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Climate and Carnism: Regulatory Pathways towards a Sustainable Food System 气候与嘉年华:迈向可持续食物系统的监管途径
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.53637/gvrn1279
V. Chen, Cary di Lernia
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引用次数: 0
Renovating the Orthodox Theory of Australian Territorial Sovereignty 革新正统的澳大利亚领土主权理论
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.53637/wdei5411
Daniel Lavery
Mabo v Queensland [No 2] opened for re-examination the fundamental principles underpinning the colonial foundations of Australia, stating the native title of Indigenous peoples could survive the assertions of territorial sovereignty by Great Britain. Finding their territories were ‘sovereign’-less because they were ‘backward peoples’, an original, plenipotent sovereignty swept across the 3,000,000 square kilometres of ‘New South Wales’ on 7 February 1788, and across the balance of continental Australia in 1824 and 1829. This orthodox theory of sovereignty was unchallenged until Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria in 2002, where the High Court stressed the traditional laws and customs sourcing these native titles must be housed in pre-existing yet vital normative systems which likewise survived the assertions of sovereignty. Each native title determination thus acknowledges an Indigenous society whose laws and customs are sourced outside of the formal constitutional framework. The orthodox theory needs renovating in order to achieve a legally congruent and historically coherent framework.
Mabo诉Queensland案[第2号]重新审视了支撑澳大利亚殖民基础的基本原则,指出土著人民的原住民头衔可以在英国的领土主权主张下幸存下来。1788年2月7日,一个原始的全权主权席卷了3000000平方公里的“新南威尔士”,并于1824年和1829年席卷了澳大利亚大陆。这种正统的主权理论一直没有受到质疑,直到2002年约塔-约塔原住民社区成员诉维多利亚案,高等法院强调,这些原住民头衔的传统法律和习俗必须包含在预先存在但至关重要的规范体系中,这些体系同样在主权主张中幸存下来。因此,每一项土著权利的确定都承认一个土著社会,其法律和习俗来源于正式宪法框架之外。正统理论需要更新,以实现法律上一致和历史上一致的框架。
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引用次数: 0
The Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd v Smith Priority Paradox: Just How Paramount Are Paramount Interests? 永久信托有限公司诉史密斯优先悖论:最重要的利益到底有多重要?
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.53637/ntoh3716
Lisa Spagnolo, Sharon Rodrick
The purpose of this article is to explain and critique how courts have interpreted the paramount interest provisions in Torrens system legislation. The discussion pivots around Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd v Smith (‘Perpetual’), which concerned ‘the interest of a tenant in possession’ in the Transfer of Land Act 1958 (Vic) section 42(2)(e), an exception to indefeasibility recognised in all Australian jurisdictions to varying extents. We analyse the two High Court cases upon which the Court in Perpetual relied and critically compare the ‘two step manner’ in which the Court analysed priority under section 42(2)(e) with the ‘one step manner’ in which priority is dealt with in other exceptions to indefeasibility. Proceeding on the assumption that the interpretation of section 42(2)(e) adopted in Perpetual is correct, we consider whether the judges characterised the parties’ interests correctly and whether Perpetual’s approach to section 42(2)(e) could, and should, be taken to other paramount interests.
本文的目的是解释和批判法院如何解释托伦斯制度立法中的最高利益条款。讨论围绕Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd诉Smith(“Perpetual”)展开,该案涉及《1958年土地转让法案》(Vic)第42(2)(e)条中的“占有承租人的利益”,这是澳大利亚所有司法管辖区在不同程度上承认的不可行性例外。我们分析了永久法院所依据的两个高等法院案件,并对法院根据第42(2)(e)条分析优先权的“两步方式”与在其他不可行性例外情况下处理优先权的“一步方式”进行了批判性比较。在假设Perpetual对第42(2)(e)条的解释是正确的基础上,我们考虑法官是否正确地描述了双方的利益,以及Perpetual对第42(2)(e)条的处理方法是否可以而且应该适用于其他最高利益。
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引用次数: 0
Employment Discrimination by Algorithm: Can Anyone Be Held Accountable? 算法造成的就业歧视:任何人都可以被追究责任吗?
