污染是报告的主要传播方式，有17例结核病病例。间接污染被描述为10例传播方式(5例芽孢菌病，2例结核病，2例化脓性链球菌和1例人类免疫缺陷病毒)。在所有其他病例中，传播方式尚不清楚。对于其中两人，所提供的信息足以将其与职业接触联系起来(一例弓形虫病，一例结核病)。对于其余10例病例，这种联系尚不确定(6例结核病，3例乙型肝炎和1例COVID-19)。即使可能严重漏报，由于采取了有效的预防措施，法医工作者中与职业风险有关的感染人数也不会令人震惊。

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引用次数: 0

A forensic case of hydranencephaly in a preterm neonate fully documented by postmortem imaging techniques. 法医病例无脑畸形在早产新生儿充分记录的死后成像技术。

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic Sciences Research

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owad002

Coraline Egger, Fabrice Dédouit, Bettina Schrag, Sylviane Hanquinet, Tony Fracasso

Abstract The authors present a medico-legal autopsy case of hydranencephaly in a male preterm newborn, fully documented by postmortem unenhanced and enhanced imaging techniques (postmortem computed tomography and postmortem magnetic resonance imaging). Hydranencephaly is a congenital anomaly of the central nervous system, consisting in almost complete absence of the cerebral hemispheres and replacement of the cerebral parenchyma by cerebrospinal fluid, rarely encountered in forensic medical practice. A premature baby was born during the supposed 22nd and 24th week of pregnancy in the context of a denial of pregnancy without any follow-up. The newborn died a few hours after birth and medico-legal investigations were requested to determine the cause of death and exclude the intervention of a third person in the lethal process. The external examination revealed neither traumatic nor malformative lesions. Postmortem imaging investigations were typical of hydranencephaly, and conventional medico-legal autopsy, neuropathological examination, and histological examination confirmed a massive necrotic-haemorrhagic hydranencephaly. This case represents in itself an association of out-of-the-ordinary elements making it worthy of interest. Key Points Postmortem unenhanced and enhanced imaging techniques (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) were performed as complementary examination to conventional medico-legal investigations. Postmortem angiography of a preterm newborn is possible with catheterization of the umbilical blood vessels. Hydranencephaly is a congenital anomaly of the central nervous system, consisting in almost complete absence of the cerebral hemispheres and replacement of the brain by cerebrospinal fluid, for which several aetiologies have been postulated.

作者提出了一个男性早产新生儿无脑畸形的法医尸检病例，通过尸检非增强和增强成像技术(尸检计算机断层扫描和尸检磁共振成像)充分记录。无脑畸形是一种中枢神经系统的先天性异常，包括大脑半球几乎完全缺失和脑实质被脑脊液替代，在法医实践中很少遇到。一个早产儿在怀孕的第22周和第24周出生，在没有任何随访的情况下否认怀孕。新生儿在出生几小时后死亡，要求进行法医学调查，以确定死亡原因，并排除第三人介入致死过程。外部检查未发现外伤性或畸形病变。死后影像学检查为典型的水无脑畸形，常规法医尸检、神经病理学检查和组织学检查证实为大量坏死-出血性水无脑畸形。这个案例本身就代表了一些不同寻常的因素，值得关注。重点:尸检非增强和增强成像技术(计算机断层扫描和磁共振成像)作为常规法医调查的补充检查。早产新生儿的死后血管造影术可以用脐带血管插管。无脑畸形是一种中枢神经系统的先天性异常，包括大脑半球几乎完全缺失和脑被脑脊液替代，其几种病因已被假设。

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引用次数: 0