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How to sample a seizure plant: the role of the visualization spatial distribution analysis of Lophophora williamsii as an example. 如何对癫痫植物进行采样:以狼鱼的可视化空间分布分析为例。
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2023-05-22 eCollection Date: 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owad014
Jiaman Lin, Keming Yun, Qiran Sun, Ping Xiang, Lina Wu, Shuo Yang, Junling Dun, Shanlin Fu, Hang Chen

Natural compounds in plants are often unevenly distributed, and determining the best sampling locations to obtain the most representative results is technically challenging. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) can provide the basis for formulating sampling guideline. For a succulent plant sample, ensuring the authenticity and in situ nature of the spatial distribution analysis results during MSI analysis also needs to be thoroughly considered. In this study, we developed a well-established and reliable MALDI-MSI method based on preservation methods, slice conditions, auxiliary matrices, and MALDI parameters to detect and visualize the spatial distribution of mescaline in situ in Lophophora williamsii. The MALDI-MSI results were validated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Low-temperature storage at -80°C and drying of "bookmarks" were the appropriate storage methods for succulent plant samples and their flower samples, and cutting into 40 μm thick sections at -20°C using gelatin as the embedding medium is the appropriate sectioning method. The use of DCTB (trans-2-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenylidene]malononitrile) as an auxiliary matrix and a laser intensity of 45 are favourable MALDI parameter conditions for mescaline analysis. The region of interest semi-quantitative analysis revealed that mescaline is concentrated in the epidermal tissues of L. williamsii as well as in the meristematic tissues of the crown. The study findings not only help to provide a basis for determining the best sampling locations for mescaline in L. williamsii, but they also provide a reference for the optimization of storage and preparation conditions for raw plant organs before MALDI detection.

Key points: An accurate in situ MSI method for fresh water-rich succulent plants was obtained based on multi-parameter comparative experiments.Spatial imaging analysis of mescaline in Lophophora williamsii was performed using the above method.Based on the above results and previous results, a sampling proposal for forensic medicine practice is tentatively proposed.

植物中的天然化合物通常分布不均,确定最佳采样位置以获得最具代表性的结果在技术上具有挑战性。基质辅助激光解吸/电离质谱成像(MALDI-MSI)可以为制定采样指南提供依据。对于多肉植物样本,还需要充分考虑MSI分析过程中空间分布分析结果的真实性和原位性质。在本研究中,我们基于保存方法、切片条件、辅助基质和MALDI参数,开发了一种成熟可靠的MALDI-MSI方法,以原位检测和可视化麦司卡林在Lophophophora williamsii中的空间分布。MALDI-MSI结果使用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行验证。多肉植物样品及其花样品的适宜保存方法为-80°C低温保存和“书签”干燥,以明胶为包埋介质在-20°C下切成40μm厚的切片是适宜的切片方法。使用DCTB(反式-2-[3-(4-叔丁基苯基)-2-甲基-2-亚丙烯基]丙二腈)作为辅助基质和45的激光强度是用于梅斯卡林分析的有利的MALDI参数条件。感兴趣区域的半定量分析显示,麦司卡林集中在L.williamsii的表皮组织以及牙冠的分生组织中。研究结果不仅有助于为确定williamsii中梅斯卡林的最佳取样位置提供依据,还为MALDI检测前优化植物原始器官的储存和制备条件提供了参考。要点:通过多参数比较实验,获得了一种准确的富水多肉植物原位MSI方法。采用上述方法对石竹中的梅斯卡林进行了空间成像分析。在此基础上,结合以往的研究结果,初步提出了法医学实践的抽样建议。
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引用次数: 0
Innovations in Forensic Sciences for Human Identification by DNA in the French Gendarmerie during the Last 10 Years 近十年来法国宪兵队在人类DNA鉴定方面的法医学创新
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020024
Stéphane Sauvagère, Amaury Pussiau, Sylvain Hubac, Audrey Gouello, Alexandre Poussard, J. Lavigne, Amel Larnane, C. Siatka, Francis Hermitte
The IRCGN (Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale) is a forensic science institute built by the French Gendarmerie which has the ability to exploit crime scene evidence. Any piece of evidence, anywhere in the world, in any environment, can be examined by IRCGN teams deployed in just a few hours. During the past 10 years, experts specializing in genetics have developed innovative genetic engineering technologies for application in forensic sciences. In this review, we highlight the main innovations and the creation of new tools for human identification, which are fully suited to the French Gendarmerie’s needs. Devices developed by the IRCGN are specific to the Gendarmerie’s purposes.
