Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.1080/21550085.2024.2306115
Mark R. Reiff
In this commentary on Darrel Moellendorf’s Mobilizing Hope: Climate Change & Global Poverty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022), I discuss his use of the precautionary principle, whether his ho...
在这篇关于达雷尔-莫伦多夫的《动员希望：气候变化与全球贫困》（Mobilizing Hope: Climate Change & Global Poverty）（牛津：牛津大学出版社，2022年）的评论中，我讨论了他对预防原则的使用，以及他的书中是否有关于气候变化的内容。
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Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1080/21550085.2024.2306116
Gwen Ottinger
Mobilizing Hope asks that we take the eradication of poverty as morally mandatory, that we pursue technological development, and that we act on the belief that it is possible to do both of those th...
动员希望》要求我们在道义上必须消除贫困，必须追求技术发展，必须相信有可能做到这两点。
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Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.1080/21550085.2024.2306118
John M. Meyer
Published in Ethics, Policy & Environment (Ahead of Print, 2024)
发表于《伦理、政策与环境》（2024 年，提前出版）
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Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.1080/21550085.2023.2298646
Christopher Hunter Lean
The introduction of new genetic material into wild populations, using novel biotechnology, has the potential to fortify populations against existential threats, and, controversially, create wild ge...
{"title":"Synthetic Biology and the Goals of Conservation","authors":"Christopher Hunter Lean","doi":"10.1080/21550085.2023.2298646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2023.2298646","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of new genetic material into wild populations, using novel biotechnology, has the potential to fortify populations against existential threats, and, controversially, create wild ge...","PeriodicalId":45955,"journal":{"name":"Ethics Policy & Environment","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139376529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-26DOI: 10.1080/21550085.2023.2297339
Christian Barry, Garrett Cullity
There is a difference between acting with a probability of making a difference to who is harmed, and worsening someone’s prospect. This difference is relevant to debates about the ethics of offsett...
有可能对受损害的人造成影响的行为与使某人的前景恶化的行为是不同的。这种区别与抵消伦理的辩论有关。
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Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.1080/21550085.2023.2282915
David Lefkowitz
I contend that to be politically feasible a global climate treaty must satisfy the International Paretian principle (IP). I begin by defending IP as a principle of instrumental rationality that ref...
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Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/21550085.2023.2200730
Josh Milburn
What we could call ‘relational non-interventionism’ holds that we have no general obligation to alleviate animal suffering, and that we do not typically have special obligations to alleviate wild animals’ suffering. Therefore, we do not generally have a duty to intervene in nature to alleviate wild animal suffering. However, there are a range of relationships that we may have with wild animals that do generate special obligations to aid – and the consequences of these obligations can be surprising. In this paper, I argue that we have special obligations to those animals we have historically welcomed or encouraged into our spaces. This includes many wild animals. One of the consequences of this is that we may sometimes possess obligations to actively prevent rewilding – or even to dewild – for the sake of welcomed animals who thrive in human-controlled spaces.
