Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1950376
C. Napier, Heleen Grobbelaar, W. Oldewage-Theron
Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are not a new concept and are being used in many countries to promote healthy eating and the prevention of diet-related chronic diseases. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommended FBDGs as an approach to prevent malnutrition and promote healthy dietary behaviours in populations, taking into consideration local conditions, traditional dietary practices and socioeconomic and cultural factors whilst at the same time using evidence-based scientific principles. South Africa (SA) currently has two sets of guidelines, namely the paediatric food-based dietary guidelines and the South African FBDGs for the population aged seven years and older. The recognition that elderly malnutrition remains a major public health concern in SA led to the formulation of a specific set of guidelines for this vulnerable population group based on existing nutrition-related health issues, local dietary habits and barriers to food intake experienced by those aged 60 and above. This introductory paper on the development of the elderly food-based dietary guidelines (EFBDGs) will be followed by six technical papers motivating why these guidelines are suited to address nutrition-related issues among the elderly in SA.
{"title":"An introduction to the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines for the Elderly in South Africa","authors":"C. Napier, Heleen Grobbelaar, W. Oldewage-Theron","doi":"10.1080/16070658.2021.1950376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2021.1950376","url":null,"abstract":"Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are not a new concept and are being used in many countries to promote healthy eating and the prevention of diet-related chronic diseases. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommended FBDGs as an approach to prevent malnutrition and promote healthy dietary behaviours in populations, taking into consideration local conditions, traditional dietary practices and socioeconomic and cultural factors whilst at the same time using evidence-based scientific principles. South Africa (SA) currently has two sets of guidelines, namely the paediatric food-based dietary guidelines and the South African FBDGs for the population aged seven years and older. The recognition that elderly malnutrition remains a major public health concern in SA led to the formulation of a specific set of guidelines for this vulnerable population group based on existing nutrition-related health issues, local dietary habits and barriers to food intake experienced by those aged 60 and above. This introductory paper on the development of the elderly food-based dietary guidelines (EFBDGs) will be followed by six technical papers motivating why these guidelines are suited to address nutrition-related issues among the elderly in SA.","PeriodicalId":45938,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"34 1","pages":"S1 - S8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41755030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1954351
R. Theophilus, C. Napier, W. Oldewage-Theron
The use and misuse of alcohol has become a public health problem among the South African (SA) elderly population, among whom risky drinking is a common practice. Previous publications encouraging alcohol use have referred to two supposedly beneficial effects of alcohol, categorised as: (1) cardioprotective and haemostatic; and (2) promoting a positive balance in iron status. However, more recent evidence has weakened these assertions for all age groups as the disadvantages of alcohol use far outweigh these benefits. Some of these disadvantages can cause severe medical and physical harm to the elderly. Attempts to curb risky drinking among the SA elderly must be adopted through screening by clinicians during consultations, use of various screening and diagnostic tools available for addressing alcohol use and abuse, and exploiting the channels of alcohol exposure for appropriate interventions. Elderly populations are vulnerable to alcohol misuse irrespective of their consumption patterns or levels of use because of their ageing condition and the interaction of alcohol with medication. Therefore, there is a need to sensitise the SA elderly population on the risk posed by alcohol use, misuse or abuse, hence the FBDG ‘If you drink alcohol, drink sensibly’.