法国国家宪兵队刑事研究所(IRCGN)是法国宪兵队建立的一个法医学研究所,具有利用犯罪现场证据的能力。在世界任何地方、任何环境下的任何证据都可以在短短几个小时内由IRCGN小组进行检查。在过去的十年中,专门从事遗传学的专家开发了用于法医学的创新基因工程技术。在这次审查中,我们强调了主要的创新和创造了完全适合法国宪兵队需要的人类身份识别新工具。IRCGN开发的设备专门用于宪兵队的目的。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of Derivatization Methods for Groomed Latent Print Residues Analysis via Gas Chromatography 气相色谱分析修饰潜印残留物衍生化方法的比较
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020023
Jessica Kindell, Candice M. Bridge
The practice of latent print analysis is comprised of a visual examination and the comparison of the fingerprint pattern from a questioned print to an exemplar(s). When a questioned print is either smudged or contains little pattern detail, the print comparison would be considered an inconclusive determination. However, in these scenarios, the latent print residues (LPRs) could provide associative information to supplement the current ACE-V (Analysis, Comparison, Examination-Verification) process. Advancements using analytical techniques allow for the analysis of LPR chemistry; however, derivatization is generally required to increase the abundance of components not traditionally observed in gas chromatography. This study aimed to determine whether two derivatization reagents, boron trifluoride in methanol (BF3-MeOH) and N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), provide a better recovery of LPR components from a porous or non-porous substrate. Five volunteers deposited groomed latent print samples onto two substrates: a microfiber filter (porous) and a microscope slide (non-porous). The residues were derivatized or evaporated prior to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The percent recoveries were higher, >83%, in the DCM extracted samples for both substrates compared to those samples prepared in hexanes. DCM/MSTFA derivatization provided the recovery of fatty acids that ranged from 20 to 30% for both substrates and a recovery of squalene at a rate of 2.37% for the filter sample and 4.2% for the slide sample. These rates were higher than the recovery rates obtained for the hexanes/BF3-MeOH-derivatized samples, with a range of 1–8% for the fatty acids recovery rates and 0.6–0.85% for squalene from both substrates. Overall, the MSTFA derivatization reagent produced higher recoveries for LPR on porous and non-porous substrates while providing a LPR chromatographic profile similar to that of a non-derivatized sample. The use of DCM as a solvent provided a wider range of LPR components recovered than hexanes and, thus, should be used as the extraction solvent when derivatizing samples, regardless of the substrate.