{"title":"Welcoming, Wild Animals, and Obligations to Assist","authors":"Josh Milburn","doi":"10.1080/21550085.2023.2200730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2023.2200730","url":null,"abstract":"What we could call ‘relational non-interventionism’ holds that we have no general obligation to alleviate animal suffering, and that we do not typically have special obligations to alleviate wild animals’ suffering. Therefore, we do not generally have a duty to intervene in nature to alleviate wild animal suffering. However, there are a range of relationships that we may have with wild animals that do generate special obligations to aid – and the consequences of these obligations can be surprising. In this paper, I argue that we have special obligations to those animals we have historically welcomed or encouraged into our spaces. This includes many wild animals. One of the consequences of this is that we may sometimes possess obligations to actively prevent rewilding – or even to dewild – for the sake of welcomed animals who thrive in human-controlled spaces.","PeriodicalId":45955,"journal":{"name":"Ethics Policy & Environment","volume":"27 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1080/21550085.2023.2272549
Rebecca Livernois
ABSTRACTPigovian policy is developed in economic theory as an efficient resolution to externality problems. The use of this type of policy to resolve real-world externality problems, including climate change in the form of carbon taxes, assumes that the Pigovian policy result derived in theory holds in the real world. By examining the bridging conditions from theory to the real world, I argue that this assumption holds only in an ambiguously defined subset of externalities. It is thus unclear when Pigovian policy could be coherently applied, which is problematic given its widespread use in critical policy contexts.KEYWORDS: Carbon taxclimate policyexternalitymarket-based policyphilosophy of economics AcknowledgmentsI am grateful to Margaret Schabas, Alison Wylie, John Beatty, and Joseph Heath for their helpful comments and suggestions. I also benefitted from audiences at several conferences and seminars, including the Philosophy, Politics and Economics Research Seminar at Arizona State University and the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Pigovian policy is so called after the economist Alfred Pigou (Citation1920/2017) who is often cited as the progenitor of externality theory in economics (Medema, Citation2020).2. This is distinct to the question of whether implementing a specific Pigovian policy is justified, which has been extensively examined by economists. There are several well-known reasons that implementing such a policy might not be justifiable in practice, including high administrative costs relative to the expected benefits of the policy and insufficient information on the part of the policymaker about individual preferences (see Baumol, Citation1972; Tol, Citation2018; Winston, Citation2006). In order to assess the justifiability of implementing a particular Pigovian policy response, however, it must first be established that such a policy response is at least coherent in the given context. This paper is focused on this more basic question.3. Pigovian policy features prominently in justifying and guiding government carbon tax policies (Rennert & Kingdon, Citation2019). It is also endorsed by many leading economists in an open letter published in the Wall Street Journal (Akerlof et al., Citation2019) as well as in the informal ‘Pigou Club’, which is a list of economists and policymakers who endorse Pigovian policies (Mankiw, Citation2009).4. It is important to note that this paper does not call into question the general use of a carbon tax to address climate change. Instead, it calls into question the use of a particular type of tax that is justified by externality theory and which calls for a specific carbon tax rate determined by estimates of the value of the externality generated by carbon dioxide emissions.5. The concept of an externality in economics, however, is notoriously difficult to precisely define. In the latte
