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Finding Better Ways for Newsrooms to Counter COVID Misinformation in the United States 为美国新闻编辑室寻找更好的方法来应对COVID错误信息
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2061493
T. Kelley
Nielsen (2020) reports digital content engagement rose by 215% in the U.S. alone from March 2019 to March 2020. In light of this increased traffic, newsroom and publication standards must better explain to the public how news organizations research, reporting and publish stories on big issues, especially those so prevalent like the coronavirus pandemic. Detailing the process from story idea to fruition may create safeguards at traditional and online outlets so that the lines between fact and fiction, reality and conspiracy theory aren’t blurred. The benefits of this are twofold: gaining trust with readers by being transparent and bettering the media literacy of those in the audience who don’t understand the efforts and ethics of media professionals. However, transparency is not enough. These efforts at being more open with the audience are certainly well-intended; however, research has shown that even though more consumers say they would better trust a news source if was transparent about the process, that explanation of tends to be skipped over entirely by most readers (Murray & Stroud, 2020). Tackling misinformation and disinformation while maintaining trust in an audience must be a multi-pronged approach. Journalists overuse governmental agency experts and, particularly partisan, officials to communicate efforts in the pandemic or debunk false information regarding the virus. Political researchers find “elites are capable of fostering, rather than correcting, conspiracy beliefs.” (Uscinski, Enders, & Klofstad, Seelig, Funchion, Everett, Wuchty, Premaratne, Murthi, 2020). To fact-check misleading claims or unproven information, journalists must find sources that those in their audience can trust. Leada Gore, a reporter with Alabama Media Group, told CNN’s Reliable Sources that her organization was proactive in not only having local voices explain the complexities of the virus, pandemic and vaccines, but they also sought particular questions and concerns from local readers regarding the vaccine. “ . . . we broke it down into digestible, you know, topics that allowed people to (say) ‘I’m concerned about this, what does a local doctor say?’ Because I really think we’re realizing in Alabama that that (COVID) information needs to come from the ground up as opposed to the top down.” (CNN, 2021). Finding trusted doctors who are members of the community to address such misinformation or conspiracy theories is certainly easier for those on a hyperlocal level at small-town news organizations. And data shows that trust is higher amongst community news outlets. Pew Research found that while less than half (46%) of American adults surveyed got their COVID pandemic information from local news, 50% said their local outlets get the facts right, compared to 44% of news media in general. (Shearer, 2020). Outlets must lean more into fact-checking falsehoods and inform their audiences accordingly. In the early days of the pandemic, the media needed to do a better
