Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2129279
Yulia Frumer
ABSTRACT This article argues that automation engineering in 1960s Japan was rooted in colonial attitudes towards human labour, which were tacitly present in Japan even decades after its defeat in World War II. I make this argument by examining the development of Japan’s first modern robot, a three-fingered mechanical hand designed by Tokyo University graduate student Yamashita Tadashi in 1963. Exploring Yamashita’s methods, the data he relied on, and the literature he drew inspiration from reveals that his design was modelled on human hands. Yamashita and his contemporaries were influenced by colonial assumptions about labour. Specifically, they accepted a tacit division of workers into two kinds: the engaged and cherished Japanese citizen; and the hardy, silent, colonial subject to whom fell the most dangerous and undesirable work. As Yamashita worked to make an autonomous and versatile robot, he recast its image as an engaged and cherished worker, paving the way for the Japanese reconceptualization of robots as friends. Retracing Yamashita’s process of making a robotic hand thus reveals that the automation of labour is predicated on the perceptions of humans whose labour robots are intended to replace.
{"title":"Manufacturing hands: robot fingers and human labour in post-war Japan","authors":"Yulia Frumer","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2129279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2129279","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article argues that automation engineering in 1960s Japan was rooted in colonial attitudes towards human labour, which were tacitly present in Japan even decades after its defeat in World War II. I make this argument by examining the development of Japan’s first modern robot, a three-fingered mechanical hand designed by Tokyo University graduate student Yamashita Tadashi in 1963. Exploring Yamashita’s methods, the data he relied on, and the literature he drew inspiration from reveals that his design was modelled on human hands. Yamashita and his contemporaries were influenced by colonial assumptions about labour. Specifically, they accepted a tacit division of workers into two kinds: the engaged and cherished Japanese citizen; and the hardy, silent, colonial subject to whom fell the most dangerous and undesirable work. As Yamashita worked to make an autonomous and versatile robot, he recast its image as an engaged and cherished worker, paving the way for the Japanese reconceptualization of robots as friends. Retracing Yamashita’s process of making a robotic hand thus reveals that the automation of labour is predicated on the perceptions of humans whose labour robots are intended to replace.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"239 - 256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82978625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2159132
V. Seow, D. Schäfer
ABSTRACT How did production, the making of things, come to be regarded as an inferior part of the process from the conceptualization of a commodity to its consumption? And how did East Asia, which has long been a place of production, come concurrently to be dismissed by other global actors on account of that fact and denied the potential for innovation? Through detailed case studies of making and doing from the early modern and modern eras, our special issue critically engages with the division between production and knowledge that lies at the heart of those dominant narratives. In this introductory essay, we suggest that our effort to return attention to production elucidates its role as an ‘estate of knowledge’ – a site deemed by individuals and societies to be where knowledge lies, where innovation is believed to take place – and helps to explain the geography of difference that has defined the global history of manufacturing and East Asia’s place within it.
{"title":"Making history: technologies of production and the estate of knowledge in East Asia","authors":"V. Seow, D. Schäfer","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2159132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2159132","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How did production, the making of things, come to be regarded as an inferior part of the process from the conceptualization of a commodity to its consumption? And how did East Asia, which has long been a place of production, come concurrently to be dismissed by other global actors on account of that fact and denied the potential for innovation? Through detailed case studies of making and doing from the early modern and modern eras, our special issue critically engages with the division between production and knowledge that lies at the heart of those dominant narratives. In this introductory essay, we suggest that our effort to return attention to production elucidates its role as an ‘estate of knowledge’ – a site deemed by individuals and societies to be where knowledge lies, where innovation is believed to take place – and helps to explain the geography of difference that has defined the global history of manufacturing and East Asia’s place within it.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"39 1","pages":"107 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73859047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2094700
C. Jeon, S. Knowles, Sang-Eun Park
ABSTRACT The Special Investigation Commission on the 4/16 Sewol Ferry Disaster offers a case in which the process of disaster investigation becomes a part, even a continuation, of the disaster for which it is created to bring closure. Placing the investigation in a longer temporality reveals obscured historical factors that shaped the investigation and its aftermath in surprising and crucial ways. Throughout the highly politicized process of deciding to investigate, what and whom to investigate, and how, disaster investigations can exacerbate the complexity of the disaster and the suffering of the victims and their families. What seems at first a technical and straightforward problem often turns out to be historically rooted and deeply contentious. In the case of the Sewol Ferry Disaster investigations, the process of creating an independent commission in a polarized political milieu unexpectedly formed a venue for evoking, drawing on, and re-experiencing state violence across generations. The Sewol Commission was modeled after earlier truth and reconciliation commissions in Korea, whose focus on individual ‘cases’ of political violence shaped how the Sewol investigation was conceptualized. As it turned out, the closure of the Sewol Commission closed nothing but the commission itself; the tragedy of the Sewol lingered.
