Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2118124
K. Nash
ABSTRACT The moral questions raised by synthetic media are considered in the context of posthumous documentary biography. Two possibilities are explored: firstly, that synthesis of the voice in biographical documentary deceives in a distinctive way and secondly, that it is possible for synthetic media to harm the subject of posthumous documentary.
{"title":"Deepfakes, Documentary and the Dead: “I Wasn’t Putting Words into His Mouth. I Was Just Trying to Make Them Come Alive.”","authors":"K. Nash","doi":"10.1080/23736992.2022.2118124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2118124","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The moral questions raised by synthetic media are considered in the context of posthumous documentary biography. Two possibilities are explored: firstly, that synthesis of the voice in biographical documentary deceives in a distinctive way and secondly, that it is possible for synthetic media to harm the subject of posthumous documentary.","PeriodicalId":45979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Media Ethics","volume":"1 1","pages":"291 - 292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89844216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-22DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2114908
Kendall Phillips
ABSTRACT Considerations of the impact of new technologies of archival information and the texture of public memory.
档案信息新技术的影响与公共记忆的质感思考。
{"title":"What Happens When We Smooth Out the Rough Edges of the Past?","authors":"Kendall Phillips","doi":"10.1080/23736992.2022.2114908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2114908","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Considerations of the impact of new technologies of archival information and the texture of public memory.","PeriodicalId":45979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Media Ethics","volume":"18 1","pages":"298 - 299"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74146379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2113883
C. Coburn, Katlyn E. Williams, Scott R. Stroud
ABSTRACT What are the ethics of using voices generated by artificial intelligence or “deepfake” technology in documentary film? This case study explores the controversy surrounding the use of AI to reconstruct Anthony Bourdain’s voice in the biographical film, Roadrunner.
{"title":"Enhanced Realism or A.I.-Generated Illusion? Synthetic Voice in the Documentary Film Roadrunner","authors":"C. Coburn, Katlyn E. Williams, Scott R. Stroud","doi":"10.1080/23736992.2022.2113883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2113883","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT What are the ethics of using voices generated by artificial intelligence or “deepfake” technology in documentary film? This case study explores the controversy surrounding the use of AI to reconstruct Anthony Bourdain’s voice in the biographical film, Roadrunner.","PeriodicalId":45979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Media Ethics","volume":"49 1","pages":"282 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81023819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-17DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2113885
Chad Painter
ABSTRACT Documentarians certainly have different ethical standards than their journalist counterparts, yet filmmakers also adhere to ethical constructs such as truth telling and privacy. The decision by Morgan Neville to recreate Bourdain’s voice in Roadrunner, and ethical issues including truth telling and privacy that the decision created, are not outweighed by the news value or impact of that inclusion.
{"title":"Enhanced Realism or A.I.-Generated Illusion? Synthetic Voice in the Documentary Film Roadrunner","authors":"Chad Painter","doi":"10.1080/23736992.2022.2113885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2113885","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Documentarians certainly have different ethical standards than their journalist counterparts, yet filmmakers also adhere to ethical constructs such as truth telling and privacy. The decision by Morgan Neville to recreate Bourdain’s voice in Roadrunner, and ethical issues including truth telling and privacy that the decision created, are not outweighed by the news value or impact of that inclusion.","PeriodicalId":45979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Media Ethics","volume":"22 1","pages":"296 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85075551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2107525
Keith Greenwood, Ryan J. Thomas, Cory W. MacNeil
ABSTRACT In June 2020, representatives of eight photography organizations addressed ongoing challenges to the industry by introducing the “Photo Bill of Rights,” asserting “the rights of all lens-based workers and defining actions that build a safer, healthier, more inclusive, and transparent industry.” The bill centers what “lens-based workers” are owed by the media organizations that employ them. This study analyzes the bill’s contents and the explicit and implicit values within it, finding that the bill presents a normative view of the work environment lens-based workers should expect as a baseline. In so doing, the bill connects what lens-based workers owe their respective publics to what their employers owe those same workers. The bill highlights the enabling environment that these workers need to satisfy their obligations to the public. The bill reminds employers of their duty to create an equitable environment that can enable the fulfillment of public responsibility.