潜在指纹分析的实践包括视觉检查和从被质疑的指纹到样本的指纹模式的比较。当被质疑的指纹被弄脏或包含很少的图案细节时,指纹比较将被认为是一个不确定的决定。然而,在这些情况下,潜印残留物(LPRs)可以提供关联信息,以补充当前的ACE-V(分析,比较,检验-验证)流程。分析技术的进步使LPR化学分析成为可能;然而,衍生化通常需要增加传统气相色谱中未观察到的组分的丰度。本研究旨在确定两种衍生化试剂,甲醇中的三氟化硼(BF3-MeOH)和n-甲基- n-(三甲基硅基)三氟乙酰胺(MSTFA)是否能更好地从多孔或非多孔底物中回收LPR成分。五名志愿者将整理好的潜在指纹样本放在两种基质上:微纤维过滤器(多孔)和显微镜载玻片(无多孔)。在气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析之前,将残留物衍生化或蒸发。两种底物中DCM提取的样品的回收率均高于己烷制备的样品,回收率约为83%。DCM/MSTFA衍生化对两种底物的脂肪酸回收率均在20 - 30%之间,过滤样品的角鲨烯回收率为2.37%,载玻片样品的角鲨烯回收率为4.2%。这些回收率高于己烷/ bf3 -甲醇衍生样品的回收率,从两种底物中提取的脂肪酸回收率为1-8%,角鲨烯回收率为0.6-0.85%。总的来说,MSTFA衍生化试剂在多孔和非多孔底物上对LPR的回收率更高,同时提供了与非衍生化样品相似的LPR色谱图谱。与己烷相比,使用DCM作为溶剂可以回收更广泛的LPR成分,因此,在衍生化样品时,无论底物是什么,都应使用DCM作为提取溶剂。
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引用次数: 1
Among Bodies: Portuguese Cemeterial Exhumations Three Years after a Pandemic 尸体之间:流行病三年后的葡萄牙墓地发掘
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020022
Angela Silva-Bessa, M. T. Ferreira, R. Dinis-Oliveira
On 19 March 2020, a “state of emergency” was declared in Portugal due to the manifestation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with an exponential rate of infection and high mortality and morbidity rates. Since then, the state of emergency was declared a further fifteen times until 30 April 2021, during which a total of 16,974 deaths associated with COVID-19 were acknowledged in the country. Over the aforementioned period, guidelines were followed regarding the handling of suspected cases in autopsy rooms, mortuaries, and cemeteries. However, no procedures have been established regarding the handling of human remains during and after cemeterial exhumations. Furthermore, little is known about the virus survival and its spatial distribution in postmortem human tissues. Given that the minimum Portuguese legal period of inhumation is ending and cemeteries have been facing limited burial space and soon will start exhuming buried individuals, the authors believe it is important to reflect on the matter.
2020年3月19日,葡萄牙宣布进入“紧急状态”,原因是出现了严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2),感染呈指数级增长,死亡率和发病率都很高。从那时起,到2021年4月30日,又宣布了15次紧急状态,在此期间,该国确认与COVID-19相关的死亡人数为16,974人。在上述期间,遵循了在尸检室、停尸房和墓地处理疑似病例的准则。但是,没有制定关于在墓地挖掘期间和之后处理人类遗骸的程序。此外,人们对病毒在死后人体组织中的生存和空间分布知之甚少。考虑到葡萄牙法律规定的最低期限即将结束,墓地的埋葬空间有限,很快就会开始挖掘被埋葬的人,作者认为反思这个问题很重要。
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引用次数: 0
A Complementary Remote-Sensing Method to Find Persons Missing in Water: Two Case Studies 一种寻找水中失踪人员的互补遥感方法:两个案例研究
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020021
P. M. Barone, Rosa Maria Di Maggio, Silvia Mesturini
This short communication discusses how a specific geoarchaeological remote-sensing (RS) method, such as analyzing satellite images through NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index), can be used to aid in searching and locating persons missing in watercourses. Thanks to its high capacity to analyze changes in the surface water area, this index can remotely detect the presence of anomalies related to disappearances in water bodies and provide valuable information that can reduce the use of human resources and help pinpoint likely areas of search. Two real-life cases of missing persons in rivers in which the NDWI index was used are presented, and the results obtained are discussed, emphasizing the importance of NDWI analysis as a complementary method to different approaches, especially non-invasive and remote-sensed ones, when positively searching for missing persons.