{"title":"If you drink alcohol, drink sensibly: a food-based dietary guideline for the elderly in South Africa","authors":"R. Theophilus, C. Napier, W. Oldewage-Theron","doi":"10.1080/16070658.2021.1954351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2021.1954351","url":null,"abstract":"The use and misuse of alcohol has become a public health problem among the South African (SA) elderly population, among whom risky drinking is a common practice. Previous publications encouraging alcohol use have referred to two supposedly beneficial effects of alcohol, categorised as: (1) cardioprotective and haemostatic; and (2) promoting a positive balance in iron status. However, more recent evidence has weakened these assertions for all age groups as the disadvantages of alcohol use far outweigh these benefits. Some of these disadvantages can cause severe medical and physical harm to the elderly. Attempts to curb risky drinking among the SA elderly must be adopted through screening by clinicians during consultations, use of various screening and diagnostic tools available for addressing alcohol use and abuse, and exploiting the channels of alcohol exposure for appropriate interventions. Elderly populations are vulnerable to alcohol misuse irrespective of their consumption patterns or levels of use because of their ageing condition and the interaction of alcohol with medication. Therefore, there is a need to sensitise the SA elderly population on the risk posed by alcohol use, misuse or abuse, hence the FBDG ‘If you drink alcohol, drink sensibly’.","PeriodicalId":45938,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"34 1","pages":"S15 - S20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47202514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1947037
Upasana Mukherjee, C. Napier, W. Oldewage-Theron
This review summarises information from available literature to support the dietary guideline ‘Drink Clean, Safe Water and/or Other Fluids Through-Out the Day Even if You Do Not Feel Thirsty’ set for the elderly of South Africa (SA). Water is essential for life and is necessary for important functions of the body like maintenance of tissue structure, blood volume regulation, temperature regulation and excretion of metabolites through kidneys. Though water is necessary for all, the elderly are especially at risk of dehydration due to altered hormonal activity and body functions that reduce their sensitivity to thirst (water intake) and urination (water excretion). Total body water is also reduced in the elderly, so they are unable to buffer the effects of water loss in the body. Therefore, water intake should be monitored properly in the elderly so that they can lead a happy and healthy life and reduce the economic burden due to hospitalisation caused by water imbalance or dehydration, which is common in the elderly. Two litres of water per day is generally considered adequate, but there is no consensus regarding the exact requirement for water as need varies due to climate and physical activity levels. The importance of water to maintain bodily functions and the risk of dehydration substantiate the need for a dietary guideline to address the importance of clean and safe water/fluid consumption regularly throughout the day among the elderly in SA.
{"title":"‘Drink clean, safe water and/or other fluids through-out the day even if you do not feel thirsty’: a food-based dietary guideline for the elderly in South Africa","authors":"Upasana Mukherjee, C. Napier, W. Oldewage-Theron","doi":"10.1080/16070658.2021.1947037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2021.1947037","url":null,"abstract":"This review summarises information from available literature to support the dietary guideline ‘Drink Clean, Safe Water and/or Other Fluids Through-Out the Day Even if You Do Not Feel Thirsty’ set for the elderly of South Africa (SA). Water is essential for life and is necessary for important functions of the body like maintenance of tissue structure, blood volume regulation, temperature regulation and excretion of metabolites through kidneys. Though water is necessary for all, the elderly are especially at risk of dehydration due to altered hormonal activity and body functions that reduce their sensitivity to thirst (water intake) and urination (water excretion). Total body water is also reduced in the elderly, so they are unable to buffer the effects of water loss in the body. Therefore, water intake should be monitored properly in the elderly so that they can lead a happy and healthy life and reduce the economic burden due to hospitalisation caused by water imbalance or dehydration, which is common in the elderly. Two litres of water per day is generally considered adequate, but there is no consensus regarding the exact requirement for water as need varies due to climate and physical activity levels. The importance of water to maintain bodily functions and the risk of dehydration substantiate the need for a dietary guideline to address the importance of clean and safe water/fluid consumption regularly throughout the day among the elderly in SA.","PeriodicalId":45938,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"34 1","pages":"S9 - S14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46393339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1947039
Yasaman Jamshidi-Naeini, G. Moyo, C. Napier, W. Oldewage-Theron
Dietary patterns among South African older adults indicate a moderate intake of total fat and salt, as well as a high sugar intake. Total fat, saturated fat, sugar and salt intakes are associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mortality. Processed and ultra-processed foods are common in elderly households and contain high levels of fat, sugar and salt and are associated with frailty. This paper aims to review the available scientific evidence on the effect on health status of dietary sugar, fat and salt consumption among the elderly. This information will be used to confirm the need for dietary sugar, fat and salt food-based dietary guidelines for the elderly South African population.