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.53637/xtqy4027
Natalie Sheard
Accountable? Author Natalie Sheard The use by employers of Algorithmic Hiring Systems (‘AHSs’) to automate or assist with recruitment decisions is occurring in Australia without legal oversight. Regulators are yet to undertake an analysis of the legal issues posed by their use. Academic literature on this topic is limited and judicial guidance is yet to be provided. This article examines to what extent, if at all, Australian anti- discrimination laws are able to regulate the use by employers of discriminatory AHSs. First, it examines the re-emergence of blatant discrimination by digital job advertising systems. Second, it considers who, if anyone, is liable for automated discrimination. Third, it examines the law’s ability to regulate ‘proxy’ discrimination. Finally, it explores whether indirect discrimination provisions can provide redress for the disparate impact of an AHS. Australia’s anti-discrimination laws are long overdue for reform. This article concludes that new legislative provisions, as well as non- binding guidelines, specifically tailored to the use by employers of algorithmic decision systems are needed.
负有责任的作者Natalie Sheard澳大利亚雇主在没有法律监督的情况下使用算法招聘系统(AHSs)来自动化或协助招聘决策。监管机构尚未对其使用所带来的法律问题进行分析。关于这一主题的学术文献有限,尚未提供司法指导。本文考察了澳大利亚反歧视法在多大程度上(如果有的话)能够规范雇主使用歧视性AHS。首先,它考察了数字招聘广告系统再次出现的公然歧视。其次,它考虑谁(如果有的话)应对自动歧视负责。第三,它审查了法律规范“代理”歧视的能力。最后,它探讨了间接歧视条款是否可以为AHS的不同影响提供补救。澳大利亚的反歧视法律早就应该进行改革了。这篇文章的结论是,需要新的立法条款,以及不具约束力的指导方针,专门针对雇主使用算法决策系统。
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引用次数: 2
Legal Duties of Researchers to Protect Participants in Child Maltreatment Surveys: Advancing Legal Epidemiology 研究人员保护儿童虐待调查参与者的法律义务:推进法律流行病学
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.53637/oakc2052
Benjamin Mathews
Legal Epidemiology Author Ben Mathews Studies of the prevalence of child maltreatment respond to a public policy imperative to better understand and prevent child abuse and neglect. These studies span domains of law, public health, and legal epidemiology. When conducting them, researchers must comply with legal duties to protect research participants. Australia has a complex legal environment, with additional challenges when participants are children, or are in danger. Duties arise in three bodies of law, vary across States and Territories, and require statutory interpretation, conceptual analysis, and operationalisation. This article conducts the first comprehensive analysis of researchers’ legal duties to protect participants in child maltreatment surveys. It contributes new understandings of the operation of mandatory reporting duties in child protection law, duties to report child abuse offences in criminal law, and the duty of care in negligence law. The analysis informs conclusions about the applicability of these duties, and indicates a legally compliant, ethically sound, and operationally practicable approach. Findings are relevant to multiple settings.
法律流行病学作者本·马修斯对儿童虐待流行率的研究响应了更好地理解和预防儿童虐待和忽视的公共政策要求。这些研究涵盖法律、公共卫生和法律流行病学领域。在进行研究时,研究人员必须遵守保护研究参与者的法律义务。澳大利亚的法律环境很复杂,如果参与者是儿童或处于危险之中,就会面临额外的挑战。责任在三个法律机构中产生,在各州和地区有所不同,需要法定解释、概念分析和操作化。本文首次全面分析了研究人员在儿童虐待调查中保护参与者的法律责任。它有助于对儿童保护法中的强制性报告义务、刑法中报告虐待儿童罪行的义务和疏忽法中的注意义务的运作有新的理解。该分析提供了有关这些职责适用性的结论,并指出了一种符合法律要求、道德健全、操作可行的方法。研究结果与多种设置相关。
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引用次数: 2
Voluntary Requests, or Vulnerable Adults? A Critique of Criminal Sentencing in Assisted Suicide and ‘Mercy Killing’ Cases 自愿请求,还是弱势成年人?论协助自杀和“安乐死”案件的刑事量刑
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.53637/sosl1176
Katrine Del Villar, L. Willmott, B. White
‘Mercy Killing’ Cases Author Katrine Del Villar, Lindy Willmott and Ben P White This article examines the sentencing remarks in all publicly reported Australian cases on assisted suicide and mercy killing since 1980. Themes emerging from judicial reasons for sentencing confirm that many traditional aims of sentencing – such as specific deterrence, retribution or rehabilitation – are inapposite in cases where relatives or friends act outside the law to end the suffering of a loved one. Pronounced leniency in sentencing, observed across the spectrum of cases, demonstrates a gap between the law on the books and the sentences imposed in practice. We identify inconsistent outcomes, both in charges laid and sentences imposed, which have the potential to undermine public confidence in the rule of law. We conclude that criminal law simultaneously provides both too much protection and insufficient protection for members of the community. We recommend law reform to enable judges to better distinguish between voluntary and non-voluntary assisted suicides and mercy killings.