这篇简短的通讯讨论了一种特定的地质考古遥感(RS)方法,例如通过NDWI(归一化差水指数)分析卫星图像,可以用来帮助搜索和定位在水道中失踪的人。由于具有分析地表水区域变化的高能力,该指数可以远程检测水体中与失踪有关的异常情况的存在,并提供有价值的信息,可以减少人力资源的使用,并帮助确定可能的搜索区域。本文介绍了两个使用NDWI指数的河流失踪者的实际案例,并对结果进行了讨论,强调了NDWI分析在积极寻找失踪者时作为不同方法,特别是非侵入性和遥感方法的补充方法的重要性。
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引用次数: 2
Comparing Traditional Age Estimation at the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency to Age Estimation Using Random Forest Regression 国防战俘/失踪人员会计机构的传统年龄估计与随机森林回归年龄估计的比较
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2023-04-19 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020020
Kyle A. McCormick
Age estimation from developmental traits is typically assessed in isolation, where an age range is derived from known individuals that exhibit that degree of fusion. There are no objective means for incorporating developmental evidence from multiple areas of the skeleton into one cohesive age estimate. This limitation is obvious in the casework at the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA), where subjectivity is introduced into age estimates based on multiple age indictors. This holds true even when age is derived from one source, The 1957 study by McKern and Stewart). This study uses 388 individuals from the McKern and Stewart study and 41 individuals from the Battle of Tarawa and uses Random Forest Regression (RFR) to estimate an age interval using multiple age indicators. These RFR estimates are compared to age estimates from the Forensic Anthropology Reports (FARs). Overall, FAR age estimates are more accurate (92.7%) than those from the two RFR models (80.5% and 76.6%). This increase in accuracy comes at the cost of some precision (FARs average age interval of 8.1 years and RFR average age intervals of 6.3 and 6.4 years). The RFR models prefer age indicators with late fusion, such as the medial clavicle, and the pubic symphysis, which exhibit a combination of developmental and degenerative ages in morphology. Some avenues for further research are discussed.
根据发育特征估计的年龄通常是孤立评估的,年龄范围来自表现出这种融合程度的已知个体。没有客观的方法将来自骨骼多个区域的发育证据整合到一个有凝聚力的年龄估计中。这种限制在国防部战俘/失踪人员会计机构(DPAA)的案例中很明显,在这个案例中,主观性被引入到基于多个年龄指标的年龄估计中。即使年龄来自一个来源(1957年McKern和Stewart的研究),这也是正确的。这项研究使用了来自McKern和Stewart研究的388个人和来自塔拉瓦战役的41个人,并使用随机森林回归(RFR)来估计使用多个年龄指标的年龄间隔。这些RFR估计值与法医人类学报告(FARs)的年龄估计值进行了比较。总体而言,FAR的年龄估计值(92.7%)比两种RFR模型(80.5%和76.6%)更准确。这种准确性的提高是以一些精度为代价的(far的平均年龄间隔为8.1岁,RFR的平均年龄间隔为6.3岁和6.4岁)。RFR模型更倾向于融合较晚的年龄指标,如内侧锁骨和耻骨联合,在形态学上表现为发育年龄和退行性年龄的结合。讨论了进一步研究的一些途径。
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引用次数: 0
CBD-Containing Liquids for e-Cigarettes: Formation of Psychotropic and Secondary Cannabinoids and Amount of CBD Surviving the Smoking Procedure 电子烟含CBD液体:精神药物和次级大麻素的形成以及吸烟过程中幸存的CBD数量
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020019
Andrea Capucciati, Arianna Bini, B. Mannucci, A. Porta, A. Profumo, D. Merli
Recently, as the interest in cannabidiol (CBD) has grown due to its therapeutic potential, e-cigarette liquids containing CBD have proliferated on the market. Typically, e-liquids contain variable concentrations of CBD (from 2 mg∙mL−1 to 20 mg∙mL−1) in propylene glycol or 70:30 propylene glycol:glycerol mixture and are eventually flavored with food-grade flavors. In this work, carried out by a GC-MS analysis of the condensed smoke produced by a real e-cig, we have demonstrated the actual amount of CBD that can survive the smoking process, and we found that negligible amounts of THCs are formed during the smoking process (i.e., the amount formed was <0.005 mg for each mg of vaped CBD); considering that the threshold dose for ∆9-THC is around 2.5 mg (smoked or ingested per os), it is reasonable to conclude that accidental THC intoxication is unlikely, which is a very important issue from a forensic point of view, as in some court cases the use of e-cig liquids containing CBD has been argued as being the source of THC intoxication. Furthermore, all the other cannabinoids considered in this study and potentially derived from CBD thermal degradation have concentrations below the instrumental LOD.