{"title":"Enabling and Empowering Lens-based Workers: An Analysis of the Photo Bill of Rights","authors":"Keith Greenwood, Ryan J. Thomas, Cory W. MacNeil","doi":"10.1080/23736992.2022.2107525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2107525","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In June 2020, representatives of eight photography organizations addressed ongoing challenges to the industry by introducing the “Photo Bill of Rights,” asserting “the rights of all lens-based workers and defining actions that build a safer, healthier, more inclusive, and transparent industry.” The bill centers what “lens-based workers” are owed by the media organizations that employ them. This study analyzes the bill’s contents and the explicit and implicit values within it, finding that the bill presents a normative view of the work environment lens-based workers should expect as a baseline. In so doing, the bill connects what lens-based workers owe their respective publics to what their employers owe those same workers. The bill highlights the enabling environment that these workers need to satisfy their obligations to the public. The bill reminds employers of their duty to create an equitable environment that can enable the fulfillment of public responsibility.","PeriodicalId":45979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Media Ethics","volume":"1 1","pages":"194 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78475753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2107526
Marlene S. Neill, Juan Meng
ABSTRACT Crucible experiences are essential in the development of leaders. Crucibles refer to trials and challenges that test and mold the character, values and behavior of leaders. Through in-depth interviews with 32 public relations leaders, we examined how crucible experiences specifically shaped them to practice servant leadership. Through the narratives they constructed about these experiences, we were able to learn specific details about these experiences, the lessons they gleaned and how they shaped and transformed their character, virtues and leadership style. These insights matter, because public relations leaders have the potential to serve as ethical role models for their employees and colleagues.
{"title":"The Impact of Crucibles in Developing Public Relations’ Character and Competencies as Servant Leaders","authors":"Marlene S. Neill, Juan Meng","doi":"10.1080/23736992.2022.2107526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2107526","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Crucible experiences are essential in the development of leaders. Crucibles refer to trials and challenges that test and mold the character, values and behavior of leaders. Through in-depth interviews with 32 public relations leaders, we examined how crucible experiences specifically shaped them to practice servant leadership. Through the narratives they constructed about these experiences, we were able to learn specific details about these experiences, the lessons they gleaned and how they shaped and transformed their character, virtues and leadership style. These insights matter, because public relations leaders have the potential to serve as ethical role models for their employees and colleagues.","PeriodicalId":45979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Media Ethics","volume":"3 1","pages":"208 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87853281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2107524
Kate Sangwon Lee, Huaxin Wei
ABSTRACT Large-scale social media services have been challenged due to their lack of ethical principles, which has resulted in allegations of user manipulation such as propagation of fake news related to COVID-19 vaccination and biased algorithmic curations that lead to social polarization. We studied current social media community guidelines and conducted a systematic literature review to identify the core values needed for the establishment of guidelines for responsible social media services. Through expert interviews, a framework and guidelines are proposed for each of three areas: protecting privacy, raising awareness, and controlling abuse. We present each set of guidelines with executable principles and relevant design interventions that practitioners can use to offer responsible social media services. Our expert interviews surfaced tensions between the three areas that need to be addressed in developing responsible social media, such as privacy vs. sharing information, pseudonymity vs. safety, and spreading information vs. safety.
