Space Policy最新文献_第5页

Developing safety-zone rules: Based on an institutional choice framework 制定安全区规则：基于制度选择框架

IF 2 4区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Space Policy

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101649

Xiaodao Li , Jie Long

Under Section 11 of the Artemis Accords, signatories propose the establishment of safety zones to prevent harmful interference and emphasise the imperative to develop relevant rules in the future. However, existing research fails to shed light on whether the chosen institutions by signatories are suitable for addressing safety-zone issues and which institutions should be developed to tackle future safety-zone concerns. Current theories, such as institutional design theory, do not comprehensively summarise the various types of institutions and strategies for their selection. Therefore, this paper presents an institutional choice framework to address these research gaps. Within this research framework, establishing international institutions is perceived as a selection process among different types of institutions. Drawing from previous studies, the framework outlines sixteen distinct institution types, six crucial features of institutions, and three strategies for selecting suitable institutions. After proposing the framework, this study employs it to analyse existing safety-zone rules, identify the optimal institution of safety zones, and devise strategies for making institutional choices. The contribution of this study lies in advancing institutional design theory and facilitating research on safety-zone rules while providing insights for constructing international institutions in other domains.

根据《阿耳忒弥斯协定》第11节，签署国提议建立安全区，以防止有害干扰，并强调今后必须制定相关规则。然而，现有的研究未能阐明签署国选择的机构是否适合解决安全区问题，以及应该发展哪些机构来解决未来的安全区问题。目前的理论，如制度设计理论，并没有全面总结各种类型的制度及其选择策略。因此，本文提出了一个制度选择框架来解决这些研究空白。在这一研究框架内，建立国际机构被认为是在不同类型的机构之间进行选择的过程。根据以往的研究，该框架概述了16种不同的制度类型，制度的六个关键特征，以及选择合适制度的三种策略。在提出该框架后，本文运用该框架分析了现有的安全区域规则，确定了安全区域的最优制度，并设计了制度选择的策略。本研究的贡献在于推进了制度设计理论，促进了安全区域规则的研究，同时也为其他领域的国际制度建设提供了借鉴。

{"title":"Developing safety-zone rules: Based on an institutional choice framework","authors":"Xiaodao Li , Jie Long","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under Section 11 of the Artemis Accords, signatories propose the establishment of safety zones to prevent harmful interference and emphasise the imperative to develop relevant rules in the future. However, existing research fails to shed light on whether the chosen institutions by signatories are suitable for addressing safety-zone issues and which institutions should be developed to tackle future safety-zone concerns. Current theories, such as institutional design theory, do not comprehensively summarise the various types of institutions and strategies for their selection. Therefore, this paper presents an institutional choice framework to address these research gaps. Within this research framework, establishing international institutions is perceived as a selection process among different types of institutions. Drawing from previous studies, the framework outlines sixteen distinct institution types, six crucial features of institutions, and three strategies for selecting suitable institutions. After proposing the framework, this study employs it to analyse existing safety-zone rules, identify the optimal institution of safety zones, and devise strategies for making institutional choices. The contribution of this study lies in advancing institutional design theory and facilitating research on safety-zone rules while providing insights for constructing international institutions in other domains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101649"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141699472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A model for economic freedom on Mars 火星上经济自由的典范

IF 2 4区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Space Policy

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101652

Jacob Haqq-Misra

The momentum of human spaceflight initiatives continues to build toward Mars, and technological advances may eventually enable the potential for permanent space settlement. Aspirations for sustaining human life in space must be predicated on human factors, rather than technological constraints alone, and advances in models of governance and ethics are necessary as human civilization becomes a spacefaring species. This paper presents an idealistic but feasible model for economic freedom on Mars, which is situated within a framework in which Mars has been designated as a sovereign juridical peer to Earth. Under such conditions, Mars could maintain monetary stability through full reserve banking and a restriction on exchange with any fractional reserve Earth currencies, with a volume of circulating currency that changes based on the total population within fixed capacity infrastructure. Mars could maintain long-term political stability by diffusing the ownership of capital on Mars, which would allow all citizens of Mars to draw sufficient wealth from a combination of capital ownership and labor to live a good life. This model could also support limited tourism on Mars, in which real goods are exchanged for services but currency transactions between planets are prohibited. This model demonstrates the potential for a viable and sustainable economy on Mars that could conceivably be implemented, including on a sovereign Mars but also in other scenarios of space settlement. More broadly, this model illustrates that ideas such as diffuse capital ownership and limited government can enable freedom in space, and numerous models beyond a centralized world space agency should be explored to ensure the optimal governance of the emerging space economy.

