Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.32731/ijsf/184.112023.02
Petri Lintumäki, Hannes Winner, Ioannis Konstantopoulos, Diana Alexe, Martin Schnitzer
This paper aims to explore participants’ willingness to pay (WTP) for offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with their participation in the World Winter Masters Games 2020 (WWMG20) in Innsbruck, Austria. We collected data from an online survey sent to participants at the event and used the contingent valuation approach to determine participants’ WTP and a set of alternative regression models to investigate the factors that mainly influence WTP. Our results show that the median WTP for offsetting GHG lies within a range of EUR 10 (lower bound) to EUR 20 (upper bound). Furthermore, WTP is positively influenced by participants’ attitudes toward climate change, their perception of the event as environmentally friendly, their level of education, as well as their overall expenses for traveling to the WWMG20.
{"title":"Participants’ Willingness to Pay for Offsetting Greenhouse Gas Emissions at Large-Scale Sports-Tourism Events","authors":"Petri Lintumäki, Hannes Winner, Ioannis Konstantopoulos, Diana Alexe, Martin Schnitzer","doi":"10.32731/ijsf/184.112023.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/184.112023.02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to explore participants’ willingness to pay (WTP) for offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with their participation in the World Winter Masters Games 2020 (WWMG20) in Innsbruck, Austria. We collected data from an online survey sent to participants at the event and used the contingent valuation approach to determine participants’ WTP and a set of alternative regression models to investigate the factors that mainly influence WTP. Our results show that the median WTP for offsetting GHG lies within a range of EUR 10 (lower bound) to EUR 20 (upper bound). Furthermore, WTP is positively influenced by participants’ attitudes toward climate change, their perception of the event as environmentally friendly, their level of education, as well as their overall expenses for traveling to the WWMG20.","PeriodicalId":45894,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sport Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135515963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.32731/ijsf/184.112023.04
Dennis Coates, Meredith Webber
The purpose of this research is two-fold; first, to assess whether men and women football players “perform the same work,” as required for wage discrimination, and second, to compare pay and performance for men and women players in the top professional soccer leagues in the US. We utilize data from Major League Soccer and the National Women’s Soccer League over the period 2016 through 2019 to compare how performance translates into team success in the two leagues and to forecast the salaries of women players for comparison with the men. Our results show that the determinants of win production are the same for the men’s and women’s teams, indicating that men and women do similar work. Additionally, the average woman player would earn more than the average male player if performance were compensated the same way in both leagues for the same number of games.
这项研究的目的是双重的;首先，评估男女足球运动员是否按照工资歧视的要求“做同样的工作”;其次，比较美国顶级职业足球联赛中男女球员的工资和表现。我们利用美国职业足球大联盟(Major League Soccer)和美国国家女子足球联盟(National Women’s Soccer League)在2016年至2019年期间的数据，比较了两个联盟的表现如何转化为球队的成功，并预测了女球员与男球员的工资水平。我们的研究结果表明，在男队和女队中，决定胜负的因素是相同的，这表明男性和女性所做的工作是相似的。此外，如果在两个联赛中以相同的方式获得相同场次的报酬，那么女性球员的平均收入将高于男性球员。
{"title":"Pay and Performance in Men’s and Women’s Football: Comparing the MLS and NWSL","authors":"Dennis Coates, Meredith Webber","doi":"10.32731/ijsf/184.112023.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/184.112023.04","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is two-fold; first, to assess whether men and women football players “perform the same work,” as required for wage discrimination, and second, to compare pay and performance for men and women players in the top professional soccer leagues in the US. We utilize data from Major League Soccer and the National Women’s Soccer League over the period 2016 through 2019 to compare how performance translates into team success in the two leagues and to forecast the salaries of women players for comparison with the men. Our results show that the determinants of win production are the same for the men’s and women’s teams, indicating that men and women do similar work. Additionally, the average woman player would earn more than the average male player if performance were compensated the same way in both leagues for the same number of games.","PeriodicalId":45894,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sport Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135515966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.03
Huei-Fu Lu
This study aimed to examine the impact of a major sporting event, the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, on abnormal returns of Japanese sponsors and Taiwanese Olympic-related stock prices during three different periods, including the hosting announcement, the postponement in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the holding as scheduled. Using the event study approach, secondary data were collected to investigate the fluctuation of abnormal returns of official Japanese sponsors and Taiwanese Olympic-related stocks. The empirical evidence showed that Olympics-related news disclosures significantly affected the abnormal returns of official sponsors’ stock prices during both the periods of the hosting announcement and the postponement announcement but not during the period of holding as scheduled. This study also verified that the postponement announcement of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and its holding as scheduled would generate positive and negative spillover effects on the stock market of a non-host country.