{"title":"Food and beverages undermining elderly health: three food-based dietary guidelines to avoid or delay chronic diseases of lifestyle among the elderly in South Africa","authors":"Yasaman Jamshidi-Naeini, G. Moyo, C. Napier, W. Oldewage-Theron","doi":"10.1080/16070658.2021.1947039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2021.1947039","url":null,"abstract":"Dietary patterns among South African older adults indicate a moderate intake of total fat and salt, as well as a high sugar intake. Total fat, saturated fat, sugar and salt intakes are associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mortality. Processed and ultra-processed foods are common in elderly households and contain high levels of fat, sugar and salt and are associated with frailty. This paper aims to review the available scientific evidence on the effect on health status of dietary sugar, fat and salt consumption among the elderly. This information will be used to confirm the need for dietary sugar, fat and salt food-based dietary guidelines for the elderly South African population.","PeriodicalId":45938,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"34 1","pages":"S27 - S40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41686921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1947038
S. Saha, W. Oldewage-Theron, C. Napier
The goal of this paper is to support the ‘Be active!’ food-based dietary guideline (FBDG) for South Africans of seven years and older by means of a technical guideline regarding physical activity (PA) specifically for the elderly. Optimal nutrition and physical activity (PA) are essential to ensure healthy ageing. PA is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle; however; the rate of low PA in the elderly (59.7%) is high in South Africa (SA). Regular PA reduces the risks of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart diseases and cancers. Therefore, this review study aims to gather available information concerning PA and suitable methods to promote PA among the elderly in SA. Lack of environmental support for PA, trainers, PA-educated caregivers, poor knowledge about the recommended level of PA and its benefits, lack of motivation by healthcare providers, poor health and nutritional status, and lack of opportunity for social engagement prevent the elderly from participating in PA. Elderly individuals without any physical challenges should participate in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic PA in a week, or at least 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA or an equivalent combination of both types of aerobic PA. It is better to start PA slowly and increase the duration and frequency gradually. Even those who have some disease limitations should try to change their status from ‘inactive or no activity’ to ‘some level of activity’ to enjoy the health benefits of PA. More research and programmes focusing on promotion of PA need to be implemented in order to improve PA among the elderly in SA.
{"title":"Be active: a food-based dietary guideline for elderly South Africans","authors":"S. Saha, W. Oldewage-Theron, C. Napier","doi":"10.1080/16070658.2021.1947038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2021.1947038","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this paper is to support the ‘Be active!’ food-based dietary guideline (FBDG) for South Africans of seven years and older by means of a technical guideline regarding physical activity (PA) specifically for the elderly. Optimal nutrition and physical activity (PA) are essential to ensure healthy ageing. PA is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle; however; the rate of low PA in the elderly (59.7%) is high in South Africa (SA). Regular PA reduces the risks of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart diseases and cancers. Therefore, this review study aims to gather available information concerning PA and suitable methods to promote PA among the elderly in SA. Lack of environmental support for PA, trainers, PA-educated caregivers, poor knowledge about the recommended level of PA and its benefits, lack of motivation by healthcare providers, poor health and nutritional status, and lack of opportunity for social engagement prevent the elderly from participating in PA. Elderly individuals without any physical challenges should participate in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic PA in a week, or at least 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA or an equivalent combination of both types of aerobic PA. It is better to start PA slowly and increase the duration and frequency gradually. Even those who have some disease limitations should try to change their status from ‘inactive or no activity’ to ‘some level of activity’ to enjoy the health benefits of PA. More research and programmes focusing on promotion of PA need to be implemented in order to improve PA among the elderly in SA.","PeriodicalId":45938,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"34 1","pages":"S21 - S26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48743369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1975883
C. Browne
The global burden of malnutrition continues to persist at extremely high levels. The magnitude of the nutrition related health challenges that must be addressed in South Africa are described by Shishana et al in the report on the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, SANHANES–1. The country has a high burden of infectious diseases such has HIV and TB and an increasing prevalence of diet related non-communicable diseases. Undernutrition, such as stunting in young children and micronutrient malnutrition, also remain part of the nutrition related health priorities that must be addressed. Stats SA notes that the proportion of the South African population who are 60 years and older is increasing. This ageing population will continue to increase the disease burden related to chronic conditions.