人类太空飞行计划的势头继续向火星发展，技术进步可能最终使永久太空定居成为可能。在空间维持人类生活的愿望必须以人为因素，而不仅仅是技术限制为前提，随着人类文明成为一个太空物种，治理和道德模式的进步是必要的。本文提出了一个理想但可行的火星经济自由模型，该模型位于火星被指定为地球主权司法对等的框架内。在这种情况下，火星可以通过完全储备银行和限制与任何部分储备地球货币的兑换来保持货币稳定，流通货币的数量根据固定容量基础设施内的总人口而变化。通过分散火星上的资本所有权，火星可以维持长期的政治稳定，这将使火星上的所有公民都能从资本所有权和劳动的结合中获得足够的财富，过上美好的生活。这种模式还可以支持有限的火星旅游，在这种旅游中，真实的商品可以交换服务，但行星之间的货币交易是被禁止的。这个模型展示了火星上可行和可持续经济的潜力，可以想象，包括在一个主权的火星上，也可以在其他太空定居的情况下实施。更广泛地说，该模型表明，分散资本所有权和有限政府等理念可以实现空间自由，应该探索集中式世界空间机构之外的许多模式，以确保对新兴空间经济的最佳治理。

{"title":"A model for economic freedom on Mars","authors":"Jacob Haqq-Misra","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The momentum of human spaceflight initiatives continues to build toward Mars, and technological advances may eventually enable the potential for permanent space settlement. Aspirations for sustaining human life in space must be predicated on human factors, rather than technological constraints alone, and advances in models of governance and ethics are necessary as human civilization becomes a spacefaring species. This paper presents an idealistic but feasible model for economic freedom on Mars, which is situated within a framework in which Mars has been designated as a sovereign juridical peer to Earth. Under such conditions, Mars could maintain monetary stability through full reserve banking and a restriction on exchange with any fractional reserve Earth currencies, with a volume of circulating currency that changes based on the total population within fixed capacity infrastructure. Mars could maintain long-term political stability by diffusing the ownership of capital on Mars, which would allow all citizens of Mars to draw sufficient wealth from a combination of capital ownership and labor to live a good life. This model could also support limited tourism on Mars, in which real goods are exchanged for services but currency transactions between planets are prohibited. This model demonstrates the potential for a viable and sustainable economy on Mars that could conceivably be implemented, including on a sovereign Mars but also in other scenarios of space settlement. More broadly, this model illustrates that ideas such as diffuse capital ownership and limited government can enable freedom in space, and numerous models beyond a centralized world space agency should be explored to ensure the optimal governance of the emerging space economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inoculating Enceladus 接种恩克拉多斯

IF 2 4区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Space Policy

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101650

Charles S. Cockell , Holley Conte , M Dale Stokes

The discovery of environments in the Solar System that possess conditions capable of supporting known types of life raises the question of whether they could be deliberately inoculated in order to study the process of the emergence of biospheres. We discuss the case of Enceladus, the first planetary body to convincingly be shown to possess all the requirements for habitability in the present-day, and consider ways in which inoculation would be achieved. We present examples of the scientific questions that might be investigated. The compelling science that could be done shows how habitable worlds will create new ethical questions. As we might not have certainty on their status as being uninhabited, we would have to decide on a principled objection to any inoculation experiments or whether some level of confidence in their status as being uninhabited, determined by a suitable sampling regimen, would allow for inoculation. As the inoculation of extraterrestrial oceans, causing planetary scale changes, might be accomplished in a far shorter time scale than, for example, the more speculative terraforming of a planet such as Mars, the scientific possibilities and their attendant ethical challenges potentially represent a near-term challenge.

