JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH最新文献

This review outlines the major contributors of the present and future needs for nursing in the United States as well as how the situation impacts the vision and goals of the National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR). This is a review and is based on current published literature. There is a relative nursing shortage even though the production of new nurses has been greatly increased since 2010. This is due to the delayed retirement of many baby boomer nurses, and millennials who are more likely to choose nursing as a profession than previous cohorts. However, the numbers and geographic distribution of baby boomer nurses will not be matched by millennials in the pipeline. At the same time, the need for nurses in the healthcare workforce is increasing due to expanded roles and sites for care. Compounding this, only a very small percentage of the whole of nurses choose to be involved in research. In order for nurses to be involved in making contributions to address the vision and goals of NINR, the continued aggressive growth and development of the nursing workforce is needed.

Pain is an essential physiological defense against danger, be it external, from the environment, or internal, arising from within the body. The initiation of this acute defensive pain is driven by activation in the periphery of the terminals of high threshold nociceptor sensory neurons by intense or irritant noxious stimuli and comprises both the distinct unpleasant sensation of pain and protective motor responses. Clinical pain, is though, very different from the immediate detection of and reaction to noxious stimuli, it includes ongoing pain and development of pain hypersensitivity in the presence of tissue damage, after nerve injury and in some cases, in the absence of any peripheral pathology. In all these situations, a prominent feature and sometimes prime driver of the pain, is an altered modulation of pain processing within the central nervous system, an amplification consequent on increased excitability and/or reduced inhibition in specific neural networks, which constitute the phenomenon of central sensitization. Recognition of the importance of central sensitization for the maintenance and manifestation of clinical pain states has led to an appreciation that such pain typically is an expression of an altered/disease state of nociceptive circuits in the central nervous system, one triggered but not necessarily sustained by peripheral injury, rather than only a symptom of some ongoing peripheral pathology, and treatment needs to be targeted accordingly.

The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a diagnostic tool, which assists the clinicians in the identification of signs of central sensitization (CS). Psychosocial factors contribute to the development and maintenance of signs of CS. But the relationship with the CSI is unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the convergent validity for the Dutch CSI with CSS, depression, anxiety, widespread pain, catastrophizing, and pain intensity. The second aim is to determine clinically relevant categories for the Dutch CSI. In this cross-sectional study, patients completed multiple questionnaires. Bivariate correlations were calculated and the Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance test was used. One-hundred and ninety-eighth patients were included. The CSI scores were strongly correlated with depression (r_s = .67; p < .01), anxiety (r_s = .65; p < .01), and CSS (r_s = .51; p < .01). Moderate to strong relationships were found for the Widespread Pain Index (r_s = .43; p < .01) and a low relationship with pain intensity (r_s = .36; p < .01) and catastrophizing (r_s = .39; p < .01). Four clinical relevant categories were identified: low 0–26 points, mild 27–39 points, moderate 40–52 points, and high 53+ points. This study provides a weak to strong association between the total score of the Dutch CSI and psychosocial factors, and presents clinically relevant categories for the Dutch CSI.

Burnout is especially disruptive among emergency room (ER) nurses. This report covers the influencing factors and outcomes related to burnout in ER nursing populations, with the goal of providing helpful information to a professional audience. The present article includes a literature review on burnout as it occurs in the ER. Interviews from a small sample of ER nurses (n = 5) are analyzed through a combination of deductive thematic analysis and computerized text analysis. Research from various related fields have been pooled together and briefly described. Experiences, comments, and recommendations concerning burnout collected from interviews seem to align with findings from empirical research, and recommendations given by interview nurses closely resemble the recommendations given by researchers. Sentiment analysis revealed a pattern of positive word use when the nurses discussed resources, and a pattern of negative word use when workload was discussed. A better understanding of burnout, both anecdotal and empirical, is valuable information for any professional who works in the ER. Many options exist for reducing or mitigating burnout, including interventions at the individual, team, and organizational levels. More involvement of ER nurses in burnout reduction strategies should be made a priority.

This study examined the relationship between trait emotional intelligence (EI) and stress in 110 male employees. Particularly, the association between trait EI and perceived chronic stress, occupational stress, and the physiological stress response was examined. Trait EI, perceived chronic stress, and occupational stress levels were assessed via questionnaires. The physiological stress response was measured by means of salivary free cortisol and heart rate variability (HRV) in response to the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups. Consistent with previous findings, men with high trait EI showed significantly lower perceived chronic and occupational stress levels than men with low trait EI. However, men with high trait EI also showed significantly higher cortisol reactivity than their low trait EI counterparts. Similarly, HRV in men with high trait EI appeared to be lower than in men with low trait EI but HRV differences between groups were not significant. Our findings suggest that trait EI might play a critical role in the stress regulation process but due to the cross-sectional design of the study no causal conclusions can be drawn. Experimental studies need to explore further whether and how trait EI affects psychological and physiological stress responses.

This paper explores the effect of Daylight Saving Time (DST) change on aggregate crime rates. In order to do so I run regressions with hourly data on crime and I implement a regression discontinuity design with a treatment variable centered on the beginning of DST in spring. After the DST change in spring, which implies the loss of an hour at 2 a.m., there is a significant decrease in crime. Further evidence suggests that the results are not driven by a temporal displacement of crime or changes in the level of darkness. The empirical evidence suggests that reduction in crime rates could be driven by the tiredness of potential offenders and interpreted under the lens of the Routine Activities Theory. However, the study is not able to identify the direct causal effect.