{"title":"The Stock Market Reaction to the 2020 Tokyo Olympics: Evidence from Japanese Sponsors and Taiwanese Olympic-Related Firms","authors":"Huei-Fu Lu","doi":"10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.03","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to examine the impact of a major sporting event, the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, on abnormal returns of Japanese sponsors and Taiwanese Olympic-related stock prices during three different periods, including the hosting announcement, the postponement in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the holding as scheduled. Using the event study approach, secondary data were collected to investigate the fluctuation of abnormal returns of official Japanese sponsors and Taiwanese Olympic-related stocks. The empirical evidence showed that Olympics-related news disclosures significantly affected the abnormal returns of official sponsors’ stock prices during both the periods of the hosting announcement and the postponement announcement but not during the period of holding as scheduled. This study also verified that the postponement announcement of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and its holding as scheduled would generate positive and negative spillover effects on the stock market of a non-host country.","PeriodicalId":45894,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sport Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45628885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.02
Qinqin Wu, Robin K. Chou, Jing Lu
We explore the relationship between the Chinese Football Association Super League (CSL) game outcomes and the returns differentials of Chinese cross-listed A- and H-shares. We find that a team’s win leads to a significant rise in the next-day return differentials for locally headquartered firms. Furthermore, the win effects are more pronounced for critical games, games with high attention, and firms with low institutional investor shareholding. In contrast, the loss effects are more significant if a CSL team loses by a margin of more than 2.5 points. Additionally, sports sentiment mainly affects high-liquidity sectors because their silent characteristic tends to be compatible with sports sentiment.
{"title":"Sports Sentiment and Return Differentials of Cross-Listed Firms: Evidence from Chinese A- and H-Shares","authors":"Qinqin Wu, Robin K. Chou, Jing Lu","doi":"10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.02","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the relationship between the Chinese Football Association Super League (CSL) game outcomes and the returns differentials of Chinese cross-listed A- and H-shares. We find that a team’s win leads to a significant rise in the next-day return differentials for locally headquartered firms. Furthermore, the win effects are more pronounced for critical games, games with high attention, and firms with low institutional investor shareholding. In contrast, the loss effects are more significant if a CSL team loses by a margin of more than 2.5 points. Additionally, sports sentiment mainly affects high-liquidity sectors because their silent characteristic tends to be compatible with sports sentiment.","PeriodicalId":45894,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sport Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49268875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.01
Jonathan N. Brown
This paper explores the use of final offer interest arbitration (FOA) in Major League Baseball (MLB) and whether arbitrated salaries differ meaningfully from private settlements. MLB provides an excellent environment to analyze FOA because it is common practice for eligible players and their teams to announce official intended arbitration figures well in advance of hearings but ultimately privately negotiate a contract in the interim. This allows for consideration of the bounded arbitrated salary environment even when a hearing is avoided. Results reaffirm the findings of Burgess and Marburger (1993), which suggested that arbitrated salaries are of “low quality” in that the distribution range is wider for arbitration compared to private negotiation. Second, this paper contributes to existing literature by expanding analysis to including quantile regression, which indicates that not only is contract length positively correlated with players’ salaries but also statistically significant differences in this effect exist throughout the distribution.