{"title":"Disaster (continued): Sewol Ferry investigations, state violence, and political history in South Korea","authors":"C. Jeon, S. Knowles, Sang-Eun Park","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2094700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2094700","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Special Investigation Commission on the 4/16 Sewol Ferry Disaster offers a case in which the process of disaster investigation becomes a part, even a continuation, of the disaster for which it is created to bring closure. Placing the investigation in a longer temporality reveals obscured historical factors that shaped the investigation and its aftermath in surprising and crucial ways. Throughout the highly politicized process of deciding to investigate, what and whom to investigate, and how, disaster investigations can exacerbate the complexity of the disaster and the suffering of the victims and their families. What seems at first a technical and straightforward problem often turns out to be historically rooted and deeply contentious. In the case of the Sewol Ferry Disaster investigations, the process of creating an independent commission in a polarized political milieu unexpectedly formed a venue for evoking, drawing on, and re-experiencing state violence across generations. The Sewol Commission was modeled after earlier truth and reconciliation commissions in Korea, whose focus on individual ‘cases’ of political violence shaped how the Sewol investigation was conceptualized. As it turned out, the closure of the Sewol Commission closed nothing but the commission itself; the tragedy of the Sewol lingered.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"21 1","pages":"84 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85016220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2079370
P. Mirza
ABSTRACT Who owns the skies? Under British colonialism, the ownership of the skies of India was a contested matter. The onset of aviation presented a challenge to the territorial understanding between the British and semi-sovereign Indian princes, Paramountcy (1858–1947). Technology itself was a tricky area: roadways, railways, telegraphs, and the wireless were nibbling away at the sovereign spheres which Paramountcy had put in place. This paper looks at the history of aviation in princely India, from aviation enthusiasts such as the rulers of Kapurthala, Jodhpur and Bikaner to subversive princes like the Maharaja of Patiala who worked towards a military air force. The paper tracks the three stages of the journey of aviation in princely India, from individual consumption, to the historical context of World War One which aided its access and usage, and finally, the collective princely legal assertion over the vertical air above them in the position, ‘sovereignty of air’. The government’s civil aviation policy in India remained ambiguous about the princes’ rights over the air till 1931 when their sovereignty of the sky was finally recognised. The paper focuses on the Indian princes varied engagement with aviation, modernity and their space in the world.
{"title":"‘Sovereignty of the air’: The Indian princely states, the British Empire and carving out of air-space (1911–1933)","authors":"P. Mirza","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2079370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2079370","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Who owns the skies? Under British colonialism, the ownership of the skies of India was a contested matter. The onset of aviation presented a challenge to the territorial understanding between the British and semi-sovereign Indian princes, Paramountcy (1858–1947). Technology itself was a tricky area: roadways, railways, telegraphs, and the wireless were nibbling away at the sovereign spheres which Paramountcy had put in place. This paper looks at the history of aviation in princely India, from aviation enthusiasts such as the rulers of Kapurthala, Jodhpur and Bikaner to subversive princes like the Maharaja of Patiala who worked towards a military air force. The paper tracks the three stages of the journey of aviation in princely India, from individual consumption, to the historical context of World War One which aided its access and usage, and finally, the collective princely legal assertion over the vertical air above them in the position, ‘sovereignty of air’. The government’s civil aviation policy in India remained ambiguous about the princes’ rights over the air till 1931 when their sovereignty of the sky was finally recognised. The paper focuses on the Indian princes varied engagement with aviation, modernity and their space in the world.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"45 1","pages":"62 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79718302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2076402
Esther M. Sánchez Sánchez
ABSTRACT Foreign assistance was decisive in the formation of the teams in charge of nuclear science, technology and industry in Spain. France played a key role from the end of World War Two, assisting Spanish expertise in all stages of the uranium cycle, from mining to disposal. In this paper, after examining the configuration of the French nuclear complex and the start of French-Spanish cooperation, we will focus on the training of Spanish nuclear personnel, in both the scientific-technical and the industrial side. We will try to prove the importance of France in the whole Western nuclear assistance, and also that, though France was unable to supplant the United States, it was able to grab significant projects and influence in Spain. In the end, nuclear learning proved to be a cumulative and mutual (not symmetrical) process, which far exceeded the temporal, geographical and sectorial limits initially marked out.