在太阳系中发现了能够支持已知生命类型的环境，这就提出了一个问题，即是否可以故意将它们接种，以研究生物圈出现的过程。我们讨论了土卫二的情况，这是第一个令人信服地证明具有当今可居住性的所有要求的行星体，并考虑了接种将实现的方法。我们提出了一些可能被研究的科学问题的例子。可以进行的令人信服的科学研究表明，可居住的世界将如何产生新的伦理问题。由于我们可能无法确定它们是否处于无人居住的状态，我们必须决定是否原则上反对任何接种实验，或者是否对它们的无人居住状态有一定程度的信心，通过适当的采样方案确定，将允许接种。由于地外海洋的孕育会引起行星规模的变化，可能会在更短的时间内完成，例如，对火星等行星进行更投机的地球化改造，因此科学上的可能性及其随之而来的伦理挑战可能是近期的挑战。

{"title":"Inoculating Enceladus","authors":"Charles S. Cockell , Holley Conte , M Dale Stokes","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discovery of environments in the Solar System that possess conditions capable of supporting known types of life raises the question of whether they could be deliberately inoculated in order to study the process of the emergence of biospheres. We discuss the case of Enceladus, the first planetary body to convincingly be shown to possess all the requirements for habitability in the present-day, and consider ways in which inoculation would be achieved. We present examples of the scientific questions that might be investigated. The compelling science that could be done shows how habitable worlds will create new ethical questions. As we might not have certainty on their status as being uninhabited, we would have to decide on a principled objection to any inoculation experiments or whether some level of confidence in their status as being uninhabited, determined by a suitable sampling regimen, would allow for inoculation. As the inoculation of extraterrestrial oceans, causing planetary scale changes, might be accomplished in a far shorter time scale than, for example, the more speculative terraforming of a planet such as Mars, the scientific possibilities and their attendant ethical challenges potentially represent a near-term challenge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Orbit Bound. Predictors of ‘readiness to space’ and government support 轨道约束。太空准备状态 "和政府支持的预测因素

IF 2 4区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Space Policy

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101628

Stefania Paladini , Davide Barbieri

The number of countries investing in the space sector grows by the day but the enabling factors are still either underestimated or misunderstood, due to the lack of comparative research, statistical analysis, and a few, dangerous misconceptions. Working with a panel dataset of forty years and employing methods such as survival analysis and predictive data mining (machine learning), the article shows that government support of civilian and commercial activities, more than military and defence, play a determinant role in the development of a national space sector and they are, eventually, the key factors for venturing to lower orbit and beyond.

投资于空间部门的国家数目日益增加，但由于缺乏比较研究、统计分析和一些危险的误解，促成因素仍然被低估或误解。通过使用40年的面板数据集，并采用生存分析和预测数据挖掘（机器学习）等方法，文章表明，政府对民用和商业活动的支持，比军事和国防更能在国家空间部门的发展中发挥决定性作用，最终，它们是冒险进入低轨道和更远轨道的关键因素。

引用次数: 0

Is there a market for micro-launch vehicles? 微型运载火箭有市场吗？

IF 2 4区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Space Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101629

Felipe Motta , José Bezerra Pessoa Filho , Alison de Oliveira Moraes

The dramatic miniaturization of electronics has led to the SmallSat Revolution. The number of operational satellites has increased from 769 in 2000 to 6905 in 2022. Owing to the deployment of constellations, 26,104 satellites weighing less than 500 kg, known as SmallSats, are expected to be launched between 2023 and 2032. Targeting this market niche, 42 initiatives are underway to develop micro-launch vehicles (LVs), that is, LVs capable of carrying less than 500 kg into orbit. Compared with larger LVs, the cost to launch SmallSats on micro-LVs can be 10 times higher. Consequently, most SmallSat operators opt to send their payloads into space aboard larger LVs using a modality called rideshare. In 2021, SpaceX's Falcon 9 flew 143 SmallSats belonging to different owners. In fact, only 4% of the 7026 SmallSats launched in the 2013–2022 period flew aboard micro-LVs. Based on these facts, the present study addresses the question regarding the existence of a commercial market for the numerous micro-LVs in development. There are a few cases in which micro-LVs may be the best option. One relates to the need to launch a SmallSat within a short period of notice, either for civilian or military reasons. Micro-LVs may also be used as experimental platforms on which new techniques, fabrication processes, flight hardware, and software can be developed for later use on larger LVs. It is worth noting that governments have invested in the development of micro-LVs and their launch facilities to foster the space industry of different countries, but the commercial prospects for micro-LVS are limited due to the much lower launch prices offered by larger vehicles.