{"title":"Food-based dietary guidelines for South Africans: an under-utilised tool for improving nutritional well-being.","authors":"C. Browne","doi":"10.1080/16070658.2021.1975883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2021.1975883","url":null,"abstract":"The global burden of malnutrition continues to persist at extremely high levels. The magnitude of the nutrition related health challenges that must be addressed in South Africa are described by Shishana et al in the report on the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, SANHANES–1. The country has a high burden of infectious diseases such has HIV and TB and an increasing prevalence of diet related non-communicable diseases. Undernutrition, such as stunting in young children and micronutrient malnutrition, also remain part of the nutrition related health priorities that must be addressed. Stats SA notes that the proportion of the South African population who are 60 years and older is increasing. This ageing population will continue to increase the disease burden related to chronic conditions.","PeriodicalId":45938,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"34 1","pages":"Si - Sii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45995955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-12DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1954794
S. Adams, Raeesa Verachia, K. Coutts
Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a number of associated feeding difficulties and problematic mealtime behaviours. These problems can have a negative impact on the child’s nutritional intake and little is known about the food preferences and characteristics of food choices. In addition, these difficulties can be exacerbated for children and caregivers living in low- and middle-income countries such as South Africa due to limited access to food, resources and health care. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine (1) types of feeding difficulties prevalent in children with ASD, (2) food items that children in South Africa prefer, (3) the relationship between age and ASD severity on food preferences. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative research design was employed using an online questionnaire. There was a total of 40 respondents from different provinces in South Africa. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as multiple linear correlation analysis. Results: The study has identified common feeding difficulties in children with ASD and those being diagnosed as picky eaters in South Africa and compared them with difficulties that were found in the international literature. The study also highlighted the food groups that were preferred by children with ASD, showing a preference for starches and snack items compared with fruits and vegetables. In addition, there were significant correlations between ASD severity and ASD age on food preferences, suggesting that both age and severity may be predictors of food choices made by children with ASD, and highlighted a need for multidisciplinary intervention. Conclusions: This study adds to the existing literature on feeding difficulties in children with ASD but provides additional insights into children living in low- and middle-income countries and can be used to improve appropriate and responsive interventions. This study provides evidence that supports the influence of context and family environment regarding feeding in children with ASD.