尼尔森(2020)报告称,从2019年3月到2020年3月,仅在美国,数字内容参与度就增长了215%。鉴于流量的增加,新闻编辑室和出版标准必须更好地向公众解释新闻机构如何研究、报道和发布有关重大问题的报道,尤其是像冠状病毒大流行这样如此普遍的问题。详细描述从故事构思到实现的过程,可能会为传统媒体和网络媒体提供保障,这样事实与虚构、现实与阴谋论之间的界限就不会模糊。这样做的好处是双重的:通过透明获得读者的信任,并提高那些不了解媒体专业人员的努力和道德的观众的媒体素养。然而,光有透明度是不够的。这些对观众更加开放的努力当然是善意的;然而,研究表明,尽管更多的消费者表示,如果新闻来源的过程是透明的,他们会更好地信任新闻来源,但大多数读者往往会完全跳过这种解释(Murray & Stroud, 2020)。在保持受众信任的同时,应对错误信息和虚假信息必须采取多管齐下的方法。记者过度使用政府机构专家,特别是党派官员,来传达疫情防控工作或揭穿有关病毒的虚假信息。政治研究人员发现,“精英们有能力培养而不是纠正阴谋论。(Uscinski, Enders, & Klofstad, Seelig, Funchion, Everett, Wuchty, Premaratne, Murthi, 2020)。为了核查误导性言论或未经证实的信息,记者必须找到受众可以信任的消息来源。阿拉巴马州媒体集团的记者Leada Gore告诉CNN的“可靠来源”,她的组织不仅积极主动地让当地的声音解释病毒、大流行和疫苗的复杂性,而且还向当地读者寻求有关疫苗的特定问题和关注。“……我们把它分解成易于消化的话题,你知道,让人们(说)“我很担心这个,当地医生怎么说?”“因为我真的认为我们在阿拉巴马州意识到(COVID)信息需要自下而上,而不是自上而下。”(cnn, 2021)。对于那些在小镇新闻机构工作的人来说,找到值得信赖的社区成员医生来解决这些错误信息或阴谋论当然更容易。数据显示,社区新闻媒体之间的信任度更高。皮尤研究中心发现,虽然接受调查的美国成年人中只有不到一半(46%)的人从当地新闻中获得有关COVID大流行的信息,但50%的人表示,当地媒体的事实是正确的,而一般新闻媒体的这一比例为44%。(希勒,2020)。媒体必须更倾向于核实事实的谎言,并相应地告知受众。在大流行的早期,媒体需要更好地核实美国总统办公室等高层吹捧的信息。据康奈尔大学的研究人员称,在100多万篇文章中,只有16%的文章直接核实了错误信息。(Evanega, Lynas, Adams, Smolenyak, 2020)。在进行这项研究期间,新闻网站和社交平台上最大的错误信息之一是,当时的总统唐纳德·特朗普在4月的新闻发布会上告诉记者,他认为医生应该考虑使用紫外线和漂白剂来清除人们体内的冠状病毒,当时这种病毒已经夺去了近5万美国人的生命。这导致来索尔(Lysol)等公司在社交平台和媒体上发布声明,说明其产品的毒性,美国各地的医生警告他们所在地区的官员,中毒控制电话可能会增加。媒体伦理学报,2022,第37卷,第37期。2,148 - 150 https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2061493
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引用次数: 0
‘Spotlight’: Virtuous Journalism in Practice “聚光灯”:实践中的道德新闻
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2057996
Yayu Feng
ABSTRACT This article presents an analysis of virtuous journalism as demonstrated in the award-winning movie Spotlight. It analyzes Spotlight using key concepts from virtue ethics theory – arête (virtue), phronesis (practical wisdom), and eudaimonia (happiness), revealing an in-depth understanding of the regulative ideals embedded in the movie. The article discusses major virtues exemplified in the movie, journalists’ practical wisdom, and how the journalism profession can contribute to human flourishing through its professional goals. By informing a theoretically grounded understanding of the moral lessons in this movie and its values for the profession, this article also aims to benefit ethics educators.
本文分析了获奖电影《聚焦》所展现的新闻道德。运用美德伦理理论中的关键概念arête (virtue)、phronesis (practical wisdom)和eudaimonia (happiness)对《聚焦》进行分析,揭示了对电影中所蕴含的规范理想的深入理解。本文讨论了电影中体现的主要美德,记者的实践智慧,以及新闻职业如何通过其职业目标为人类繁荣做出贡献。通过对这部电影中的道德教训及其对职业价值的理论理解,本文也旨在使道德教育者受益。
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引用次数: 1
“We All Know It’s Wrong, But…”: Moral Judgment of Cyberbullying in U.S. Newspaper Opinion Pieces “我们都知道这是错的,但是……”:美国报纸评论文章中对网络欺凌的道德判断
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-03-29 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2057993
R. Young
ABSTRACT This study uses the theory of dyadic morality to analyze construction of cyberbullying as a contested social issue in U. S. newspaper opinion pieces. The theory of dyadic morality posits that when we claim harm, we are motivated to identify a cause of harm and a suffering victim. This moral triangulation indicts determinants of harm and suggests preferred solutions. Analysis of U.S. opinion writing identified a tension between perception of cyberbullying as epidemic and the belief that some aggression was normative, that harm from speech was suspect, and that concern about cyberbullying was overblown. Cyberbullying served as a politically charged example of how technology is shaping adolescent social life and mental health; or how claims to victimhood are threats to free speech. Attention to moral dyad constructs in editorials and opinion pieces can help identify how competitive frames assert claims of moral validity in constructing arguments.
