Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2174655
K. Bruno
ABSTRACT From the middle of the twentieth century, the new technologies and techniques of artificial insemination (a.i.) transformed dairy cattle husbandry and breeding across dairy-producing countries. While there are nuanced and multi-faceted studies of early a.i., previous work has not engaged much with its material usage, meaning that we know little about how different techniques, practices, and animal reactions promoted or restricted a.i’.s use for particular purposes. Here, I address this aspect by studying early a.i. in Swedish cattle breeding as a concrete set of technical artefacts used by humans and animals, thus reframing a.i’.s early history as a problem of use and users. I focus specifically on the artificial vagina, the predominant instrument used to gather bull semen, and show how the modes of use and non-use of the artificial vagina not only helped shape a.i. itself but also veterinary expertise, the institutions of breeding, and parts of the Swedish agrarian economy.
{"title":"Use and users of artificial insemination in Swedish dairy cattle breeding, 1935–1955","authors":"K. Bruno","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2174655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2174655","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT From the middle of the twentieth century, the new technologies and techniques of artificial insemination (a.i.) transformed dairy cattle husbandry and breeding across dairy-producing countries. While there are nuanced and multi-faceted studies of early a.i., previous work has not engaged much with its material usage, meaning that we know little about how different techniques, practices, and animal reactions promoted or restricted a.i’.s use for particular purposes. Here, I address this aspect by studying early a.i. in Swedish cattle breeding as a concrete set of technical artefacts used by humans and animals, thus reframing a.i’.s early history as a problem of use and users. I focus specifically on the artificial vagina, the predominant instrument used to gather bull semen, and show how the modes of use and non-use of the artificial vagina not only helped shape a.i. itself but also veterinary expertise, the institutions of breeding, and parts of the Swedish agrarian economy.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"17 1","pages":"317 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74689430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2196791
Facundo Picabea
ABSTRACT In Euro-US-centric historical accounts, Latin America has been traditionally characterized as a region that produces goods with little added value, an exporter of agricultural commodities in the periphery of the world economy. However, recent historiographic trends have suggested the historical significance of experiences with development in the region in which state structures consistently promoted and closely shaped initiatives in scientific and technological realms. Focusing on the manufacture of utilitarian automotive vehicles in Argentina in the 1940s and 1950s, this article adds to existing analytic approaches by exploring the precise relationalities of design and production initiatives surrounding a single vehicle, the Rastrojero. With close attention to both the materialities and political priorities of that project, it explores variable understandings of optimized manufacture in the mid-twentieth century in light of particular state apparatuses, national economic agendas, and sociotechnical alliances.
{"title":"Aircraft without wings: local design and serial production of utilitarian vehicles in Argentina (1952-1955)","authors":"Facundo Picabea","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2196791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2196791","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In Euro-US-centric historical accounts, Latin America has been traditionally characterized as a region that produces goods with little added value, an exporter of agricultural commodities in the periphery of the world economy. However, recent historiographic trends have suggested the historical significance of experiences with development in the region in which state structures consistently promoted and closely shaped initiatives in scientific and technological realms. Focusing on the manufacture of utilitarian automotive vehicles in Argentina in the 1940s and 1950s, this article adds to existing analytic approaches by exploring the precise relationalities of design and production initiatives surrounding a single vehicle, the Rastrojero. With close attention to both the materialities and political priorities of that project, it explores variable understandings of optimized manufacture in the mid-twentieth century in light of particular state apparatuses, national economic agendas, and sociotechnical alliances.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"344 - 365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88467367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2196795
F. Bray, B. Hahn
ABSTRACT The modern concept of technology, we argue, is not the product of an exclusively Western and intellectual genealogy, as proposed by Eric Schatzberg in Technology: Critical History of a Concept. Instead its emergence must be understood as the product of a worldwide ferment, polyglot dialogue and heterogenous conceptual traditions, a global assemblage whose local manifestations took shape concurrently in multiple centers. The forms taken by this new philosophy of the nature of material action cannot be understood separately from the geopolitics of industrialization, imperialism and modern nation-building. As a concept or worldview, technology is a way of thinking inseparable from praxis. An intellectual history of the idea divorced from the politics and potency of technological action on the ground conveys a false innocence about who and what counts in history of technology, and lends itself to misleadingly simple models of knowledge transfer. Here we analyze the cases of technocracy in imperial and post-war Japan, and the evolution of technology concepts in China from late imperial to Maoist times, to suggest more inclusive approaches to tracing the history of this modern keyword.