电子产品的急剧小型化导致了小卫星革命。运行卫星的数量从2000年的769颗增加到2022年的6905颗。由于星座的部署，预计在2023年至2032年期间将发射26104颗重量小于500公斤的卫星，即所谓的小卫星。针对这一细分市场，目前正在进行42项计划，以开发微型运载火箭（lv），即能够携带不到500公斤进入轨道的lv。与大型lv相比，在微型lv上发射小型卫星的成本可能高出10倍。因此，大多数小卫星运营商选择使用一种称为“拼车”的方式，将有效载荷送入更大的lv。2021年，SpaceX的猎鹰9号发射了143颗属于不同所有者的小型卫星。事实上，在2013年至2022年期间发射的7026颗小型卫星中，只有4%搭载了微型lv。在这些事实的基础上，本研究解决了关于开发中的许多微型lv是否存在商业市场的问题。在少数情况下，微型lv可能是最佳选择。其中一个涉及出于民用或军事原因需要在短时间内发射一颗小型卫星。微型lv也可以用作实验平台，在这个平台上可以开发新技术、制造工艺、飞行硬件和软件，以便以后在更大的lv上使用。值得注意的是，各国政府都投资了微型lvs及其发射设施的发展，以促进各国的航天工业，但由于大型运载工具的发射价格要低得多，微型lvs的商业前景有限。

{"title":"Is there a market for micro-launch vehicles?","authors":"Felipe Motta , José Bezerra Pessoa Filho , Alison de Oliveira Moraes","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dramatic miniaturization of electronics has led to the SmallSat Revolution. The number of operational satellites has increased from 769 in 2000 to 6905 in 2022. Owing to the deployment of constellations, 26,104 satellites weighing less than 500 kg, known as SmallSats, are expected to be launched between 2023 and 2032. Targeting this market niche, 42 initiatives are underway to develop micro-launch vehicles (LVs), that is, LVs capable of carrying less than 500 kg into orbit. Compared with larger LVs, the cost to launch SmallSats on micro-LVs can be 10 times higher. Consequently, most SmallSat operators opt to send their payloads into space aboard larger LVs using a modality called rideshare. In 2021, SpaceX's Falcon 9 flew 143 SmallSats belonging to different owners. In fact, only 4% of the 7026 SmallSats launched in the 2013–2022 period flew aboard micro-LVs. Based on these facts, the present study addresses the question regarding the existence of a commercial market for the numerous micro-LVs in development. There are a few cases in which micro-LVs may be the best option. One relates to the need to launch a SmallSat within a short period of notice, either for civilian or military reasons. Micro-LVs may also be used as experimental platforms on which new techniques, fabrication processes, flight hardware, and software can be developed for later use on larger LVs. It is worth noting that governments have invested in the development of micro-LVs and their launch facilities to foster the space industry of different countries, but the commercial prospects for micro-LVS are limited due to the much lower launch prices offered by larger vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bringing space solution to national needs through selected projects: The case of Greece 通过选定项目为国家需求提供空间解决方案：希腊案例

IF 2 4区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Space Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101599

Dr Christina Giannopapa, DrAthanasios Staveris-Polykalas, Mr Spyros Metallinos

Space today is a critical infrastructure and an indispensable part of our everyday life for secure and sustainable socioeconomic growth. In the past, engagement in space activities was the privilege of few space faring nations. The new space era, provides new opportunities for overcoming barriers to entry in the sector for countries by re-orient existing activities and engaging in new. This paper aims to provide a practitioner perspective on bringing space solutions to the national needs through selective projects, by mapping the political and regulatory framework, national needs and capabilities. The case of Greece is employed for the paper. Relevant information was collected and analysed by directly engaging with the stakeholders, conducting questionnaires, and studies. This study provides insights on the role of strategies and policies at EU and national level in setting up dedicated projects in response of national needs.

今天，空间是一项关键的基础设施，是我们日常生活中安全和可持续的社会经济增长不可或缺的一部分。过去，参与空间活动是少数航天国家的特权。新的空间时代通过重新确定现有活动的方向和从事新的活动，为各国克服进入该部门的障碍提供了新的机会。本文旨在提供实践者的视角，通过对政治和监管框架、国家需求和能力的映射，通过选择性项目将空间解决方案引入国家需求。本文以希腊为例。通过直接与利益相关者接触，进行问卷调查和研究，收集和分析了相关信息。这项研究提供了欧盟和国家层面的战略和政策在建立专门项目以响应国家需求方面的作用的见解。

引用次数: 0

Space and cybersecurity: Challenges and opportunities emerging from national strategy narratives 空间与网络安全：来自国家战略叙述的挑战与机遇

IF 2 4区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Space Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101648

