Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101599
Dr Christina Giannopapa, DrAthanasios Staveris-Polykalas, Mr Spyros Metallinos
{"title":"Bringing space solution to national needs through selected projects: The case of Greece","authors":"Dr Christina Giannopapa, DrAthanasios Staveris-Polykalas, Mr Spyros Metallinos","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101599","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141843104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101649
Xiaodao Li, Jie Long
{"title":"Developing safety-zone rules: Based on an institutional choice framework","authors":"Xiaodao Li, Jie Long","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101649","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141699472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101635
Adam P. Wilmer, Robert A Bettinger, Liberty M. Shockley, M. Holzinger
{"title":"Preliminary investigation and proposal of periodic orbits and their utilization for logistics in the cislunar regime","authors":"Adam P. Wilmer, Robert A Bettinger, Liberty M. Shockley, M. Holzinger","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101635","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141276591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101637
Sarah Lieberman, Thomas C. Hoerber
{"title":"Finding space for the European Space Agency","authors":"Sarah Lieberman, Thomas C. Hoerber","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101637","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141403611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101633
R. P. Rajagopalan, Dimitrios Stroikos
{"title":"The transformation of India's space policy: From space for development to the pursuit of security and prestige","authors":"R. P. Rajagopalan, Dimitrios Stroikos","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101633","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141042177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101631
Andreas Losch , André Galli , Thomas Schildknecht
The UN launched in 2015 17 Sustainable Development Goals as part of their 2030 agenda which covered almost every aspect of human civilization on Earth. Outer Space, however, was omitted from the considerations. There hence have already been a couple of suggestions of an 18th SDG related to Space. The paper will discuss the history and motivations of these suggestions, compare the conceptual frameworks provided, and attempts at exploring the structure of the SDGs and such a potential SDG in particular, as well as the challenges that come with that concept. Comparisons are made to the UN Space2030 agenda.
{"title":"History, concepts and challenges of proposing an 18th UN Sustainable Development Goal related to Space","authors":"Andreas Losch , André Galli , Thomas Schildknecht","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The UN launched in 2015 17 Sustainable Development Goals as part of their 2030 agenda which covered almost every aspect of human civilization on Earth. Outer Space, however, was omitted from the considerations. There hence have already been a couple of suggestions of an 18th SDG related to Space. The paper will discuss the history and motivations of these suggestions, compare the conceptual frameworks provided, and attempts at exploring the structure of the SDGs and such a potential SDG in particular, as well as the challenges that come with that concept. Comparisons are made to the UN Space2030 agenda.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964624000225/pdfft?md5=9a661db796f56c58e4127fffce401605&pid=1-s2.0-S0265964624000225-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141043699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101634
W. Henry Lambright
Large-scale, long-term scientific and technological programs face many hurdles and barriers on the way from initiation to completion. This is especially true for huge-multi-billion space endeavors, such as Artemis, NASA's Moon to Mars venture. Such programs traverse a number of presidencies and congresses. Among the most critical factors in program success or failure is the performance of NASA Administrators. While typically in office only part of the time the program endures, their tenures can be pivotal. Consider the case of James Bridenstine who served in the tumultuous time of Donald Trump. His record illuminates how a NASA Administrator with a political style can maneuver to a program's advantage, often in spite of environmental turmoil. While the full story of Artemis is yet to be written, it seems clear that Bridenstine, overall, left the program with a more secure political momentum than when he arrived. While he could not achieve all he wished, especially internally, he set Artemis on a sufficiently sound trajectory that his successor, under a different president of the opposite party, could maintain and build on Bridenstine's legacy. This positive hand-off was largely unanticipated since Bridenstine came to office with low expectations. His actions to secure the Moon to Mars program thus merits reflection.