{"title":"‘The Goddess Technology is a polyglot’: a critical review of Eric Schatzberg, Technology: critical history of a concept","authors":"F. Bray, B. Hahn","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2196795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2196795","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The modern concept of technology, we argue, is not the product of an exclusively Western and intellectual genealogy, as proposed by Eric Schatzberg in Technology: Critical History of a Concept. Instead its emergence must be understood as the product of a worldwide ferment, polyglot dialogue and heterogenous conceptual traditions, a global assemblage whose local manifestations took shape concurrently in multiple centers. The forms taken by this new philosophy of the nature of material action cannot be understood separately from the geopolitics of industrialization, imperialism and modern nation-building. As a concept or worldview, technology is a way of thinking inseparable from praxis. An intellectual history of the idea divorced from the politics and potency of technological action on the ground conveys a false innocence about who and what counts in history of technology, and lends itself to misleadingly simple models of knowledge transfer. Here we analyze the cases of technocracy in imperial and post-war Japan, and the evolution of technology concepts in China from late imperial to Maoist times, to suggest more inclusive approaches to tracing the history of this modern keyword.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"275 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81959724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2100969
Jung Kul Lee
ABSTRACT This article discusses how paper artisans in Chosŏn Korea transformed the once government-controlled paper production into their own prosperous trade, by focusing on their techniques for recycling paper. They called the paper they made that was not in use ‘resting paper’, and referred to its reuse, which they facilitated, as a process of ‘returning’. These recycling techniques were unique even among its East Asian neighbours and induced new rules about paper production, including the careful accounting of ‘resting paper’ by government officials. This essay thus helps illuminate two things thus far less noted in the Chosŏn transformation of production: First, the prominent role of techniques in Chosŏn’s productive revolutions (not best characterized as either ‘industrial’ nor ‘industrious’) before the twentieth century; and second, the constant negotiations that these recycling artisans had made with the Chosŏn court and its officials. The essay uses the robust recycled paper products still remaining in museums, and new kinds of documents about ‘resting paper’ and its constant transformers.
{"title":"Making waste one’s own: transformations in production by resting paper, or hyuji, in Chosŏn Korea","authors":"Jung Kul Lee","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2100969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2100969","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article discusses how paper artisans in Chosŏn Korea transformed the once government-controlled paper production into their own prosperous trade, by focusing on their techniques for recycling paper. They called the paper they made that was not in use ‘resting paper’, and referred to its reuse, which they facilitated, as a process of ‘returning’. These recycling techniques were unique even among its East Asian neighbours and induced new rules about paper production, including the careful accounting of ‘resting paper’ by government officials. This essay thus helps illuminate two things thus far less noted in the Chosŏn transformation of production: First, the prominent role of techniques in Chosŏn’s productive revolutions (not best characterized as either ‘industrial’ nor ‘industrious’) before the twentieth century; and second, the constant negotiations that these recycling artisans had made with the Chosŏn court and its officials. The essay uses the robust recycled paper products still remaining in museums, and new kinds of documents about ‘resting paper’ and its constant transformers.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"49 1","pages":"186 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81166021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2129278
Hyungsub Choi
ABSTRACT The commonplace way to tell the global history of the electric rice cooker is to begin with its invention in Japan, then trace its adaptation and localization as it spread through the Asian region. This article focuses on the period before the 1990s, when rice cookers in South Korea remained inferior imitations of the Japanese models. After the introduction of the rice cooker in 1965, the South Korean engineers continued to see the Japanese rice cookers as a preferred goal that they should strive to imitate. Even the national project to overcome South Korea’s reliance on Japanese rice cookers consciously aimed to copy the Japanese rice cooker as closely as possible. This episode will show that there are interesting stories to tell about imitation and replication, which required a lot more planning and technological expertise than one might expect. Thus, conscious efforts to copy foreign technologies can serve as a useful site of historical inquiry.