{"title":"Design Factors of Ethics and Responsibility in Social Media: A Systematic Review of Literature and Expert Review of Guiding Principles","authors":"Kate Sangwon Lee, Huaxin Wei","doi":"10.1080/23736992.2022.2107524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2107524","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Large-scale social media services have been challenged due to their lack of ethical principles, which has resulted in allegations of user manipulation such as propagation of fake news related to COVID-19 vaccination and biased algorithmic curations that lead to social polarization. We studied current social media community guidelines and conducted a systematic literature review to identify the core values needed for the establishment of guidelines for responsible social media services. Through expert interviews, a framework and guidelines are proposed for each of three areas: protecting privacy, raising awareness, and controlling abuse. We present each set of guidelines with executable principles and relevant design interventions that practitioners can use to offer responsible social media services. Our expert interviews surfaced tensions between the three areas that need to be addressed in developing responsible social media, such as privacy vs. sharing information, pseudonymity vs. safety, and spreading information vs. safety.","PeriodicalId":45979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Media Ethics","volume":"12 1","pages":"156 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80014718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2090691
Yayu Feng
This article provides a systematic review of literature that discusses the ethical concerns related to the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in the hiring process. These AI applications include writing job ads, screening resumes, and analyzing video interviews. The authors reviewed 51 articles dealing with the topic, and synthesized the studies to summarize the ethical opportunities, risks, and ambiguities, and proposed ways to mitigate ethical risks in practice. Based on this review, the article identified gaps in the literature and point out moral questions that call for deeper exploration in future research.
{"title":"The Healing Power of Caring, Ethical Journalism","authors":"Yayu Feng","doi":"10.1080/23736992.2022.2090691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2090691","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a systematic review of literature that discusses the ethical concerns related to the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in the hiring process. These AI applications include writing job ads, screening resumes, and analyzing video interviews. The authors reviewed 51 articles dealing with the topic, and synthesized the studies to summarize the ethical opportunities, risks, and ambiguities, and proposed ways to mitigate ethical risks in practice. Based on this review, the article identified gaps in the literature and point out moral questions that call for deeper exploration in future research.","PeriodicalId":45979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Media Ethics","volume":"86 1","pages":"223 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84182380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2107523
Perry Parks
ABSTRACT Journalists’ and publics’ relationship with truth-telling is so messy because the term “truth” holds multitudes of competing senses that are rarely acknowledged in journalism discourse. People approach contested subjects from many, sometimes incommensurate, senses of truth. When journalists fail to identify the competing senses embedded in varying truth claims, they reproduce confusion as to the validity and verifiability of such claims and contribute to a rolling epistemic crisis in the public sphere. This essay explores six senses of truth – logical, empirical, affective, ideological, authoritarian, and narrative – and discusses their interaction and problematic conflation.
{"title":"Senses of Truth and Journalism’s Epistemic Crisis","authors":"Perry Parks","doi":"10.1080/23736992.2022.2107523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2107523","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Journalists’ and publics’ relationship with truth-telling is so messy because the term “truth” holds multitudes of competing senses that are rarely acknowledged in journalism discourse. People approach contested subjects from many, sometimes incommensurate, senses of truth. When journalists fail to identify the competing senses embedded in varying truth claims, they reproduce confusion as to the validity and verifiability of such claims and contribute to a rolling epistemic crisis in the public sphere. This essay explores six senses of truth – logical, empirical, affective, ideological, authoritarian, and narrative – and discusses their interaction and problematic conflation.","PeriodicalId":45979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Media Ethics","volume":"43 1","pages":"179 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86825188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/23736992.2022.2057997
N. Anstead