最近,由于大麻二酚(CBD)的治疗潜力,人们对它的兴趣越来越大,含有CBD的电子烟液体在市场上激增。通常,电子液体在丙二醇或丙二醇:甘油70:30的混合物中含有不同浓度的CBD(从2mg∙mL−1到20mg∙mL−1),并最终以食品级香料调味。在这项工作中,通过对真实电子烟产生的冷凝烟雾进行气相色谱-质谱分析,我们已经证明了吸烟过程中可以存活的CBD的实际数量,并且我们发现在吸烟过程中形成的THCs数量可以忽略不计(即,形成的数量<0.005 mg每mg蒸发的CBD);考虑到∆9-THC的阈值剂量约为2.5毫克(吸烟或摄入),可以合理地得出结论,意外的THC中毒是不太可能的,从法医的角度来看,这是一个非常重要的问题,因为在一些法庭案件中,使用含有CBD的电子烟液体被认为是THC中毒的来源。此外,本研究中考虑的所有其他大麻素以及可能来自CBD热降解的大麻素浓度均低于仪器LOD。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Case Reveals a Nineteenth Century Trauma Analysis and Presentation of a Skull as Evidence in a Homicide Trial 最近的一个案例揭示了19世纪的创伤分析,并在杀人案审判中提出了头骨作为证据
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020018
H. Garvin, Lindsey Hohulin, Alexis VanBaarle, Andrew Wilson
Following a recent death, a human skull was found in a worn physician bag at the decedent’s residence. The bag was labeled with the name “G.B. Ward”, who was found to be a practicing physician and surgeon in the late 1800s, and contained historic medical paraphernalia and letters and receipts dated to the late 1890s. A forensic anthropological analysis of the skull concluded that it was not of modern medicolegal significance but revealed certain inconsistencies with standard professionally prepared anatomical specimens. This initiated further investigation into the history of G.B. Ward, which ultimately resulted in the circumstantial identification of the skull and revealed more than forty detailed newspaper accounts of its evidentiary use in an 1895 homicide trial in the rural United States. Ultimately, the Prosecution’s argument was likely based on the misinterpretation of a transmaxillary (Le Fort) fracture, which had yet to be defined in the medical literature. This case study emphasizes the importance of investigative and forensic anthropological efforts and cautions against cursory designations of skeletal remains as medical specimens. It also highlights the early recognition of the evidentiary value of skeletal remains in court cases and pioneering efforts in performing forensic skeletal trauma analyses.
在最近的一起死亡事件中,在死者住所的一个破旧的医生包里发现了一个人类头骨。袋子上贴着“G.B.”的标签在19世纪后期,他被发现是一名执业内科医生和外科医生,里面有历史悠久的医疗用具,以及19世纪90年代末的信件和收据。对头骨进行的法医人类学分析得出的结论是,它不具有现代医学意义,但与标准的专业解剖标本存在某些不一致之处。这引发了对G.B.沃德历史的进一步调查,最终导致了对头骨的间接鉴定,并揭示了在1895年美国农村一起谋杀案审判中使用头骨作为证据的四十多份详细的报纸报道。最终,控方的论点可能是基于对经上颌骨折(Le Fort)的误解,这在医学文献中尚未得到定义。本案例研究强调了调查和法医人类学工作的重要性,并告诫不要草率地将骨骼遗骸指定为医学标本。它还强调了在法庭案件中早期认识到骨骼遗骸的证据价值,以及在进行法医骨骼创伤分析方面的开创性努力。
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引用次数: 0
Crime Scene Novichok—Optical Detection of Fourth-Generation Agents (FGAs) Using Handheld Forensic Light Sources 基于手持式法医光源的第四代探员(FGAs)犯罪现场诺维乔克光学检测
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020017
Gerald Bauer, Agnes Wildauer, G. Povoden, Benjamin Menzi, C. Curty
Novichok-like or fourth-generation agents (FGAs) are chemical warfare agents (CWAs) which have been gaining attention since their use in assassination attempts on Sergei Skripal and Alexei Navalny. Due to their physicochemical properties, these substances are difficult to detect by implemented technologies, resulting in massive response efforts if their occurrence is suspected in a civilian environment. In this work, an approach is presented that uses handheld forensic light sources to visually detect surfaces contaminated with Novichok. More than 100 different wavelength combinations were applied to seven substances chosen to represent the newly listed schedule 1 subgroups in the Annex on Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention. One waveband was identified as promising, which allowed the optical detection of all tested substances. Several surfaces, which could be affected in case of a possible attack using novichok-like nerve agents, were also successfully evaluated. The proposed procedure could be implemented for CBRN responders and security agencies to significantly reduce response efforts, thereby diminishing the overall threat posed by this group of chemicals (FGAs). This procedure was also extended to carbamates and CWAs.