{"title":"The training in France of Spanish nuclear personnel, c. 1950s–1990s","authors":"Esther M. Sánchez Sánchez","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2076402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2076402","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Foreign assistance was decisive in the formation of the teams in charge of nuclear science, technology and industry in Spain. France played a key role from the end of World War Two, assisting Spanish expertise in all stages of the uranium cycle, from mining to disposal. In this paper, after examining the configuration of the French nuclear complex and the start of French-Spanish cooperation, we will focus on the training of Spanish nuclear personnel, in both the scientific-technical and the industrial side. We will try to prove the importance of France in the whole Western nuclear assistance, and also that, though France was unable to supplant the United States, it was able to grab significant projects and influence in Spain. In the end, nuclear learning proved to be a cumulative and mutual (not symmetrical) process, which far exceeded the temporal, geographical and sectorial limits initially marked out.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"3 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78350415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2085492
Sabine Clarke, T. Lean
ABSTRACT This paper examines the adoption of DDT and other insecticides in British farming after 1945 to consider the notion that new synthetic insecticides were taken up rapidly. It shows that the uptake of chemical insecticides during the 1940s and 1950s was slower in many agricultural sectors than accounts have often suggested, and slower than the uptake of other agrochemicals, such as herbicides. Importantly, this paper shows that the extent of use before 1965 varied a great deal according to crop or farming sector and also according to the type of insecticide product. Historians have not sufficiently engaged with the fact that farmers did not purchase the raw chemicals, DDT or BHC, they bought insecticide products – a diverse range of formulations for spraying, dusting or the treatment of seeds. This paper shows how the adoption of insecticidal products on a large scale in the post-war period resulted from various types of work by business and government. The very close relationship between state and business gained its legitimacy from its location in a historical moment in which greater output and efficiency in farming had become a national goal.
{"title":"Turning DDT into ‘Didimac’: Making insecticide products and consumers in British farming after 1945","authors":"Sabine Clarke, T. Lean","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2085492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2085492","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the adoption of DDT and other insecticides in British farming after 1945 to consider the notion that new synthetic insecticides were taken up rapidly. It shows that the uptake of chemical insecticides during the 1940s and 1950s was slower in many agricultural sectors than accounts have often suggested, and slower than the uptake of other agrochemicals, such as herbicides. Importantly, this paper shows that the extent of use before 1965 varied a great deal according to crop or farming sector and also according to the type of insecticide product. Historians have not sufficiently engaged with the fact that farmers did not purchase the raw chemicals, DDT or BHC, they bought insecticide products – a diverse range of formulations for spraying, dusting or the treatment of seeds. This paper shows how the adoption of insecticidal products on a large scale in the post-war period resulted from various types of work by business and government. The very close relationship between state and business gained its legitimacy from its location in a historical moment in which greater output and efficiency in farming had become a national goal.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"31 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85400609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2033388
Nicole Hesse
ABSTRACT The article analyzes mechanical wind-powered water supply systems situated in southern France and northern Germany in the time period between 1880 and 1950, when wind energy was not yet framed as a renewable, but as a rural, decentralized, and manageable solution to generate energy. Using a local approach, I highlight wind energy use in rural areas of Western societies as part of the non-synchronical process of technological modernization that unfolded at the same time as electrification, industrialization, and the implementation of large technological systems. I develop my argument in two steps. First, I provide the micro-historical case studies to examine socio-technological contexts that motivated people to advocate for the use of wind energy in times of electrification and industrialization. Second, I show the connection to general and specific contemporary discourses about wind energy and energy futures in order to provide evidence that the wind projects were part of rural modernization processes.
{"title":"Wind power and rural modernization: wind-powered water supply systems in northern Germany and southern France, 1880–1950","authors":"Nicole Hesse","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2033388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2033388","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article analyzes mechanical wind-powered water supply systems situated in southern France and northern Germany in the time period between 1880 and 1950, when wind energy was not yet framed as a renewable, but as a rural, decentralized, and manageable solution to generate energy. Using a local approach, I highlight wind energy use in rural areas of Western societies as part of the non-synchronical process of technological modernization that unfolded at the same time as electrification, industrialization, and the implementation of large technological systems. I develop my argument in two steps. First, I provide the micro-historical case studies to examine socio-technological contexts that motivated people to advocate for the use of wind energy in times of electrification and industrialization. Second, I show the connection to general and specific contemporary discourses about wind energy and energy futures in order to provide evidence that the wind projects were part of rural modernization processes.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"176 1","pages":"446 - 467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72532579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2033386
Odinn Melsted
ABSTRACT Between 1930 and 1980, Iceland’s heating sector was decarbonized,as geothermal district heating utilities became the common form of heating. The ‘elimination’ of fuels in heating, as Icelanders called it,entailed the replacement of imported coal and oil with domestically available geothermal energy. Analyzing which natural, technological, social and economic factors helped – or hindered – the breakthrough of geothermal heating, I examine three phases: (1) the construction of the first urban geothermal utility in Reykjavík in 1930–1944, (2) the following phase of largely unsuccessful attempts to build similar utilities in the rest of the country, and (3) the complete elimination of fuels in heating during the 1970s. The central argument is that the shift to geothermal heating depended on geothermal resources being made available by applying suitable technologies and the societal will to both abandon the predominant forms of heating with fuels and invest in the construction of geothermal infrastructures.
{"title":"Eliminating fossil fuels: Iceland’s transition from coal and oil to geothermal district heating, 1930–1980","authors":"Odinn Melsted","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2033386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2033386","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Between 1930 and 1980, Iceland’s heating sector was decarbonized,as geothermal district heating utilities became the common form of heating. The ‘elimination’ of fuels in heating, as Icelanders called it,entailed the replacement of imported coal and oil with domestically available geothermal energy. Analyzing which natural, technological, social and economic factors helped – or hindered – the breakthrough of geothermal heating, I examine three phases: (1) the construction of the first urban geothermal utility in Reykjavík in 1930–1944, (2) the following phase of largely unsuccessful attempts to build similar utilities in the rest of the country, and (3) the complete elimination of fuels in heating during the 1970s. The central argument is that the shift to geothermal heating depended on geothermal resources being made available by applying suitable technologies and the societal will to both abandon the predominant forms of heating with fuels and invest in the construction of geothermal infrastructures.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"77 1","pages":"527 - 547"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88218537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2026134
Jeffrey T. Manuel
ABSTRACT Debates over biofuels in the twenty-first century rarely consider the long history of producing and consuming biofuels. This article assesses that long history of biofuels in the United States. First, the article periodizes a century and a half of biofuels into six distinct eras: (1) the camphene era (1830s-1860s) when alcohol was used for illumination, (2) the early automobile era (1900–1920) when alcohol was pitted against gasoline in internal combustion engines, (3) the rural development era (1920s-1930s) when alcohol fuels were promoted to help farmers, (4) the energy crisis era (1970s-1980s) when alcohol fuels extended tight fuel supplies, (5) the environmentalism era (1990s-2001) when alcohol fuels were promoted as cleaner than gasoline, and (6) the energy security era (2001-present) when alcohol fuels were used to achieve energy security. Second, the article argues that biofuels’ history illustrates broader themes in the history (and likely future) of renewable energy.
{"title":"Lessons from a forgotten fuel: assessing the long history of alcohol fuel advocacy and use in the United States","authors":"Jeffrey T. Manuel","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2026134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2026134","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Debates over biofuels in the twenty-first century rarely consider the long history of producing and consuming biofuels. This article assesses that long history of biofuels in the United States. First, the article periodizes a century and a half of biofuels into six distinct eras: (1) the camphene era (1830s-1860s) when alcohol was used for illumination, (2) the early automobile era (1900–1920) when alcohol was pitted against gasoline in internal combustion engines, (3) the rural development era (1920s-1930s) when alcohol fuels were promoted to help farmers, (4) the energy crisis era (1970s-1980s) when alcohol fuels extended tight fuel supplies, (5) the environmentalism era (1990s-2001) when alcohol fuels were promoted as cleaner than gasoline, and (6) the energy security era (2001-present) when alcohol fuels were used to achieve energy security. Second, the article argues that biofuels’ history illustrates broader themes in the history (and likely future) of renewable energy.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"58 1","pages":"411 - 428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74769110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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