Like every country in the past two years, the United Kingdom has seen its fair share of COVID fake news in circulation. An early example in the first days of the pandemic was the rumor that the disease was spread by 5 G technology, a story that led to a number of masts being vandalized, significantly hampering the emergency services (Martin, 2020). A different strand of misinformation denied that COVID even existed or was far milder than had been claimed by the government. “Evidence” for views of this kind often involved videos of empty hospitals (Giles, Goodman, & Robinson, 2021), with believers arguing that the danger of the disease was being exaggerated in order to introduce draconian restrictions on personal liberty. More recently, the anti-vaccination movement has been strong enough to stage protests involving large numbers of people, some of which have led to violence, intimidating behavior and arrests (Gayle, 2021). However, the biggest challenge to public understanding and engaged debate on COVID-related issues was not necessarily posed by such blatant examples of misinformation. Instead, as academic research has shown, more significant is obfuscation in government communications and news reporting that failed to effectively contextualize the UK’s COVID response, particularly with international comparisons (Cushion, Morani, Kyriakidou, & Soo, 2021). The latter issue is particularly significant, as UK seems to have had a poor pandemic when its efforts were juxtaposed with similar countries. At the time of writing, the UK’s COVID death-rate per 100,000 people was 226.6. In France, the comparable figure was 188.4 in France and in Germany 138.9 (Financial Times, 2022). Despite his electoral success, it is hard to imagine a politician more ill-suited to the requirements of sober public health communication than Boris Johnson, a former journalist, controversialist and television panel show guest. Examples of Johnson’s communication during the pandemic included a claim that the virus would be defeated in 12 weeks in March 2020, referring to the government’s desperate quest to source emergency ventilators as “operation last gasp,” and claiming that the UK’s procurement of personal protective equipment and the effectiveness of the country’s test and trace systems were “world-beating” (they provably were not). Perhaps in an effort to counteract these weaknesses, the government made notable use of experts in its COVID communication strategy. Civil service scientific officials regularly appeared in daily pandemic press conferences with elected politicians, with some – notably England’s Chief Medical Officer Professor Chris Whitty and Deputy Chief Medical Office Professor Jonathan Van-Tam – becoming household names. In the context of the recent history of the British political communication, this was a notable development. Famously in the 2016 EU Membership referendum campaign, leave supporter and Conservative cabinet minister Michael Gove claimed tha
{"title":"The Politics of Communicating COVID in the United Kingdom","authors":"N. Anstead","doi":"10.1080/23736992.2022.2057997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2022.2057997","url":null,"abstract":"Like every country in the past two years, the United Kingdom has seen its fair share of COVID fake news in circulation. An early example in the first days of the pandemic was the rumor that the disease was spread by 5 G technology, a story that led to a number of masts being vandalized, significantly hampering the emergency services (Martin, 2020). A different strand of misinformation denied that COVID even existed or was far milder than had been claimed by the government. “Evidence” for views of this kind often involved videos of empty hospitals (Giles, Goodman, & Robinson, 2021), with believers arguing that the danger of the disease was being exaggerated in order to introduce draconian restrictions on personal liberty. More recently, the anti-vaccination movement has been strong enough to stage protests involving large numbers of people, some of which have led to violence, intimidating behavior and arrests (Gayle, 2021). However, the biggest challenge to public understanding and engaged debate on COVID-related issues was not necessarily posed by such blatant examples of misinformation. Instead, as academic research has shown, more significant is obfuscation in government communications and news reporting that failed to effectively contextualize the UK’s COVID response, particularly with international comparisons (Cushion, Morani, Kyriakidou, & Soo, 2021). The latter issue is particularly significant, as UK seems to have had a poor pandemic when its efforts were juxtaposed with similar countries. At the time of writing, the UK’s COVID death-rate per 100,000 people was 226.6. In France, the comparable figure was 188.4 in France and in Germany 138.9 (Financial Times, 2022). Despite his electoral success, it is hard to imagine a politician more ill-suited to the requirements of sober public health communication than Boris Johnson, a former journalist, controversialist and television panel show guest. Examples of Johnson’s communication during the pandemic included a claim that the virus would be defeated in 12 weeks in March 2020, referring to the government’s desperate quest to source emergency ventilators as “operation last gasp,” and claiming that the UK’s procurement of personal protective equipment and the effectiveness of the country’s test and trace systems were “world-beating” (they provably were not). Perhaps in an effort to counteract these weaknesses, the government made notable use of experts in its COVID communication strategy. Civil service scientific officials regularly appeared in daily pandemic press conferences with elected politicians, with some – notably England’s Chief Medical Officer Professor Chris Whitty and Deputy Chief Medical Office Professor Jonathan Van-Tam – becoming household names. In the context of the recent history of the British political communication, this was a notable development. Famously in the 2016 EU Membership referendum campaign, leave supporter and Conservative cabinet minister Michael Gove claimed tha","PeriodicalId":45979,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Media Ethics","volume":"44 1","pages":"151 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87030363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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