摘要:本研究运用二元道德理论分析了网络欺凌作为美国报纸评论文章中一个有争议的社会问题的建构。二元道德理论认为,当我们声称受到伤害时,我们会被激励去识别造成伤害的原因和遭受伤害的受害者。这种道德三角分析指出了危害的决定因素,并提出了首选的解决方案。对美国舆论写作的分析表明,人们认为网络欺凌是一种流行病,而认为某些侵犯行为是规范的,认为言论的伤害是可疑的,认为对网络欺凌的担忧被夸大了,这两者之间存在紧张关系。网络欺凌是科技如何影响青少年社会生活和心理健康的一个充满政治色彩的例子;或者声称自己是受害者是对言论自由的威胁。关注社论和评论文章中的道德二元结构可以帮助确定竞争框架如何在构建论点时主张道德有效性。
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引用次数: 1
Digital Promotion of Suicide: A Platform-Level Ethical Analysis 自杀的数字推广:一个平台层面的伦理分析
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-03-29 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2057994
R. Cohen-Almagor, S. Lehman-Wilzig
ABSTRACT This article utilizes Aristotelian and Kantian philosophies to probe the social responsibilities of internet intermediaries that in one way or another assist and promote suicide. Striking a balance between freedom of expression and social responsibility, it is argued that several actors should be involved in restricting or eliminating live-streaming suicide, sites that encourage and facilitate suicide, and insult forums that drive people, especially adolescents, to take their own lives. The remediating actors are: commercial social media/website owners through their moderators; voluntary, non-profit, NGO “public defenders”; internet platform providers; regulatory agencies based on legislative authority, and advertisers. Practical remedies are suggested for each of these actors, noting as well important exceptions and caveats regarding the respective solutions.
本文运用亚里士多德和康德的哲学来探讨互联网中介机构以某种方式协助和促进自杀的社会责任。为了在言论自由和社会责任之间取得平衡,有人认为,应该有几个演员参与限制或消除直播自杀,鼓励和促进自杀的网站,以及侮辱驱使人们,特别是青少年结束自己生命的论坛。补救行为者是:商业社交媒体/网站所有者通过他们的版主;自愿、非营利性、非政府组织的“公设辩护人”;互联网平台提供商;监管机构基于立法权威,而广告商。对这些行为者提出了切实可行的补救办法,并指出了有关各自解决办法的重要例外和注意事项。
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引用次数: 0
A Test of Free Speech: Applying the Ethics of Care to Coverage of Snyder V. Phelps 言论自由的检验:在斯奈德·v·菲尔普斯案报道中运用关怀伦理
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2057995
Leslie Klein, B. Johnson
ABSTRACT U.S. journalists must walk a fine line when reporting on hate speech. Journalists have a vested interest in standing up for the First Amendment, which gives them the freedom to do their work. However, the legal protection that people who spew hateful rhetoric enjoy vastly outweighs any protections upon which the victims can rely. As such, dealing with hate speech in the United States is an inherently ethical issue. Applying the ethics of care to their reporting would allow journalists a clear framework with which to counter hate speech. This study examines if and how journalists used the ethics of care framework when covering the Snyder v. Phelps Supreme Court case through analysis of articles published in U.S. newspapers. Using these articles as a representative sample for the national coverage of the case, the study finds that journalists failed to consider the human impact of their reporting.