Cognitive and functional impairments are common sequelae following stroke, often resulting in significant disabilities that persist years post-stroke. While the degree of impairments varies with pathology and location of stroke, it is widely understood that executive dysfunction including disturbances of attention, complex information processing, inhibition, reasoning, and flexible thinking underlie a majority of the impairments. Existing rehabilitation approaches predominantly focus on mitigating targeted cognitive deficits (e.g., language disturbance, neglect of one side of the body, memory). Remediation approaches to address executive dysfunction in chronic stages of recovery post-stroke are limited. The Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART) that teaches strategies to improve higher order reasoning skills has proven to enhance executive functions, strengthen brain networks and improve participation in daily life activities in adults with traumatic brain injury. The current case example, part of an ongoing larger study, discusses post-SMART performance of a 57-year-old female stroke survivor, who sustained a left middle cerebral artery infarct in July 2015. The participant showed gains in executive functions and participation in leisure pursuits following 10 SMART sessions. These preliminary findings prove feasibility of the training approach and offer promise of neuroplasticity during chronic stages of recovery.

Research has identified concurrent self-regulatory efficacy as a consistent exercise predictor when adults pursue another non-exercise leisure time goal. Although intergoal conflict is an inconsistent exercise predictor, prior research did not ensure that goals were sufficiently highly valued to truly conflict. Other possible exercise predictors have not been examined among concurrent goals. The purpose was to examine whether intergoal conflict and outcome expectations (likelihood; value) predicted moderate-vigorous exercise over 1 month, beyond concurrent self-regulatory efficacy, when adults held highly valued, conflicting exercise and non-exercise goals concurrently. Eighty-seven adult exercisers pursuing highly valued and conflicting exercise and non-exercise goals completed online surveys assessing (1) concurrent self-regulatory efficacy, intergoal conflict, and outcome expectations at Time 1 and (2) exercise over the prior month at Time 2. A hierarchical multiple regression (R² adjusted = 0.24, p < .001) revealed intergoal conflict and outcome expectations accounted for a significant additional 13% of exercise variance, beyond self-regulatory efficacy. Future research should examine these social cognitions across adults who vary in their exercise levels (i.e., beginner, irregular, regular exercisers). Valuable information about which social cognitions should be targeted to improve exercise levels among each group to that of regular exercisers would result.

While the Beck Depression Inventory I and II (hereon BDI) have been a mainstay in mental health assessment for many decades, a cursory review of survey-based “test use” studies in the 1990s finds that the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was not initially a highly ranked test in the assessment of anxiety or psychopathology. To date, a review of the extant literature on the popularity of the Beck inventories in professional psychology training or practice settings has not been systematically analyzed, although Piotrowski and Gallant (Journal of Instructional Psychology, 36, 2009, 84) found the BAI the most visible anxiety scale in the research literature between 2000 and 2005. Yet, quite evident, the field of clinical assessment remains highly competitive with a proliferation of mental health scales and measures introduced, perennially, in both the professional and research literature. In addition, since the mid-1990s, regulatory restrictions (i.e., managed care directives) on the feasibility of providing multimethod assessment services has also been a potent headwind in professional practice. Thus, historically, the professional acceptance of the BDI and BAI remains somewhat opaque, in terms of degree of usage in both training and practice settings compared to other assessment instruments. Hence, the aim of the current study is to address this gap in the literature. To that end, the author identified, through an extensive literature review, survey-based studies with regard to personality assessment that reported on graduate-level training in psychological testing and test usage patterns from 1989–2017. This systematic search yielded 45 articles (including 1 dissertation study) which served as the data pool for the current review (Training settings, n = 10; Practice settings, n = 35). The analysis found that the BDI has been relied upon to at least a moderate degree in 21 of the 35 (60%) of the surveys of practice settings and in 7 of the 10 (70%) of the studies of academic/internship training. Although the BAI has not been as popular as the BDI historically, this review clearly indicated that since 2010, the BAI has made a pivotal shift toward professional acceptance in practice, generated much enthusiasm in internship training, and been embraced by clinical faculty. Reflecting this emergent popularity of the Beck inventories, the current review indicated that, overall, 10 of the 14 studies (71%) since 2010 reported that both the BDI/BAI have been: (a) recognized and relied upon to a high degree in both assessment training and practice, (b) a valuable clinical tool for mental health clinicians, and (c) considered the instruments of choice amongst the myriad of brief, self-report measures in the assessment of mood disorders. Potential competing factors, such as other established and newly introduced measures of anxiety and depression (e.g., GAD-7, PROMIS, PHQ, DASS-21) that may impact future trends r

Identifying neurocognitive mechanisms involved in individuals experiencing eating disorder (ED) symptoms may be important for preventing EDs and improving rates of recovery. The present pilot study assessed how cognitive functioning may be associated with ED symptoms in college students (N = 41). Cognitive functioning was examined using electroencephalography during an auditory response inhibition task to measure the P3 component of event-related potentials. Multiple regression analysis revealed that longer P3 latencies in the frontal region of the cortex were significantly and linearly associated with greater ED symptoms F(3, 37) = 13.62, p < .001, R² = 0.525, Adj. R² = 0.486. These pilot findings build upon prior work in clinical samples in that they indicate that functional brain differences are observable across a wide span of ED symptoms, not just in those with diagnosed ED. The present findings provide support for further exploration of changes in P3 latencies among individuals with ED symptoms to enhance our understanding of neural mechanisms that may pertain to the dimensional aspects of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors.