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Trade Mark Law’s Identity Crisis (Part 1) 商标法的身份危机(上)
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.53637/EROC6525
M. Handler
The concept of ‘substantial identity’ has not been the subject of sustained critical inquiry in Australian trade mark law, notwithstanding that it plays a crucial role in relation to trade mark ownership, non-use, amendments to representations, and the criminal offences. The first part of this two-part article reveals, through novel doctrinal analysis, how over the course of the twentieth century a settled, strict interpretation of substantial identity took shape in Australian trade mark law. This orthodox interpretation was recently disrupted by the Full Court of the Federal Court in Accor Australia& New Zealand Hospitality Pty Ltd v Liv Pty Ltd and Pham Global Pty Ltd v Insight Clinical Imaging Pty Ltd. In these decisions the Court reinterpreted earlier High Court authority to set up a new, significantly more expansive test of substantial identity – one that is already starting to have a major, and concerning, impact throughout Australia’s trade marks system.
在澳大利亚商标法中,“实质性身份”的概念并没有受到持续的批判性调查,尽管它在商标所有权、不使用、陈述修正和刑事犯罪方面发挥着至关重要的作用。这篇由两部分组成的文章的第一部分通过新颖的理论分析揭示了在20世纪,澳大利亚商标法是如何形成对实质身份的固定、严格的解释的。联邦法院合议庭最近在Accor Australia&New Zealand Hospitality Pty Ltd诉Liv Pty Ltd和Pham Global Pty Ltd v Insight Clinical Imaging Pty有限公司一案中推翻了这一正统解释,对实质性身份的更广泛的测试——这一测试已经开始对整个澳大利亚的商标体系产生重大且令人担忧的影响。
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引用次数: 0
SOCIAL ENTRAPMENT EVIDENCE: UNDERSTANDING ITS ROLE IN SELF-DEFENCE CASES INVOLVING INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE 社会诱捕证据:理解其在涉及亲密伴侣暴力的自卫案件中的作用
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.53637/VJII7190
H. Douglas, Stella Tarrant, J. Tolmie
This article considers what evidence juries need to help them apply the defence of self-defence where a woman claims she has killed an abusive partner to save her own life. Drawing on recent research and cases we argue that expert evidence admitted in these types of cases generally fails to provide evidence about the nature of abuse, the limitations in the systemic safety responses and the structural inequality that abused women routinely face. Evidence of the reality of the woman’s safety options, including access to, and the realistic support offered by, services such as police, housing, childcare, safety planning and financial support should be presented. In essence, juries need evidence about what has been called social entrapment so they can understand how women’s safety options are deeply intertwined with their degree of danger and therefore with the question of whether their response (of killing their abuser) was necessary based on reasonable grounds. We consider the types of evidence that may be important in helping juries understand the concept and particular circumstances of social entrapment, including the role of experts in this context.
这篇文章考虑了陪审团需要什么证据来帮助他们在一名妇女声称她杀害了虐待她的伴侣以挽救自己的生命的情况下应用自卫辩护。根据最近的研究和案例,我们认为,在这类案件中承认的专家证据通常无法提供有关虐待性质、系统安全应对措施的局限性以及被虐待妇女经常面临的结构性不平等的证据。应提供妇女安全选择的现实证据,包括获得警察、住房、儿童保育、安全规划和财政支持等服务的机会和提供的现实支持。从本质上讲,陪审团需要关于所谓的社会诱捕的证据,这样他们才能理解女性的安全选择如何与她们的危险程度深深交织在一起,从而理解她们的反应(杀死施虐者)是否有必要基于合理的理由。我们考虑了可能对帮助陪审团理解社会诱捕的概念和特定情况很重要的证据类型,包括专家在这方面的作用。
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引用次数: 1
The courts, the remote hearing and the pandemic: From action to reflection 法院、远程听证和大流行病:从行动到反思
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.53637/ZATE4122
M. Legg, A. Song
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, courts around the world rapidly shifted to remote hearings. Balancing public health directives with the need to continue upholding the rule of law, what followed was the largest, unforeseen mass-pilot of remote hearings across the world. For courts this was necessarily a time of action, not reflection. However, after having maintained court operations, it is now necessary to reflect on the experience of remote courts and their users during an otherwise unprecedented situation. Unlike previous iterations of remote hearings, the COVID-19 experience was fully remote – whereby all participants took part in the hearing remotely. The difficulty is until now, almost no prior empirical data has existed on this type of fully remote hearing with the majority of previous research focused on the use of audiovisual links (‘AVLs’) to facilitate partially remote appearances within courtrooms. To bridge the research and data gap on fully remote hearings, this article draws on the previous body of literature to both examine the COVID-19 experience, and to assist in guiding future research and use of remote hearings. © 2021, University of New South Wales Law Journal. All rights reserved.