{"title":"Mealtime challenges and food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorder in South Africa","authors":"S. Adams, Raeesa Verachia, K. Coutts","doi":"10.1080/16070658.2021.1954794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2021.1954794","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a number of associated feeding difficulties and problematic mealtime behaviours. These problems can have a negative impact on the child’s nutritional intake and little is known about the food preferences and characteristics of food choices. In addition, these difficulties can be exacerbated for children and caregivers living in low- and middle-income countries such as South Africa due to limited access to food, resources and health care. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine (1) types of feeding difficulties prevalent in children with ASD, (2) food items that children in South Africa prefer, (3) the relationship between age and ASD severity on food preferences. Method: A cross-sectional quantitative research design was employed using an online questionnaire. There was a total of 40 respondents from different provinces in South Africa. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as multiple linear correlation analysis. Results: The study has identified common feeding difficulties in children with ASD and those being diagnosed as picky eaters in South Africa and compared them with difficulties that were found in the international literature. The study also highlighted the food groups that were preferred by children with ASD, showing a preference for starches and snack items compared with fruits and vegetables. In addition, there were significant correlations between ASD severity and ASD age on food preferences, suggesting that both age and severity may be predictors of food choices made by children with ASD, and highlighted a need for multidisciplinary intervention. Conclusions: This study adds to the existing literature on feeding difficulties in children with ASD but provides additional insights into children living in low- and middle-income countries and can be used to improve appropriate and responsive interventions. This study provides evidence that supports the influence of context and family environment regarding feeding in children with ASD.","PeriodicalId":45938,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"35 1","pages":"78 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45116776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-29DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1940716
E. Illidge, C. Biggs, Kathleen Krog, Tarryn Mason, Mandy Read
Objective: The aim was to determine the most appropriate field techniques to measure %BF when both euhydrated and dehydrated. Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken. Setting: South Africa. Subjects: 17 male apprentice jockeys (mean age 18.8 ± 1.7 years). Outcome measures: Agreement of %BF results determined using predictive equations based on skinfold thickness measurements and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) with that of the reference method, euhydrated deuterium dilution (eDD). Results: The mean %BF according to eDD was 9.5 ± 2.8%. The skinfold equations by Slaughter et al. (1988) for ages 8–18 years in either hydration state, Durnin and Womersley 1 using either Siri 2 or Brožek et al. 3 for ages 17–19 years when dehydrated only, and the Van Loan et al. 4 BIA equation when euhydrated only were the most acceptable methods. Conclusion: Regardless of hydration status, the skinfold equation by Slaughter et al. 5 is recommended for jockey apprentices 18 years and younger. For those > 19 years, the hydration state must be confirmed prior to measurement. If euhydrated, the Van Loan et al. 4 BIA equation is recommended and if dehydrated the Durnin and Womersley 1 using either Siri 2 or Brožek et al. 3 is recommended.
{"title":"Determining percentage body fat of male South African jockey apprentices irrespective of hydration status","authors":"E. Illidge, C. Biggs, Kathleen Krog, Tarryn Mason, Mandy Read","doi":"10.1080/16070658.2021.1940716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2021.1940716","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The aim was to determine the most appropriate field techniques to measure %BF when both euhydrated and dehydrated. Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken. Setting: South Africa. Subjects: 17 male apprentice jockeys (mean age 18.8 ± 1.7 years). Outcome measures: Agreement of %BF results determined using predictive equations based on skinfold thickness measurements and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) with that of the reference method, euhydrated deuterium dilution (eDD). Results: The mean %BF according to eDD was 9.5 ± 2.8%. The skinfold equations by Slaughter et al. (1988) for ages 8–18 years in either hydration state, Durnin and Womersley 1 using either Siri 2 or Brožek et al. 3 for ages 17–19 years when dehydrated only, and the Van Loan et al. 4 BIA equation when euhydrated only were the most acceptable methods. Conclusion: Regardless of hydration status, the skinfold equation by Slaughter et al. 5 is recommended for jockey apprentices 18 years and younger. For those > 19 years, the hydration state must be confirmed prior to measurement. If euhydrated, the Van Loan et al. 4 BIA equation is recommended and if dehydrated the Durnin and Womersley 1 using either Siri 2 or Brožek et al. 3 is recommended.","PeriodicalId":45938,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"35 1","pages":"32 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16070658.2021.1940716","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44133870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-21DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1951950