“安乐死”案件作者Katrine Del Villar、Lindy Willmott和Ben P White本文研究了自1980年以来澳大利亚所有公开报道的协助自杀和安乐死案件中的量刑言论。司法量刑理由中出现的主题证实,在亲属或朋友为结束亲人的痛苦而采取法律之外的行动的情况下,许多传统的量刑目的,如具体威慑、报复或康复,都是不可行的。在各种案件中观察到,判决中宣布的宽大处理表明,法律上的规定与实践中的判决之间存在差距。我们发现,无论是在指控还是判刑方面,结果都不一致,这有可能破坏公众对法治的信心。我们的结论是,刑法同时为社会成员提供了过多的保护和不足的保护。我们建议进行法律改革,使法官能够更好地区分自愿和非自愿协助自杀以及安乐死。
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引用次数: 1
The Unusual Place of Industry Codes of Conduct in the Regulatory Framework 行业行为准则在监管框架中的特殊地位
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.53637/pmnv9100
A. Terry
The comment of Commissioner Hayne in his Final Report of the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry – that ‘industry codes … occupy an unusual place in the prescription of generally applicable norms of behaviour’ – was directed to voluntary industry codes. The term is nevertheless used indiscriminately, and industry codes inhabit each regulatory strategy – self-regulation, quasi-regulation, co-regulation and explicit government regulation. The term ‘industry code of conduct’ is not a term of art with a settled meaning and is widely used as a convenient term to describe a diverse range of industry rules –from aspirational ethical statements of industry associations with no effective coverage, content or enforcement, to legislated prescriptions in various forms which are imposed by, and attract, the full majesty of the law. This article examines the role, operation, and legal effect of industry codes under each of the regulatory strategies and proposes a more rigorous taxonomy.
海恩专员在他的皇家委员会对银行、退休金和金融服务行业不当行为的最终报告中评论说,“行业准则……在普遍适用的行为规范处方中占据了不寻常的地位”,这是针对自愿行业准则的。然而,这个术语被不加区分地使用,行业准则存在于每一种监管策略中——自我监管、准监管、共同监管和明确的政府监管。“行业行为准则”一词并不是一个具有固定含义的艺术术语,它被广泛用作一个方便的术语来描述各种各样的行业规则——从没有有效覆盖、内容或执行的行业协会的鼓舞人心的道德声明,到各种形式的立法规定,这些规定是由法律的全部权威强加的,并吸引了法律的全部权威。本文研究了每种监管策略下的行业规范的作用、运作和法律效果,并提出了更严格的分类。
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引用次数: 0
A Critique of the Counter-Terrorism (Temporary Exclusion Orders) Act 2019 (Cth) in Light of Australia’s Obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 鉴于澳大利亚根据《联合国儿童权利公约》承担的义务,对《2019年反恐怖主义(临时排除令)法》(Cth)的批评
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.53637/biqj7640
M. Couzens
on the Rights of the Child Author Meda Couzens This article challenges the position of the Australian executive that the Counter-Terrorism (Temporary Exclusion Orders) Act 2019 (Cth) is compatible with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (‘CRC’). Placing the discussion in the context of Australian children detained in Kurdish camps in Northern Syria on the ground of their involvement, or their parents’ involvement, with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the article contends that the Act does not permit the best interests of the child to be meaningfully taken into consideration (contrary to article 3(1) of the CRC). The article also argues that the Act has negative consequences for nationality rights and rights concerning the protection of the relationship between children and their parents (articles 7–9 and 16 of the CRC).