随着新冠肺炎疫情的爆发,世界各地的法院迅速转向远程审理。在公共卫生指令与继续维护法治的必要性之间取得平衡,随之而来的是世界各地规模最大、无法预见的大规模远程听证会试点。对法院来说,这必然是一个行动的时刻,而不是反思的时刻。然而,在维持了法院运作之后,现在有必要反思远程法院及其用户在前所未有的情况下的体验。与之前的远程听证会不同,新冠肺炎体验完全是远程的——所有参与者都远程参加了听证会。困难在于,到目前为止,几乎没有关于这种类型的完全远程听证会的经验数据,之前的大多数研究都集中在使用视听链接(“AVL”)来促进部分远程出庭。为了弥合关于完全远程听证会的研究和数据差距,本文借鉴了以前的文献,既研究了新冠肺炎的经验,又有助于指导远程听证会的未来研究和使用。©2021,新南威尔士大学法律期刊。保留所有权利。
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引用次数: 7
Regulating financial advisers in the UK: lessons for Australia 监管英国的金融顾问:给澳大利亚的教训
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.53637/QTZF1576
Weiping He, Han-Wei Liu
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引用次数: 0
Refugee protection in the covid-19 crisis and beyond: The capacity and limits of international law 2019冠状病毒病危机及其后的难民保护:国际法的能力和限制
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.53637/NHGB1203
Michelle Foster, H. Lambert, J. McAdam
The current pandemic and concomitant framework of crisis has led to unprecedented restrictions on global movement, and hence on the ability of refugees to seek protection. These measures have been implemented as a matter of urgency on account of the immediacy of the public health challenge, yet risk violating international refugee and human rights law. This experience provides an opportunity to reflect on an equally compelling, although less imminent, threat, namely displacement linked to the impacts of climate change. This article considers these twin challenges and reflects on the capacity and limits of international law to address both crises, while balancing the competing rights and interests at stake. It argues that a key challenge for international law and policy is how to harness the sense of urgency generated by COVID-19 for the long-term ‘climate crisis’, without resorting to emergency mechanisms of reactive, short-term, restrictive, and exceptional measures. © 2021, University of New South Wales Law Journal. All rights reserved.
当前的大流行病和随之而来的危机框架对全球流动造成了前所未有的限制,从而也限制了难民寻求保护的能力。鉴于公共卫生挑战的紧迫性,这些措施是作为紧急事项实施的,但有违反国际难民和人权法的风险。这一经验提供了一个机会,让我们反思一个同样引人注目、但不那么紧迫的威胁,即与气候变化影响有关的流离失所问题。本文考虑了这两个挑战,并反思了国际法解决这两个危机的能力和局限性,同时平衡了相互竞争的权利和利益。报告认为,国际法和政策面临的一项关键挑战是,如何利用COVID-19带来的紧迫感应对长期“气候危机”,而不诉诸被动、短期、限制性和例外措施的应急机制。©2021,新南威尔士大学法律期刊。版权所有。
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引用次数: 1
The 2018 Australian High Court Constitutional Term: Placing the Court in Its Inter-Institutional Context 2018年澳大利亚高等法院宪法任期:将法院置于机构间背景下
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.53637/UEZU3787
Gabrielle Appleby
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引用次数: 0
‘Corporate culture’ is the ‘new black’ – its possibilities and limits as a regulatory mechanism for corporations and financial institutions? “企业文化”是“新黑人”——它作为企业和金融机构监管机制的可能性和局限性?