Idah P Rikhotso, M. Faber, Marinel Rothman, T. Matsungo, C. Lombard, C. M. Smuts
Objectives: A study was undertaken to determine whether benefits gained by providing small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) from age 6–12 months were maintained at age 18 months compared with a delayed intervention. Design: Children who completed a randomised controlled trial were enrolled at age 12 months (n = 392) and followed-up until age 18 months (n = 252; dropout rate 35.7%). Two previously exposed (PE and PE-plus) groups (received SQ-LNS from 6–12 months, but no supplement from 12–18 months) were compared with the delayed intervention (DI) group (received no supplement from 6–12 months, but received SQ-LNS from 12–18 months). Methods and outcome measures: At age 12 and 18 months, weight, length, haemoglobin (Hb) and psychomotor development were measured. Setting: The study was carried out in peri-urban Jouberton area, Klerksdorp, South Africa. Subjects: Children aged 12–18 months. Results: Compared with DI, negative effects (either a trend or statistically significant) were observed for PE and PE-plus for length-for-age Z-scores (LAZ) (p = 0.091 and p = 0.075, respectively), PE-plus for weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ) (p = 0.027), and PE and PE-plus for Hb (p = 0.080 and p = 0.033, respectively); and a positive effect for PE-plus for eye–hand coordination (p = 0.086). The odds for anaemia were higher for PE-plus compared with DI (OR = 1.68; 95% CI 0.91, 3.09). Regardless of group, prevalence of anaemia and stunting increased from age 12 to age 18 months. Conclusions Benefits of providing SQ-LNS from age 6–12 months were not sustained at age 18 months, compared with providing SQ-LNS from age 12–18 months. Studies to determine the optimum supplementary period to achieve sustainable benefits of SQ-LNS on linear growth and iron status are warranted.
{"title":"Nutritional status and psychomotor development in 12–18-month-old children in a post-intervention study","authors":"Idah P Rikhotso, M. Faber, Marinel Rothman, T. Matsungo, C. Lombard, C. M. Smuts","doi":"10.1080/16070658.2021.1951950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2021.1951950","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: A study was undertaken to determine whether benefits gained by providing small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) from age 6–12 months were maintained at age 18 months compared with a delayed intervention. Design: Children who completed a randomised controlled trial were enrolled at age 12 months (n = 392) and followed-up until age 18 months (n = 252; dropout rate 35.7%). Two previously exposed (PE and PE-plus) groups (received SQ-LNS from 6–12 months, but no supplement from 12–18 months) were compared with the delayed intervention (DI) group (received no supplement from 6–12 months, but received SQ-LNS from 12–18 months). Methods and outcome measures: At age 12 and 18 months, weight, length, haemoglobin (Hb) and psychomotor development were measured. Setting: The study was carried out in peri-urban Jouberton area, Klerksdorp, South Africa. Subjects: Children aged 12–18 months. Results: Compared with DI, negative effects (either a trend or statistically significant) were observed for PE and PE-plus for length-for-age Z-scores (LAZ) (p = 0.091 and p = 0.075, respectively), PE-plus for weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ) (p = 0.027), and PE and PE-plus for Hb (p = 0.080 and p = 0.033, respectively); and a positive effect for PE-plus for eye–hand coordination (p = 0.086). The odds for anaemia were higher for PE-plus compared with DI (OR = 1.68; 95% CI 0.91, 3.09). Regardless of group, prevalence of anaemia and stunting increased from age 12 to age 18 months. Conclusions Benefits of providing SQ-LNS from age 6–12 months were not sustained at age 18 months, compared with providing SQ-LNS from age 12–18 months. Studies to determine the optimum supplementary period to achieve sustainable benefits of SQ-LNS on linear growth and iron status are warranted.","PeriodicalId":45938,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition","volume":"35 1","pages":"69 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/16070658.2021.1951950","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46923992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-21DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1951951
K. Morris, T. Puoane
The health of the majority of South Africa’s population is seriously threatened by hunger and micronutrient deficiency, with impaired immune response a real threat, which the current SARSCoV-2 virus pandemic has highlighted. Traditional household food-processing techniques can, amongst other advantages, increase nutrient bioavailability in affordable staple foods and hence provide a way, in part, to alleviate malnutrition for food-insecure communities. In this way, immune defence and pathogen resilience of the food insecure could be enhanced so that they can better survive both COVID-19 and future threats.
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