{"title":"Before localization: the story of the electric rice cooker in South Korea","authors":"Hyungsub Choi","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2129278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2129278","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The commonplace way to tell the global history of the electric rice cooker is to begin with its invention in Japan, then trace its adaptation and localization as it spread through the Asian region. This article focuses on the period before the 1990s, when rice cookers in South Korea remained inferior imitations of the Japanese models. After the introduction of the rice cooker in 1965, the South Korean engineers continued to see the Japanese rice cookers as a preferred goal that they should strive to imitate. Even the national project to overcome South Korea’s reliance on Japanese rice cookers consciously aimed to copy the Japanese rice cooker as closely as possible. This episode will show that there are interesting stories to tell about imitation and replication, which required a lot more planning and technological expertise than one might expect. Thus, conscious efforts to copy foreign technologies can serve as a useful site of historical inquiry.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"58 1","pages":"205 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80529133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2100970
Aleksandra Kobiljski, S. Teasley
ABSTRACT This article explores coal and wood manufacturing in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Japan as the empirical sites for understanding the material gaps between industrial inputs available locally and the affordances of imported technology. It demonstrates how the process of making coking coals for steel smelting and wooden boards for furniture-making challenge a conceptual framework that assumes that raw materials exist on one side of a binary and manufactured goods on the other. Instead, this article foregrounds the creative ways in which actors approached, redesigned and manufactured raw materials locally, to make them comply with the constraints of imported technologies. In doing so, the article provides a useful counterbalance to scholarly explorations that anchor modern Japan in notions of technology transfer and appropriation, thus failing to recognize the creative labour necessary to making imported technologies work on local ground. By focussing on the labour of matching materials to hardware, this article restores to the historical record the creativity and innovation that formed the fabric of the first wave of Japan’s industrialisation and nuances our understanding of raw materials in the history of technology in general.
{"title":"Making raw materials: innovation and imported technology in Meiji Japan","authors":"Aleksandra Kobiljski, S. Teasley","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2100970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2100970","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores coal and wood manufacturing in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Japan as the empirical sites for understanding the material gaps between industrial inputs available locally and the affordances of imported technology. It demonstrates how the process of making coking coals for steel smelting and wooden boards for furniture-making challenge a conceptual framework that assumes that raw materials exist on one side of a binary and manufactured goods on the other. Instead, this article foregrounds the creative ways in which actors approached, redesigned and manufactured raw materials locally, to make them comply with the constraints of imported technologies. In doing so, the article provides a useful counterbalance to scholarly explorations that anchor modern Japan in notions of technology transfer and appropriation, thus failing to recognize the creative labour necessary to making imported technologies work on local ground. By focussing on the labour of matching materials to hardware, this article restores to the historical record the creativity and innovation that formed the fabric of the first wave of Japan’s industrialisation and nuances our understanding of raw materials in the history of technology in general.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"126 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83278715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2129280
Kaijun Chen
ABSTRACT This paper explores the formation of networked ceramic factories before the mid-eighteenth century in early modern China. Enquiring into the role of the state and private entrepreneurs in production innovation and design, it explores the notion of a ‘factory’. In the context of large scale traditional production in East Asia, I periodize the evolving organizational structure of China’s model of ceramic production and discuss two aspects of the state’s negotiation with regional commercial kilns: 1) the impact on kiln structures and the exploitation of raw materials such as porcelain stones and colour pigment, and 2) an early modern design system which simultaneously regulated aesthetic forms, technological experiments, and fiscal planning.
{"title":"Imperial models: technology and design in state-controlled porcelain manufacture in early modern China","authors":"Kaijun Chen","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2129280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2129280","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper explores the formation of networked ceramic factories before the mid-eighteenth century in early modern China. Enquiring into the role of the state and private entrepreneurs in production innovation and design, it explores the notion of a ‘factory’. In the context of large scale traditional production in East Asia, I periodize the evolving organizational structure of China’s model of ceramic production and discuss two aspects of the state’s negotiation with regional commercial kilns: 1) the impact on kiln structures and the exploitation of raw materials such as porcelain stones and colour pigment, and 2) an early modern design system which simultaneously regulated aesthetic forms, technological experiments, and fiscal planning.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"222 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88714964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2154039
V. Seow
ABSTRACT This article examines the advent of industrial psychology in China in the 1930s, asking how it was that this science of work that had been conceived to meet the challenges of industrial society and industrial production came to be taken up in an economy that had, in this period, a small industrial sector. Through this history, which includes a close look at the first industrial psychology study in China, this article shows how workers and workplaces became subjects of systematic study, and the extent and limits of industrial reforms by industrial psychologists who peddled the promise of small changes adding up to large effects.