大规模、长期的科技项目从启动到完成的过程中会遇到许多障碍和壁垒。对于耗资数十亿美元的大型太空项目来说更是如此,比如美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的 "阿耳特弥斯"(Artemis)月球到火星计划。这些项目历经多届总统和国会。项目成败的最关键因素之一是 NASA 管理人员的表现。虽然他们的任期通常只占项目持续时间的一部分,但他们的表现却至关重要。以詹姆斯-布里登斯廷(James Bridenstine)为例,他在唐纳德-特朗普(Donald Trump)的动荡时期任职。他的记录说明了一个具有政治风格的 NASA 管理员是如何在环境动荡的情况下为项目带来优势的。虽然阿耳特弥斯的完整故事还没有写完,但总的来说,布里登斯廷离开项目时的政治势头显然比他上任时更加稳固。虽然布里登斯廷未能如愿,尤其是在内部,但他为阿特米斯设定了足够稳健的发展轨迹,以至于他的继任者在不同党派总统的领导下,能够保持并发扬布里登斯廷的传统。这种积极的交接在很大程度上是始料未及的,因为布里登斯廷上任时的期望值并不高。因此,他为确保 "从月球到火星 "计划所采取的行动值得反思。
{"title":"Leading the Moon to Mars Program: James Bridenstine as NASA administrator 2018–2021","authors":"W. Henry Lambright","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Large-scale, long-term scientific and technological programs face many hurdles and barriers on the way from initiation to completion. This is especially true for huge-multi-billion space endeavors, such as Artemis, NASA's Moon to Mars venture. Such programs traverse a number of presidencies and congresses. Among the most critical factors in program success or failure is the performance of NASA Administrators. While typically in office only part of the time the program endures, their tenures can be pivotal. Consider the case of James Bridenstine who served in the tumultuous time of Donald Trump. His record illuminates how a NASA Administrator with a political style can maneuver to a program's advantage, often in spite of environmental turmoil. While the full story of Artemis is yet to be written, it seems clear that Bridenstine, overall, left the program with a more secure political momentum than when he arrived. While he could not achieve all he wished, especially internally, he set Artemis on a sufficiently sound trajectory that his successor, under a different president of the opposite party, could maintain and build on Bridenstine's legacy. This positive hand-off was largely unanticipated since Bridenstine came to office with low expectations. His actions to secure the Moon to Mars program thus merits reflection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141026543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101627
Clare Fletcher , Martin Van Kranendonk , Carol Oliver
Of all the planets in our solar system, Mars is most likely to have evidence of life, whether past or extant and preserve the environments in which such life may have formed and lived. However, human exploration poses risks to possible evidence of life on Mars and its pristine palaeoenvironments. Similar sites of scientific interest on Earth have suffered significant damage. We risk the same for Mars without legal or normative frameworks to protect such sites. In this paper, we analyse threats to Mars and explore gaps that need addressing, drawing from examples on Earth and from legal regimes.
{"title":"Exogeoconservation of Mars","authors":"Clare Fletcher , Martin Van Kranendonk , Carol Oliver","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Of all the planets in our solar system, Mars is most likely to have evidence of life, whether past or extant and preserve the environments in which such life may have formed and lived. However, human exploration poses risks to possible evidence of life on Mars and its pristine palaeoenvironments. Similar sites of scientific interest on Earth have suffered significant damage. We risk the same for Mars without legal or normative frameworks to protect such sites. In this paper, we analyse threats to Mars and explore gaps that need addressing, drawing from examples on Earth and from legal regimes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964624000183/pdfft?md5=1ed477ad4f23d3672467301d2a62b28d&pid=1-s2.0-S0265964624000183-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140784244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101611
Sara Langston , Kayla Taylor
In an age of proliferating satellite constellations and congested Earth orbits, what is the status and value of dark and quiet skies? Satellite mega-constellations such as Starlink are illuminating the night sky with unnatural light and making astronomical observations—both professional and recreational—increasingly difficult. Radio frequency interference (RFI) from these constellations also adds obtrusive “noise,” impacting sensitive astronomical observations in the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Scientists predict that the growing commercial space sector will add more than 100,000 satellites to Earth's orbit by the end of the decade, raising concerns from numerous scientists as to the future of dark skies. Astronomy, in particular, is inevitably affected by the impending disappearance of dark and quiet skies, which are necessary conditions for many aspects of scientific research. This topic has also gained attention, at both the international level and national level, within the United States. Nonetheless, contributions to the conversation of mitigating light/noise pollution predominantly focus on the likely adverse effects of artificial sky brightening from satellites. A holistic discussion is also warranted on the benefits of existing night skies and their significance for society.
This paper addresses the positive value of dark skies and the significance of protecting astronomy through current governing and analogous frameworks. First, this paper evaluates dark skies’ application under existing international and national law and policy, highlighting lacunae in governance and outlining convoluted issues for Earth-based science (astronomy) versus the lawful use of space (satellites). U.S. space law is used as a case study given the extensive history of the United States in space, comprehensive U.S. space political infrastructures, and the burgeoning domestic satellite mega-constellation industry. Second, relevant ethical values are identified to clarify inherent moral considerations that can guide policymaking and serve to establish practical measures and approaches to balance the conflicting interests of astronomers and satellite operators. Significantly, this paper contributes to the topic by explaining how the advent of technological change creates new conflicts on Earth and expounds on how and why these issues are lacking or are inadequate under current international frameworks. Moreover, this work explores key ethical values on this topic for informing public policy on dark and quiet skies and highlights some mechanisms for resolving these conflicts. In conclusion, the recession of dark skies is already occurring, and the likely impacts require transparency, good will, and interdisciplinary compromise between scientists, policymakers, and the space industry.