Juan Racionero-Garcia , Siraj Ahmed Shaikh

Modern societies are increasingly dependent on space technology. The number of activities that rely on space infrastructure includes global positioning and communications systems, financial transactions and global trade, public and private scientific research, environmental monitoring and fore-casting, and audio-visual entertainment. Within the security and defence domain, this reliance becomes even more pronounced as satellites enhance command, control, communications and intelligence, surveillance, and recon-naissance (C4ISR), missile defence, or advanced autonomous systems. Furthermore, ongoing advancements in science and technology are opening new frontiers in outer space, promising significant economic potential through ventures like space travel and space mining. Considering the geopolitical implications of the dependence on space technology, the objective of this study is to examine how Western countries and organizations understand space within their strategic thinking. By conducting a comparative analysis of the most recent national security strategies and security and defence space strategies released by a sample of Western countries and organizations, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the European Union and NATO, this study aims to discern the narratives employed to depict the space domain and to identify the key trends within it, with a specific focus on the interplay between space and cybersecurity.

This exercise will facilitate the identification of areas where enhanced collaboration among the selected actors is feasible or where competition may define their relationships. Consequently, it will help determine the potential for a coordinated response to collective challenges.

现代社会越来越依赖于空间技术。依赖空间基础设施的活动包括全球定位和通信系统、金融交易和全球贸易、公共和私营科学研究、环境监测和预报以及视听娱乐。在安全和国防领域，随着卫星增强指挥、控制、通信和情报、监视和侦察（C4ISR）、导弹防御或先进的自主系统，这种依赖变得更加明显。此外，科学和技术的不断进步正在外层空间开辟新的疆域，通过太空旅行和太空采矿等企业带来了巨大的经济潜力。考虑到对空间技术依赖的地缘政治影响，本研究的目的是研究西方国家和组织如何在其战略思维中理解空间。通过对包括美国、英国、法国、欧盟和北约在内的西方国家和组织发布的最新国家安全战略和安全和防务空间战略进行比较分析，本研究旨在辨别用于描述空间领域的叙述，并确定其中的关键趋势，特别关注空间与网络安全之间的相互作用。这项工作将有助于确定在哪些领域可以在选定的行动者之间加强合作，或在哪些领域竞争可能界定它们的关系。因此，它将有助于确定对集体挑战作出协调反应的潜力。

{"title":"Space and cybersecurity: Challenges and opportunities emerging from national strategy narratives","authors":"Juan Racionero-Garcia , Siraj Ahmed Shaikh","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern societies<span> are increasingly dependent on space technology. The number of activities that rely on space infrastructure includes global positioning and communications systems, financial transactions and global trade, public and private scientific research, environmental monitoring and fore-casting, and audio-visual entertainment. Within the security and defence domain, this reliance becomes even more pronounced as satellites enhance command, control, communications and intelligence, surveillance, and recon-naissance (C4ISR), missile defence, or advanced autonomous systems. Furthermore, ongoing advancements in science and technology are opening new frontiers in outer space, promising significant economic potential through ventures like space travel and space mining. Considering the geopolitical implications of the dependence on space technology, the objective of this study is to examine how Western countries and organizations understand space within their strategic thinking. By conducting a comparative analysis of the most recent national security strategies and security and defence space strategies released by a sample of Western countries and organizations, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the European Union<span> and NATO, this study aims to discern the narratives employed to depict the space domain and to identify the key trends within it, with a specific focus on the interplay between space and cybersecurity.</span></span></div><div>This exercise will facilitate the identification of areas where enhanced collaboration among the selected actors is feasible or where competition may define their relationships. Consequently, it will help determine the potential for a coordinated response to collective challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Planetary parks twenty years on. Balancing space protection with development 二十年过去了。平衡空间保护与发展

IF 2 4区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Space Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101647

Charles S. Cockell

With increasing activity in space by both national space agencies and private organizations, there is a renewed purpose in considering how to achieve the protection of certain regions of the extraterrestrial environment, yet allow for the commercial development of space to encourage a permanent human presence beyond Earth. This paper revisits the idea of planetary parks twenty years on. One advantage of this concept is that, like national parks on Earth, they can allow for the protection of land for many reasons including scientific value, aesthetic beauty, sites containing historical artefacts, and others. None of these motivations are mutually exclusive and they can be manifested to different degrees in different places. Planetary parks provide the flexibility to incorporate these motivations within a single framework. Outside planetary parks, land can be developed and transformed. Planetary parks offer a way to move beyond the generic notion of ‘planetary protection’ towards a more local targeted preservation mechanism, encouraging the emergence of a space environmental ethic in parallel with the objective of commercial space development.