诺维乔克样或第四代毒剂(FGAs)是一种化学战剂(CWAs),自从它们被用于暗杀谢尔盖·斯克里帕尔和阿列克谢·纳瓦尔尼以来,一直受到关注。由于这些物质的物理化学性质,现有技术很难检测到这些物质,因此,如果怀疑它们在民用环境中出现,则需要大量的应对工作。在这项工作中,提出了一种方法,使用手持式法医光源来视觉检测被诺维乔克污染的表面。对选择代表《化学武器公约关于化学品的附件》中新列出的附表1子组的七种物质采用了100多种不同的波长组合。一个波段被确定为有希望的,它允许对所有被测试物质进行光学检测。几个可能受到诺维乔克类神经毒剂攻击影响的表面也被成功评估。建议的程序可用于CBRN响应者和安全机构,以显着减少响应工作,从而减少这类化学品(FGAs)构成的总体威胁。该程序也扩展到氨基甲酸酯和CWAs。
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引用次数: 1
Utility of Osteoarthritis as an Indicator of Age in Human Skeletal Remains: Validating the Winburn and Stock (2019) Method 骨关节炎作为人类骨骼遗骸年龄指标的效用:验证Winburn和Stock(2019)方法
IF 1.3 4区 医学 Q3 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.3390/forensicsci3020016
Ariana N. Strasheim, A. Winburn, M. Stock
In forensic anthropology, and biological anthropology more broadly, age estimation is a crucial element of the biological profile. The development of osteoarthritis (OA) is correlated with age and, in 2019, Winburn and Stock published a method of estimating age in a sample of 408 white American individuals using OA presence/absence. The current study expanded the original study by testing its accuracy on a more diverse sample, including black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). This served to test whether embodied inequity from lived experiences may preclude the ability of the OA presence/absence method to estimate age at death. This study’s results demonstrated both that the original methodology was validated, and that the approach was accurate at estimating the age of death of BIPOC individuals. Furthermore, this study revealed that the hip and shoulder were highly consistent and reliable and are recommended for use as the strongest indicators of age at death, while the TMJ and ankle performed poorly and should not be used for age estimation.
在法医人类学和更广泛的生物人类学中,年龄估计是生物剖面的关键要素。骨关节炎(OA)的发展与年龄相关,2019年,Winburn和Stock发表了一种方法,利用OA存在/不存在的情况,对408名美国白人样本进行年龄估计。目前的研究扩展了最初的研究,在更多样化的样本上测试了它的准确性,包括黑人、土著人和有色人种(BIPOC)。这是为了检验来自生活经历的具体不平等是否会妨碍OA存在/不存在方法估计死亡年龄的能力。本研究的结果表明,最初的方法是有效的,并且该方法在估计BIPOC个体的死亡年龄方面是准确的。此外,本研究表明,髋部和肩部高度一致和可靠,建议作为死亡年龄的最强指标,而TMJ和踝关节表现不佳,不应用于年龄估计。
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引用次数: 0
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Forensic Sciences Research
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