{"title":"Firm Behavior Under Conditions of Final Offer Arbitration: An Empirical Analysis of Major League Baseball’s Salary Negotiation Structure","authors":"Jonathan N. Brown","doi":"10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.01","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the use of final offer interest arbitration (FOA) in Major League Baseball (MLB) and whether arbitrated salaries differ meaningfully from private settlements. MLB provides an excellent environment to analyze FOA because it is common practice for eligible players and their teams to announce official intended arbitration figures well in advance of hearings but ultimately privately negotiate a contract in the interim. This allows for consideration of the bounded arbitrated salary environment even when a hearing is avoided. Results reaffirm the findings of Burgess and Marburger (1993), which suggested that arbitrated salaries are of “low quality” in that the distribution range is wider for arbitration compared to private negotiation. Second, this paper contributes to existing literature by expanding analysis to including quantile regression, which indicates that not only is contract length positively correlated with players’ salaries but also statistically significant differences in this effect exist throughout the distribution.","PeriodicalId":45894,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sport Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46928820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.04
Juan de Dios Tena Horillo, Jorge Tovar
Significant events can trigger emotions affecting individuals’ performance. This paper uses granular, event-level data from the 2018 FIFA football World Cup to study how scored and conceded goals impact performance as measured by each player’s passing ability. These emotional swings allow for the study of these shocks’ influence and duration on players’ ability to pass the ball. The main result shows that conceded goals negatively impact individual performance between three and nine minutes of the trigger effect, while scored goals do not significantly impact passing ability at the conventional levels.
{"title":"Emotional Shocks and Performance: Evidence from the FIFA World Cup","authors":"Juan de Dios Tena Horillo, Jorge Tovar","doi":"10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/183.082023.04","url":null,"abstract":"Significant events can trigger emotions affecting individuals’ performance. This paper uses granular, event-level data from the 2018 FIFA football World Cup to study how scored and conceded goals impact performance as measured by each player’s passing ability. These emotional swings allow for the study of these shocks’ influence and duration on players’ ability to pass the ball. The main result shows that conceded goals negatively impact individual performance between three and nine minutes of the trigger effect, while scored goals do not significantly impact passing ability at the conventional levels.","PeriodicalId":45894,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sport Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136020601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.03
Dmitry Kirpishchikov, Petr Parshakov, M. Zavertiaeva
Previous papers provide evidence that psychological characteristics such as personal masculinity are related to performance. Although relationships have been well established on an individual level, there has been little attempt to analyze the performance of teams that diverge in terms of masculinity. This paper studies the impact of team masculinity on its performance, paying particular attention to the connection between masculinity and cooperative behavior within a team. We use data on Major League Soccer teams because sports competitions represent a good ground for demonstrating masculinity and provide open data. Our results suggest a positive connection between the group’s average masculinity and its performance. We test whether this fact can be explained by increased in-group cooperation, first revealed in Stirrat and Perrett’s experimental study (2012) but do not find any relationship. As for the team’s diversity in masculinity, we do not find any impact on team performance.
{"title":"Team Masculinity and Performance: Evidence from Major League Soccer","authors":"Dmitry Kirpishchikov, Petr Parshakov, M. Zavertiaeva","doi":"10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.03","url":null,"abstract":"Previous papers provide evidence that psychological characteristics such as personal masculinity are related to performance. Although relationships have been well established on an individual level, there has been little attempt to analyze the performance of teams that diverge in terms of masculinity. This paper studies the impact of team masculinity on its performance, paying particular attention to the connection between masculinity and cooperative behavior within a team. We use data on Major League Soccer teams because sports competitions represent a good ground for demonstrating masculinity and provide open data. Our results suggest a positive connection between the group’s average masculinity and its performance. We test whether this fact can be explained by increased in-group cooperation, first revealed in Stirrat and Perrett’s experimental study (2012) but do not find any relationship. As for the team’s diversity in masculinity, we do not find any impact on team performance.","PeriodicalId":45894,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sport Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43562432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.04
Thomas J. Miceli
This paper provides an explanation for sports betting that does not appeal to risk-preferring preferences. The strategy is to link betting to the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis, a cornerstone of sports economics. The model relies on the inclusion of a contest utility function as part of a fan’s overall utility. The analysis focuses on point-spread betting and shows that sports fans can increase their contest utility by placing a bet if the contest is unequal and if they are either non-partisan or are sufficiently strong supporters of the underdog. When these conditions are met, an individual will place the bet if the utility gain offsets the expected cost.