随着国家空间机构和私人组织在空间的活动日益增多，考虑如何实现对地外环境某些区域的保护，同时允许对空间进行商业开发，以鼓励人类在地球以外永久存在，这是一个新的目标。本文回顾了二十年来行星公园的概念。这一概念的一个优点是，就像地球上的国家公园一样，它们可以出于多种原因保护土地，包括科学价值、美学价值、历史文物遗址等。这些动机都不是相互排斥的，它们可以在不同的地方以不同的程度表现出来。行星公园提供了将这些动机整合到一个单一框架中的灵活性。在行星公园之外，土地可以被开发和改造。行星公园提供了一种方法，可以超越“行星保护”的一般概念，转向更有针对性的地方保护机制，鼓励与商业空间开发目标并行的空间环境伦理的出现。

{"title":"Planetary parks twenty years on. Balancing space protection with development","authors":"Charles S. Cockell","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increasing activity in space by both national space agencies and private organizations, there is a renewed purpose in considering how to achieve the protection of certain regions of the extraterrestrial environment, yet allow for the commercial development of space to encourage a permanent human presence beyond Earth. This paper revisits the idea of planetary parks twenty years on. One advantage of this concept is that, like national parks on Earth, they can allow for the protection of land for many reasons including scientific value, aesthetic beauty, sites containing historical artefacts, and others. None of these motivations are mutually exclusive and they can be manifested to different degrees in different places. Planetary parks provide the flexibility to incorporate these motivations within a single framework. Outside planetary parks, land can be developed and transformed. Planetary parks offer a way to move beyond the generic notion of ‘planetary protection’ towards a more local targeted preservation mechanism, encouraging the emergence of a space environmental ethic in parallel with the objective of commercial space development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101647"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identifying risks for success in space tourism: A proactive approach for Türkiye 确定空间旅游成功的风险：<s:1> rkiye的主动方法

IF 2 4区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Space Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101654

Vahit Oğuz Kiper, Orhan Batman

Effective planning is crucial for the success of any tourism endeavor, including space tourism. To ensure correct and proactive planning, it is essential to identify and address potential threats and weaknesses in advance. This research aims to reveal possible threats to Turkiye's success in the field of space tourism, employing a qualitative research approach with expert interviews. Building on this context, the research adopts a deductive approach, focusing on a qualitative “situation analysis” design, with Türkiye as the universe and sample. Expert opinions from professionals with technical knowledge of space commercialization and tourism were collected using a snowball sampling technique. Through in-depth interviews, the perceived risks were identified and analyzed. The data obtained were coded and categorized, resulting in main themes related to various elements of the external environment, including political, international, legal, economic, social-cultural, demographic, and technological risks, as well as ethical considerations.The findings highlight that space tourism activities, especially suborbital and extraorbital ventures, carry significant risks. To ensure Türkiye's success in space tourism, the study emphasizes the importance of conducting a comprehensive analysis of the external environment, considering the interrelatedness of the identified risk factors.

有效的规划对包括太空旅游在内的任何旅游事业的成功都至关重要。为了确保正确和主动的规划，必须提前识别和解决潜在的威胁和弱点。本研究旨在揭示土耳其在太空旅游领域的成功可能面临的威胁，采用定性研究方法与专家访谈。在此背景下，本研究采用演绎法，以 rkiye为宇宙和样本，着重于定性的“情境分析”设计。利用滚雪球抽样技术收集了具有空间商业化和旅游技术知识的专业人员的专家意见。通过深入访谈，识别和分析感知风险。获得的数据被编码和分类，从而产生与外部环境的各种要素相关的主题，包括政治、国际、法律、经济、社会文化、人口和技术风险，以及伦理考虑。研究结果强调，太空旅游活动，特别是亚轨道和外轨道冒险，具有重大风险。为了确保 rkiye在太空旅游方面取得成功，该研究强调了对外部环境进行全面分析的重要性，考虑到已确定的风险因素的相互关系。