美国记者在报道仇恨言论时必须小心行事。捍卫宪法第一修正案是记者的既得利益,因为宪法第一修正案赋予了他们工作的自由。然而,那些散布仇恨言论的人所享有的法律保护远远超过了受害者所能依赖的任何保护。因此,在美国处理仇恨言论本身就是一个道德问题。将谨慎的道德规范应用到他们的报道中,将使记者有一个明确的框架来对抗仇恨言论。本研究通过分析发表在美国报纸上的文章,考察记者在报道斯奈德诉菲尔普斯最高法院案件时是否以及如何使用护理伦理框架。该研究将这些文章作为对该案件的全国报道的代表性样本,发现记者没有考虑到他们的报道对人类的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Media Representations and the Politics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bulgaria 保加利亚COVID-19大流行的媒体表现和政治
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-03-24 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2057313
M. Popova, I. Valkov
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引用次数: 1
India’s Floating Disinformation during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2019冠状病毒病大流行期间印度的浮动虚假信息
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-03-23 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2056038
Ashish Sharma
Viral diffusion of fake news is very significant in India with its 1.38 billion population, because it impacts how the public receives information required to make responsible, informed decisions and shape views on socio, economic, and political issues. Fake news is not a new phenomenon on Indian social media. The availability of low-cost Internet via mobile networks in India has resulted in a significant growth in the number of social media users (Banerjee, 2021). One out of six pieces of COVID information generated from India in 2020 was fake, which makes India the country for the source of most COVID misinformation. India’s unfortunate distinction as the purveyor of misinformation is tied to the higher Internet penetration rate and increasing social media consumption. India has almost 323 million Internet users, out of which 67% are urban and rest 33% are rural. Lack of media literacy remains one of the key factors in the spread of misinformation during the pandemic.
假新闻的病毒式传播在拥有13.8亿人口的印度非常重要,因为它影响了公众接受信息的方式,从而做出负责任的、明智的决定,并形成对社会、经济和政治问题的看法。假新闻在印度社交媒体上并不是一个新现象。印度通过移动网络提供低成本互联网,导致社交媒体用户数量显著增长(Banerjee, 2021)。2020年,印度每6条新冠肺炎信息中就有1条是假的,这使得印度成为大多数新冠肺炎错误信息的来源。印度作为错误信息提供者的不幸区别与更高的互联网普及率和不断增长的社交媒体消费有关。印度有近3.23亿互联网用户,其中67%为城市用户,其余33%为农村用户。缺乏媒体素养仍然是疫情期间错误信息传播的关键因素之一。
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引用次数: 1
Managing Sponsored Content in Hybrid Media Systems: A Proposed Alternative Journalistic Practice 在混合媒体系统中管理赞助内容:一种建议的替代新闻实践
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.2014848
Theodora A. Maniou
ABSTRACT Based on the emerging argument that understandings of digital content comprising both editorial and advertising components require alternative cultures for critical inquiry sufficiently sensitive to the online news environment, this study assesses the professional practice of balancing news and sponsored (commercial) information while focusing on preserving traditional journalism values within the realm of reasoned discussions of media ethics. In this qualitative content analysis study, different forms of sponsored content published in global media digital platforms are examined and inductive content analysis is employed.
基于对包括编辑和广告成分的数字内容的理解需要对在线新闻环境足够敏感的批判性调查的替代文化这一新兴论点,本研究评估了平衡新闻和赞助(商业)信息的专业实践,同时关注在媒体伦理的理性讨论范围内保留传统新闻价值。在这项定性内容分析研究中,研究了全球媒体数字平台上发布的不同形式的赞助内容,并采用了归纳内容分析。
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引用次数: 0
On Moderate and Radical Government Whistleblowing: Edward Snowden and Julian Assange as Theorists of Whistleblowing Ethics 论温和与激进的政府泄密:爱德华·斯诺登和朱利安·阿桑奇作为泄密伦理的理论家
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.2014847
P. Anderson
ABSTRACT Government whistleblowers are those who disclose classified government documents in violation of the law but do so to bring to light serious government wrongdoing. Scholarly debates have identified various procedural requirements for whistleblowing, and this paper expands upon these insights by providing an account of Edward Snowden’s moderate theory and Julian Assange’s radical theory of government whistleblowing ethics. Through the practice of ethical listening, this essay places Snowden and Assange into conversation with academic theories of government whistleblowing. By including the previously neglected voices of real-world government whistleblowers and their publishers, this paper provides a more dynamic understanding of whistleblowing’s procedural requirements, interrogates the ethical paradigms of whistleblowers, and shows that different theories of government whistleblowing depend upon a wide range of assumptions about audience, professionalism, and ultimate aims.