{"title":"On Sports Betting and Uncertainty of Outcome","authors":"Thomas J. Miceli","doi":"10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.04","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an explanation for sports betting that does not appeal to risk-preferring preferences. The strategy is to link betting to the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis, a cornerstone of sports economics. The model relies on the inclusion of a contest utility function as part of a fan’s overall utility. The analysis focuses on point-spread betting and shows that sports fans can increase their contest utility by placing a bet if the contest is unequal and if they are either non-partisan or are sufficiently strong supporters of the underdog. When these conditions are met, an individual will place the bet if the utility gain offsets the expected cost.","PeriodicalId":45894,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sport Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45499470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.01
R. Storm, T. Jakobsen, Nikolaj Schelde
Existing research on spectator demand tends to focus primarily on elite club sport. This paper aims to expand on the literature by applying regression models to a large and unique set of survey data collected from Danish men’s national soccer team matches held from 2013 to 2017. The output from our models suggests that the number of matches attended is positively related to future demand, as are the results of the matches. Our results have implications for managers of national sports federations because they provide information on how spectators’ interest in and intention to attend matches involving national teams are related, which can assist them in improving spectator demand in the future.
{"title":"Spectator Interest in Attending Future Danish Men’s National Soccer Team Matches: A Study of Demand","authors":"R. Storm, T. Jakobsen, Nikolaj Schelde","doi":"10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.01","url":null,"abstract":"Existing research on spectator demand tends to focus primarily on elite club sport. This paper aims to expand on the literature by applying regression models to a large and unique set of survey data collected from Danish men’s national soccer team matches held from 2013 to 2017. The output from our models suggests that the number of matches attended is positively related to future demand, as are the results of the matches. Our results have implications for managers of national sports federations because they provide information on how spectators’ interest in and intention to attend matches involving national teams are related, which can assist them in improving spectator demand in the future.","PeriodicalId":45894,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sport Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46880348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.02
J. Cordero, J. del Corral, Carlos Gomez-Gonzalez, C. Polo
The number of foreign owners in football clubs has recently increased in Europe and especially in England. This study aims to analyze whether clubs owned by foreign investors show different parameters of sporting and managerial efficiency. We use data on expected performance (from betting odds), wage costs, and the results of football clubs in the English Premier League (EPL) and English Football League Championship (EFL) over 13 seasons. We estimate different measures of efficiency using three alternative methods: expected vs. actual performance index, nonparametric conditional data envelopment analysis (DEA), and stochastic frontier, while considering foreign ownership as an exogenous factor. Our results suggest that there are not significant differences between domestic-and foreign-owned clubs.
{"title":"Does Foreign Investment Affect Sporting and Managerial Efficiency? The Case of English Football Clubs","authors":"J. Cordero, J. del Corral, Carlos Gomez-Gonzalez, C. Polo","doi":"10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/182.052023.02","url":null,"abstract":"The number of foreign owners in football clubs has recently increased in Europe and especially in England. This study aims to analyze whether clubs owned by foreign investors show different parameters of sporting and managerial efficiency. We use data on expected performance (from betting odds), wage costs, and the results of football clubs in the English Premier League (EPL) and English Football League Championship (EFL) over 13 seasons. We estimate different measures of efficiency using three alternative methods: expected vs. actual performance index, nonparametric conditional data envelopment analysis (DEA), and stochastic frontier, while considering foreign ownership as an exogenous factor. Our results suggest that there are not significant differences between domestic-and foreign-owned clubs.","PeriodicalId":45894,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sport Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48275124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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