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.53637/CXBQ7117
V. Comino
A common and recurring theme in analyses of the causes of the Global Financial Crisis (‘GFC’) is the poor culture of corporations and financial institutions. It is unsurprising then, that in its aftermath, arguments that regulatory reform, absent a changed culture, will be ineffective gained momentum. The succession of corporate and banking scandals post-GFC, both globally and locally, suggests that corporations and banks have failed to address their cultural failings. Meanwhile, the perceived failure of regulators to hold to account wrongdoing corporations and directors, by not prosecuting them, has weakened public confidence and trust in the financial sector, regulators and political oversight. Indeed, trust in public institutions in Western liberal democracies is at an all-time low. Australia, up to the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, has not been immune from this phenomenon as the Hayne Banking Royal Commission hearings have demonstrated. The focus of this article is on the role of ‘culture’ in corporations and the extent to which corporate culture can be used as a regulatory tool. It will contend that despite a wealth of scholarly work and commentary on ‘corporate culture’, efforts to use it as a legal mechanism in prosecutions and as a regulatory device to instil a superior culture in corporations remain problematic. This is not to say that recent initiatives that focus on culture as a key item of interest in the regulation of corporations, such as embedding Australian Securities and Investments Commission specialist staff in the major Australian banks are not important;only that it is unlikely that we will see public confidence and trust in corporations and regulators being restored any time soon. © 2021, University of New South Wales Law Journal. All rights reserved.
在分析全球金融危机的原因时,一个常见且反复出现的主题是企业和金融机构的不良文化。因此,毫不奇怪,在其后果中,认为监管改革在没有改变文化的情况下将无效的论点愈演愈烈。全球和地方金融危机后接连发生的企业和银行丑闻表明,企业和银行未能解决其文化缺陷。与此同时,监管机构未能追究不法行为公司和董事的责任,不起诉他们,削弱了公众对金融部门、监管机构和政治监督的信心和信任。事实上,西方自由民主国家对公共机构的信任度处于历史最低水平。正如海恩银行皇家委员会听证会所表明的那样,直到新冠肺炎危机开始,澳大利亚也未能免受这一现象的影响。本文的重点是“文化”在企业中的作用,以及企业文化在多大程度上可以被用作监管工具。它将辩称,尽管有大量关于“企业文化”的学术工作和评论,但将其作为起诉的法律机制和向企业灌输优越文化的监管手段的努力仍然存在问题。这并不是说,最近将文化作为公司监管的一个关键利益项目的举措并不重要,例如在澳大利亚主要银行派驻澳大利亚证券和投资委员会的专业人员;只是,我们不太可能很快看到公众对企业和监管机构的信心和信任得到恢复。©2021,新南威尔士大学法律期刊。保留所有权利。
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引用次数: 0
Wars, pandemics and emergencies: What can history tell us about executive power and surveillance in times of crisis? 战争、流行病和紧急情况:关于危机时期的行政权力和监督,历史能告诉我们什么?
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.53637/VKBU2144
Yee-Fui Ng, S. Gray
In the fight against coronavirus, the Australian government has enacted a series of measures that represent an expansion of executive powers. These include the use of smartphone contact-tracing technology, mandatory isolation arrangements, and the closure of businesses. Critics have expressed concerns about the long-term implications of these measures upon individual rights. This article will analyse the validity of such concerns in the context of other historical uses of executive power in Australia in times of crisis: during the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918, the First and Second World Wars, and the ‘War on Terror’ post-September 2001. Drawing its conclusions from these historical precedents, the article argues that clear legislative safeguards are a minimum necessary step both to prevent police and governmental abuse of privacy, and to foster and maintain trust in the government’s ability to manage their ‘emergency’ powers in a manner consistent with human rights. © 2021, University of New South Wales Law Journal. All rights reserved.