政府告密者是指那些违法披露政府机密文件的人,他们这样做是为了揭露政府严重的不法行为。学术辩论已经确定了举报的各种程序要求,本文通过提供爱德华·斯诺登的温和理论和朱利安·阿桑奇的政府举报道德激进理论的说明,扩展了这些见解。通过道德聆听的实践,本文将斯诺登和阿桑奇与政府举报的学术理论进行了对话。通过纳入之前被忽视的现实世界政府举报人及其出版商的声音,本文对举报人的程序要求提供了更动态的理解,对举报人的道德范式进行了质疑,并表明不同的政府举报人理论依赖于对受众、专业精神和最终目标的广泛假设。
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引用次数: 0
A Global Perspective on Ethics: New Resources for Teaching and Discussing Media Ethics and Journalism Ethics 伦理的全球视野:媒体伦理与新闻伦理教学与讨论的新资源
IF 1.9 3区 哲学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2021-12-28 DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2021.2020257
K. Berg
It is rare to have two edited volumes on media ethics published within a month of each other. Yet, The Routledge Companion to Journalism Ethics and the Handbook of Global Media Ethics were both released in fall 2021. Combined, they offer a comprehensive analysis of the state of global media ethics along with a global perspective on journalism ethics. A handful of authors have pieces in both books, which speaks to their expertise in the field of ethics. It should be noted that Patrick Plaisance, editor of Journal of Media Ethics, wrote a chapter on moral psychology in media for the Handbook, and I wrote a chapter on fake news and public trust in journalism for The Routledge Companion to Journalism Ethics. There is no doubt that both volumes make major contributions to the fields of media ethics and journalism ethics, and each will continue to inspire future scholars, students, and practitioners to be mindful, and sometimes critical, of how ethics plays out in theory and practice in contemporary society. After taking a deep dive into both books, I will be editing my graduate ethics syllabus to include multiple chapters from each book. Ward, S. J. A. (Ed.). (2021). Handbook of global media ethics. Springer.In the Handbook on Global Media Ethics, Stephen J. A. Ward, professor emeritus and Distinguished Lecturer on Ethics at the University of British Columbia, brings together a collection of entries that results in one of the first comprehensive research and teaching tools for the developing area of global media ethics. Ward worked with Prof. Clifford G. Christians, a team of seven editors, and 77 authors in dozens of countries to make this book a reality. The Handbook addresses all major approaches to global media ethics and contains contributions by leading, internationally recognized authors in the field of media ethics. According to Ward, the advent of new media that is global in reach and impact has created the need for journalism ethics that is global in principles and aims.The 70 chapters in the Handbook are divided into seven sections, each of which had editors who expertly developed their chapters, worked with authors, and wrote the section introductions. The first section, edited by Ward, sets the context for the field of global media ethics by providing 10 chapters on basic concepts and practical problems. Cliff Christians explains how section two, “contributes to the Handbook’s purpose by representing up-to-date reviews of the approaches taken to conceptual issues and to theory in global media ethics,” (p. 179). Section three tackles ethical issues presented by our ever-evolving sphere of digital and social media. Kathleen Bartzen Culver writes, “Through eight chapters covering an array of disparate technologies and questions, the section seeks to illuminate the reasoning and processes that can guide us through tumultuous times” (p. 425).The fourth section on global issues for global media was edited by Ian Richards. He notes that the list
1, 72–75 https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2021.2020257
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引用次数: 2
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Journal of Media Ethics
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