{"title":"Evaluating the benefits of dark and quiet skies in an age of satellite mega-constellations","authors":"Sara Langston , Kayla Taylor","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In an age of proliferating satellite constellations and congested Earth orbits, what is the status and value of dark and quiet skies? Satellite mega-constellations such as Starlink are illuminating the night sky with unnatural light and making astronomical observations—both professional and recreational—increasingly difficult. Radio frequency interference (RFI) from these constellations also adds obtrusive “noise,” impacting sensitive astronomical observations in the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Scientists predict that the growing commercial space sector will add more than 100,000 satellites to Earth's orbit by the end of the decade, raising concerns from numerous scientists as to the future of dark skies. Astronomy, in particular, is inevitably affected by the impending disappearance of dark and quiet skies, which are necessary conditions for many aspects of scientific research. This topic has also gained attention, at both the international level and national level, within the United States. Nonetheless, contributions to the conversation of mitigating light/noise pollution predominantly focus on the likely adverse effects of artificial sky brightening from satellites. A holistic discussion is also warranted on the benefits of existing night skies and their significance for society.</p><p>This paper addresses the positive value of dark skies and the significance of protecting astronomy through current governing and analogous frameworks. First, this paper evaluates dark skies’ application under existing international and national law and policy, highlighting lacunae in governance and outlining convoluted issues for Earth-based science (astronomy) versus the lawful use of space (satellites). U.S. space law is used as a case study given the extensive history of the United States in space, comprehensive U.S. space political infrastructures, and the burgeoning domestic satellite mega-constellation industry. Second, relevant ethical values are identified to clarify inherent moral considerations that can guide policymaking and serve to establish practical measures and approaches to balance the conflicting interests of astronomers and satellite operators. Significantly, this paper contributes to the topic by explaining how the advent of technological change creates new conflicts on Earth and expounds on how and why these issues are lacking or are inadequate under current international frameworks. Moreover, this work explores key ethical values on this topic for informing public policy on dark and quiet skies and highlights some mechanisms for resolving these conflicts. In conclusion, the recession of dark skies is already occurring, and the likely impacts require transparency, good will, and interdisciplinary compromise between scientists, policymakers, and the space industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140517874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101609
Manuel Heitor , Miguel Pina e Cunha , Stewart Clegg , Emir Sirage , Pedro Oliveira
The core argument of this paper is that a new stage of a rather complex co-existence and co-evolution of space organizations is being entered with the emergence of public-private collaborative organizations driven by digitalization, sustainability and safety. Contrary to expectations of some fifteen years ago and except for a few notable cases in space communications, the New Space economy is seeing the formation of a new public and semi-public “era” of orbital space economy and in-orbit servicing in association with diversified funding schemes and a niche sector of new technological and business innovations in a global system of increasing fragmented production. These innovations relate to environmental and safety concerns, cost reductions, shorter life cycles, as well as a bolder market approach to non-space sectors. The emerging organizations address global challenges and are gradually engaging an increasing number of business firms and startups, together with research and technology organizations. They clearly gain from the New Space, but are mostly driven and funded by diversified funding schemes, with space entrepreneurship and equity investors balanced by an increasingly relevant role of public funding driven by digitalization, sustainability and safety, together with emerging public and semi-public goods.
{"title":"Beyond new space: Changing organizational forms, collaborative innovation and public and semi-public domains","authors":"Manuel Heitor , Miguel Pina e Cunha , Stewart Clegg , Emir Sirage , Pedro Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The core argument of this paper is that a new stage of a rather complex co-existence and co-evolution of space organizations is being entered with the emergence of <span><em>public-private collaborative organizations driven by </em><em>digitalization</em><em>, sustainability and safety</em></span>. Contrary to expectations of some fifteen years ago and except for a few notable cases in space communications, the New Space economy is seeing the formation of a new <em>public and semi-public</em> “<em>era</em>” of orbital space economy and in-orbit servicing in association with diversified funding schemes and a niche sector of new technological and business innovations in a global system of increasing fragmented production. These innovations relate to environmental and safety concerns, cost reductions, shorter life cycles, as well as a bolder market approach to non-space sectors. The emerging organizations address global challenges and are gradually engaging an increasing number of business firms and startups, together with research and technology organizations. They clearly gain from the New Space, but are mostly driven and funded by diversified funding schemes, with space entrepreneurship and equity investors balanced by an increasingly relevant role of public funding driven by <em>digitalization, sustainability and safety</em>, together with emerging public and semi-public goods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45924,"journal":{"name":"Space Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139537660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}