{"title":"Identifying risks for success in space tourism: A proactive approach for Türkiye","authors":"Vahit Oğuz Kiper, Orhan Batman","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective planning is crucial for the success of any tourism endeavor, including space tourism. To ensure correct and proactive planning, it is essential to identify and address potential threats and weaknesses in advance. This research aims to reveal possible threats to Turkiye's success in the field of space tourism, employing a qualitative research approach with expert interviews. Building on this context, the research adopts a deductive approach, focusing on a qualitative “situation analysis” design, with Türkiye as the universe and sample. Expert opinions from professionals with technical knowledge of space commercialization and tourism were collected using a snowball sampling technique. Through in-depth interviews, the perceived risks were identified and analyzed. The data obtained were coded and categorized, resulting in main themes related to various elements of the external environment, including political, international, legal, economic, social-cultural, demographic, and technological risks, as well as ethical considerations.The findings highlight that space tourism activities, especially suborbital and extraorbital ventures, carry significant risks. To ensure Türkiye's success in space tourism, the study emphasizes the importance of conducting a comprehensive analysis of the external environment, considering the interrelatedness of the identified risk factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101654"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sustainability as a core principle of space and planetary exploration 可持续性是空间和行星探索的核心原则

IF 2 4区社会学 Q2 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Space Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101636

Dimitra Atri , Paulina Umansky , Katepalli R. Sreenivasan

Human Society has renewed interest in exploration and settlement of the Moon, demonstrated by NASA's active Artemis program, privatization of United States' lunar exploration through Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS), and China's planned International Lunar Research Station (ILRS). Plans extend beyond just the Moon, driven by NASA's establishment of the Moon to Mars Program, developments in In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) for crewed exploration, and commercial interests in asteroid resources. As we enter a new era of large-scale space exploration, both public and private for the first time, the environments of the Moon and Mars are at risk of being irreversibly altered by human activity. We propose that sustainability should be laid at the foundation of the next generation of human space exploration. To this end, existing planetary protection policies must be expanded to include requirements for protecting the Lunar and Martian environments beyond biological contamination, and guidelines founded on space sustainability should be expanded to include issues beyond orbital debris, crowding, and security. Existing and improved policies should adopt compliance incentives. This shift in policy is not only crucial for the long-term success of upcoming programs, but, if implemented, can foreseeably lead to positive developments on Earth.

人类社会重新燃起了对月球探索和定居的兴趣，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）积极开展的阿尔忒弥斯计划（Artemis program）、通过商业月球有效载荷服务（CLPS）实现美国月球探测私有化以及中国计划中的国际月球研究站（ILRS）都证明了这一点。在美国国家航空航天局（NASA）建立的月球到火星计划（Moon to Mars Program）、用于载人探索的原位资源利用（ISRU）的发展以及对小行星资源的商业兴趣的推动下，计划不仅仅局限于月球。随着我们首次进入大规模太空探索的新时代，无论是公共的还是私人的，月球和火星的环境都面临着被人类活动不可逆转地改变的风险。我们建议将可持续性作为下一代人类空间探索的基础。为此，必须扩大现有的行星保护政策，以包括保护月球和火星环境的要求，而不是生物污染，并应扩大以空间可持续性为基础的准则，以包括轨道碎片、拥挤和安全以外的问题。现有和改进后的政策应采用遵从性激励措施。这种政策的转变不仅对即将实施的项目的长期成功至关重要，而且如果得到实施，可以预见会给地球带来积极的发展。

{"title":"Sustainability as a core principle of space and planetary exploration","authors":"Dimitra Atri , Paulina Umansky , Katepalli R. Sreenivasan","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>Human Society has renewed interest in exploration and settlement of the Moon, demonstrated by NASA's active Artemis program, privatization of United States' lunar exploration<span> through Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS), and China's planned International Lunar Research Station (ILRS). Plans extend beyond just the Moon, driven by NASA's establishment of the Moon to Mars Program, developments in In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) for crewed exploration, and commercial interests in asteroid resources. As we enter a new era of large-scale space exploration, both public and private for the first time, the environments of the Moon and Mars are at risk of being irreversibly altered by human activity. We propose that sustainability should be laid at the foundation of the next generation of human space exploration. To this end, existing </span></span>planetary protection<span> policies must be expanded to include requirements for protecting the Lunar and Martian environments beyond biological contamination, and guidelines founded on space sustainability should be expanded to include issues beyond orbital debris, crowding, and security. Existing and improved policies should adopt compliance incentives. This shift in policy is not only crucial for the long-term success of upcoming programs, but, if implemented, can foreseeably lead to positive developments on Earth.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101636"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0