摘要庇古政策是经济理论中作为解决外部性问题的有效方法而发展起来的。使用这种类型的政策来解决现实世界的外部性问题，包括以碳税的形式出现的气候变化，假设理论上推导的庇古政策结果在现实世界中成立。通过检查从理论到现实世界的桥梁条件，我认为这一假设只适用于外部性的一个模糊定义子集。因此，不清楚庇古政策何时可以连贯地应用，鉴于其在关键政策背景下的广泛使用，这是有问题的。关键词:碳税气候政策外向型市场政策经济学哲学致谢感谢玛格丽特·沙巴斯，艾莉森·怀利，约翰·比蒂和约瑟夫·希思提出的有益的意见和建议。我也从一些会议和研讨会上的听众中受益，包括亚利桑那州立大学的哲学、政治和经济研究研讨会和科学哲学协会的两年一次的会议。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。庇古政策是以经济学家阿尔弗雷德·庇古(Citation1920/2017)的名字命名的，他经常被引用为经济学中外部性理论的鼻祖(Medema, Citation2020)。这与实施特定的庇古政策是否合理的问题是截然不同的，经济学家已经对这个问题进行了广泛的研究。有几个众所周知的原因，实施这样的政策在实践中可能是不合理的，包括相对于政策的预期收益的高行政成本和政策制定者关于个人偏好的信息不足(见Baumol, Citation1972;托尔,Citation2018;温斯顿,Citation2006)。然而，为了评估执行特定庇古政策反应的合理性，必须首先确定这种政策反应至少在给定的背景下是连贯的。本文的重点是这个更基本的问题。庇古政策在证明和指导政府碳税政策方面发挥了重要作用(rennert&kingdon, Citation2019)。在《华尔街日报》(Akerlof et al.， Citation2019)以及非正式的“庇古俱乐部”(Pigou Club)上发表的一封公开信中，许多知名经济学家也对庇古理论表示赞同(Mankiw, Citation2009)。庇古俱乐部由支持庇古政策的经济学家和政策制定者组成。值得注意的是，本文并没有对普遍使用碳税来应对气候变化提出质疑。相反，它对使用一种由外部性理论证明合理的特定类型的税提出了质疑，这种税要求根据对二氧化碳排放产生的外部性价值的估计来确定特定的碳税率。然而，经济学中的外部性概念是出了名的难以精确定义的。在20世纪下半叶，著名经济学家肯尼斯·阿罗(Citation1969)、詹姆斯·m·布坎南和威廉·c·斯塔布尔宾(Citation1962)、罗纳德·科斯(Citation1960/2013)和詹姆斯·米德(James Meade, Citation1952)对外部性概念提出了不同的解释。有关市场失灵的历史和外部性概念的更多信息，请参见Nathalie Berta (Citation2017)、Nathalie Berta和Elodie Bertrand (Citation2014)、Maurice Lagueux (Citation2010)、Alain Marciano (Citation2011)、Steven Medema (Citation2009、Citation2014、Citation2020)和Andreas Papandreou (Citation1994、Citation2003)。遵循经济学术语，我保留“最优性”一词指的是帕累托效率或帕累托最优性，有时也被称为社会最优性。如果没有可能的资源再分配使至少一个代理变得更好而不使其他代理变得更糟，那么结果是帕累托最优的。当资源可以重新分配时，至少有一个人会变得更好，没有代理人会变得更差，就存在潜在的帕累托改进。罗纳德·科斯(Citation1960/2013)对庇古学派的外部性方法提出了颇具影响力的批评，认为外部性之所以持续存在，是因为交易成本高。如果相关双方能够就外部性达成协议，就会产生有效的解决方案。然而，气候变化是庇古分析是适当方法的一个例子。例如，大卫·d·弗里德曼(David D. Friedman, Citation2000)认为，虽然科斯提供了正确的一般分析，但庇古对外部性问题的分析是正确的，“在特殊情况下，在交易成本高的情况下，各方之间的交易可以被安全地忽略，在这种情况下，决定哪一方承担责任的代理人已经知道谁是问题的最低成本规避者”(弗里德曼，Citation2000，第42页)。 气候变化显然是交易成本高的一个例子，因为当代人(产生排放的人)不可能与后代人(受排放影响的人)签订合同。在这种情况下，我们也有充分的理由相信，当前这一代是成本最低的问题规避者。这是因为气候适应存在硬性限制，这表明未来适应未减缓的气候变化的成本不可能低于当前一代减缓和适应的成本(Pörtner等人，Citation2022)。本文主要讨论庇古税，因为这是庇古气候政策最常见的形式;然而，这些其他形式的庇古政策在理论上是同构的，因此这里提出的论点不是针对税收的，也适用于限额与交易以及补贴政策。例如，如果政策制定者倾向于总量管制与交易政策，并以此为目标创建一个排放市场，他们就会利用帕累托最优水平上的数量来决定在哪里设置限额，从而决定如何分配碳排放的产权(理论上，这可以分配给污染者或受污染影响的人)。因此，经济学中所谓的庇古理论结合了科斯(Citation1960/2013)的见解，即外部性是相互的，因此可以通过将产权分配给任何一方来解决。有关这些政策在当代理论中的同构性的更多信息，请参见Martin L. Weitzman (Citation1974)。然而，这些不同政策的效力和政治可行性在现实世界中并不一定是同构的。例如，Lonergan和Sawers (Citation2022)认为，积极激励(如补贴)往往比消极激励(如税收)更有效，部分原因是它们更有可能被纳税人所接受。这个框架的版本可以在Charles Plott (Citation1966)， Kenneth Arrow (Citation1970)， Agnar Sandmo (Citation1980)和Hal Varian (Citation1994)中看到，例如。那些宁愿跳过理论的数学语言的人可以安全地专注于这一部分的散文。导出的效用为vi(p, wi, h) = max ui(xi, h)，且p•xi≤wi≡øi(p, h) + wi。由于价格不受h的选择的影响，价格向量被抑制。因此，推导出的效用表示为øi(h)。参见Mas-Colell et al. (Citation1995, pp. 352-354)了解更多细节。请注意，与科斯(Citation1960/2013)的见解相反，本文审查的模型假设对管理政策的成本的分析与对外部性价值的分析是可分离的。因此，该模型假定未定价商品的重新分配是无成本的，并期望在政策分析的后期阶段评估特定政策的管理成本和效力。鉴于本文旨在对外部性理论进行内部批判，本文将重点关注这一过程的第一步。注意，偏好满意度指的是实现偏好目标的状态，而不是满足感(D. M. Hausman, Citation2012)。请注意，这个术语引用的是当代庇古政策，而不是庇古直接讨论的外部性或政策类型(Citation1920/2017)。庇古的外部性概念更接近于将
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Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.1080/21550085.2023.2272237
Fausto Corvino
EU co-legislators recently approved the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), which establishes a uniform carbon price on both EU and imported products, in ETS covered sectors. This violates the CBDR-RC principle. Yet, CBAM advocates claim that the resulting unfair mitigation can be offset by scaling up climate finance, to the benefit of poorer countries. I argue that the CBAM’s unfairness is compounded by previous climate injustice, as avoidable emissions by developed countries pushed the climate crisis to the point where fair mitigation is no longer viable. This implies that a disadvantage within the distributive sphere of emissions abatement cannot be counterbalanced by additional advantages within the distributive sphere of climate finance.
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