在抗击冠状病毒的斗争中,澳大利亚政府颁布了一系列措施,代表着行政权力的扩大。其中包括使用智能手机接触者追踪技术、强制隔离安排和关闭企业。批评者对这些措施对个人权利的长期影响表示关切。本文将结合澳大利亚在危机时期对行政权力的其他历史使用来分析这种担忧的有效性:1918年西班牙流感大流行期间,第一次和第二次世界大战期间,以及2001年9月后的“反恐战争”。文章从这些历史先例中得出结论,认为明确的立法保障措施是防止警察和政府滥用隐私的最低必要步骤,也是培养和保持对政府以符合人权的方式管理其“紧急”权力的能力的信任。©2021,新南威尔士大学法律期刊。保留所有权利。
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引用次数: 0
Australian residential tenancies law in the covid-19 pandemic: Considerations of housing and property rights 2019冠状病毒病大流行期间的澳大利亚住宅租赁法:对住房和产权的考虑
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.53637/LKIG7939
Chris Martin
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Australian states and territories implemented eviction moratoriums and measures to vary rent obligations – a remarkable response for jurisdictions that have, for decades, regulated residential landlord-tenant relations on a model of mild consumer protection, market rents and ready termination. This article examines the COVID-19 emergency measures and their implications for tenants’ housing rights, and landlords’ property rights. After reviewing the Australian rental housing system’s structure and legislative framework, the article examines in detail the COVID-19 emergency measures regarding evictions and rents in each state and territory. These vary in form and content, mostly on a pattern of additional protection from eviction for a core ‘hardship’ group, and variation of rents by individual negotiation. The article considers problems in the emergency measures, and points on which enduring reforms may be built, as well as critically appraising the argument that property rights protections limit the scope for reform. © 2021, University of New South Wales Law Journal. All rights reserved.
为应对COVID-19大流行,澳大利亚各州和地区实施了暂停驱逐和不同租金义务的措施——对于几十年来以温和的消费者保护、市场租金和随时终止模式监管住宅房东-房客关系的司法管辖区来说,这是一项了不起的回应。本文探讨了新冠肺炎应急措施及其对租户住房权和房东财产权的影响。在审查了澳大利亚租赁住房制度的结构和立法框架之后,本文详细审查了各州和地区关于驱逐和租金的COVID-19紧急措施。这些措施在形式和内容上各不相同,主要是针对核心“困难”群体的额外保护,以及通过个人谈判改变租金。本文考虑了应急措施中的问题,以及可以建立持久改革的要点,并批判性地评价了产权保护限制了改革范围的论点。©2021,新南威尔士大学法律期刊。版权所有。
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引用次数: 2
Pandemics, punishment, and public health: COVID-19 and criminal law in Australia 流行病、惩罚和公共卫生:澳大利亚的COVID-19和刑法
IF 1.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.53637/EPGQ3319
Joseph Lelliott, A. Schloenhardt, Ruby Ioannou
This article examines the scope, application, and implications of criminal offences relating to the containment of COVID-19 in Australia. Drawing in part on existing research concerning criminalisation of HIV transmission, the article highlights actual and potential discriminatory consequences of the criminal justice approach to COVID-19, as well as consequences for persons’ right to health. The article concludes that criminal offences relating to the spread of the virus must be precisely and narrowly circumscribed to be both fair and meaningful. Criminal prosecution and punishment can only be justified in a very small number of situations. Broad use of coercive and punitive powers, together with stigmatising rhetoric, may well be counterproductive to public health goals.
本文探讨了与澳大利亚遏制COVID-19有关的刑事犯罪的范围、适用和影响。这篇文章部分借鉴了有关将艾滋病毒传播定为刑事犯罪的现有研究,强调了刑事司法方法对COVID-19的实际和潜在歧视后果,以及对个人健康权的影响。文章的结论是,与病毒传播有关的刑事犯罪必须精确和狭义地加以限制,才能既公平又有意义。刑事起诉和处罚只有在极少数情况下才有理由。广泛使用强制性和惩罚性权力,加上污名化的言论,很可能对公共卫生目标产生反作用。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES LAW JOURNAL
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