{"title":"Psychology as technology: industrial psychology for an industrializing China","authors":"V. Seow","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2154039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2154039","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the advent of industrial psychology in China in the 1930s, asking how it was that this science of work that had been conceived to meet the challenges of industrial society and industrial production came to be taken up in an economy that had, in this period, a small industrial sector. Through this history, which includes a close look at the first industrial psychology study in China, this article shows how workers and workplaces became subjects of systematic study, and the extent and limits of industrial reforms by industrial psychologists who peddled the promise of small changes adding up to large effects.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"257 - 273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87700081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2112295
Arunabha Ghosh
ABSTRACT China’s first hydroelectric station began producing electricity in 1912, a year better known for marking the end of imperial rule and the advent of republican governance. Located a short distance outside of the southwestern city of Kunming, Shilongba (Stone Dragon Dam) was a cross-cultural endeavour that involved long-distance encounters of both materials and expertise that spanned not just vast expanses within China, but also a world divided by competing imperial interests. The technologies involved were at once both new and old. Turbines and dynamos represented the latest in German innovation, but the techniques used to carve the canal and lower the water table had been perfected over centuries. A history of Shilongba thus allows us to approach China’s transition from Empire to Republic not merely as a political process but also as one of multiple makings – of state, technology, energy, society, and not least, history itself. This paper explores these multiple makings, focusing on the first phase of construction from 1908 to 1912, when a dam was constructed, a canal dug, and the first power station established.
{"title":"Multiple makings at China’s first hydroelectric power station at Shilongba, 1908–1912","authors":"Arunabha Ghosh","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2112295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2112295","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT China’s first hydroelectric station began producing electricity in 1912, a year better known for marking the end of imperial rule and the advent of republican governance. Located a short distance outside of the southwestern city of Kunming, Shilongba (Stone Dragon Dam) was a cross-cultural endeavour that involved long-distance encounters of both materials and expertise that spanned not just vast expanses within China, but also a world divided by competing imperial interests. The technologies involved were at once both new and old. Turbines and dynamos represented the latest in German innovation, but the techniques used to carve the canal and lower the water table had been perfected over centuries. A history of Shilongba thus allows us to approach China’s transition from Empire to Republic not merely as a political process but also as one of multiple makings – of state, technology, energy, society, and not least, history itself. This paper explores these multiple makings, focusing on the first phase of construction from 1908 to 1912, when a dam was constructed, a canal dug, and the first power station established.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":"167 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80705722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2022.2153206
Hyeok Hweon Kang
ABSTRACT How does one reverse engineer a technical artefact, let alone build a system of knowledge, use, and production around it? This article investigates Korean artisans and practitioners in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and their efforts to understand and rebuild the Portuguese espingarda (matchlock musket). What emerges, first, is a hitherto untold story of how a global artefact became reconstituted in Korea – a process that generated new practices, practitioners, and unexpected innovations. In telling this story, a second, methodological contribution is made: the demonstration of a hands-on approach to historical research that investigates material objects and, in this case, does so through the very act of reverse engineering, defined here as mechanical dissection.
{"title":"Reverse engineering as history and method: The Portuguese espingarda in Chosŏn Korea","authors":"Hyeok Hweon Kang","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2022.2153206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2022.2153206","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How does one reverse engineer a technical artefact, let alone build a system of knowledge, use, and production around it? This article investigates Korean artisans and practitioners in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and their efforts to understand and rebuild the Portuguese espingarda (matchlock musket). What emerges, first, is a hitherto untold story of how a global artefact became reconstituted in Korea – a process that generated new practices, practitioners, and unexpected innovations. In telling this story, a second, methodological contribution is made: the demonstration of a hands-on approach to historical research that investigates material objects and, in this case, does so through the very act of reverse engineering, defined here as mechanical dissection.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"144 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89455113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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