关于儿童权利作者Meda Couzens这篇文章挑战了澳大利亚行政部门的立场,即《2019年反恐怖主义(临时排除令)法》(Cth)符合《联合国儿童权利公约》。文章将讨论放在澳大利亚儿童因参与或其父母参与伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国而被拘留在叙利亚北部库尔德难民营的背景下,认为该法不允许有意义地考虑儿童的最大利益(违反《儿童权利公约》第3(1)条)。该条还认为,该法对国籍权和保护儿童与父母关系的权利产生了负面影响(《儿童权利公约》第7-9条和第16条)。
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引用次数: 0
Regulating Volunteer Directors’ Duties in Companies Registered with the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission 规范在澳大利亚慈善和非营利委员会注册的公司志愿董事的职责
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.53637/yths8021
Jeanne Nel de Koker
Australian directors, whether volunteering or serving a commercial or charitable company, have similar legal responsibilities and exposure to personal liability for unintentional mistakes. In 1991, the Supreme Court of Victoria awarded $97 million, equivalent to almost $200 million today, against a volunteer director of a not-for- profit charitable company. More recently, the Federal Court imposed a $90,000 penalty on a former Tennis Australia director, Harold Mitchell. Should volunteer charity directors and their fee-earning corporate counterparts be subject to the same legal duties, obligations and liability exposure? This article considers the potential impact of the 2018 Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission (‘ACNC’) Legislation Review Recommendation 11, that the statutory directors’ duties in the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) be turned ‘back on’ for directors of ACNC registered charitable companies, with specific reference to individual directors, charities, and the regulation of the charity sector. It cautions against regulatory changes that impose unrealistic compliance obligations and complexity that could do significant long-term damage to the sector.
澳大利亚的董事,无论是志愿者还是服务于商业或慈善公司,都有类似的法律责任,并可能因无意的错误承担个人责任。1991年,维多利亚州最高法院判给一名非营利性慈善公司的志愿董事9700万美元,相当于今天的近2亿美元。最近,联邦法院对澳大利亚网球协会(Tennis Australia)前主管哈罗德·米切尔(Harold Mitchell)处以9万美元的罚款。志愿慈善机构董事和他们的收费公司董事是否应该受到同样的法律责任、义务和责任暴露?本文考虑了2018年澳大利亚慈善和非营利委员会(“ACNC”)立法审查建议11的潜在影响,即2001年公司法(Cth)中法定董事的职责对ACNC注册慈善公司的董事“反向”,具体涉及个人董事、慈善机构和慈善部门的监管。报告警告称,监管改革会带来不切实际的合规义务和复杂性,可能对该行业造成重大的长期损害。
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引用次数: 1
Social Housing, Homelessness and Human Rights 社会住房、无家可归和人权
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.53637/kfed5275
T. Walsh
Social housing is reserved for the most vulnerable tenants, yet social housing tenants are subject to the same residential tenancy laws as private tenants and may even be held to a higher standard of behaviour. As a result, social housing tenants are at high risk of eviction. This article reports on the results of a mixed methods study on eviction proceedings involving social housing tenants. The study involved textual analysis of 98 published judgments and focus group research with 43 tenants’ advocates. It was found that the very factors that make someone eligible for social housing in Australia simultaneously put them at risk of eviction. This research suggests that the law provides limited protection against eviction to homelessness. Despite the importance of individuals’ interests in having a home, rights-based arguments are generally ineffective in this context.
社会住房是为最弱势的租户保留的,但社会住房租户与私人租户一样受住宅租赁法的约束,甚至可能被要求遵守更高的行为标准。因此,社会住房租户面临被驱逐的高风险。本文报告了一项关于涉及社会住房租户的驱逐程序的混合方法研究的结果。该研究对98份已发表的判决进行了文本分析,并对43名租户权益倡导者进行了焦点小组研究。研究发现,在澳大利亚,使某人有资格获得社会住房的因素同时也使他们面临被驱逐的风险。这项研究表明,法律为无家可归者提供了有限的保护,使其免受驱逐。尽管个人在拥有住房方面的利益很重要,但在这种情况下,基于权利的论点通常是无效的。
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引用次数: 0
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UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES LAW JOURNAL
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