Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2290758
James Esposito
{"title":"Canaries, camouflets, and carbon monoxide: making ‘Proto Man’ in Britain’s tunnelling war 1915–1918","authors":"James Esposito","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2290758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2290758","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"1 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138952205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2280868
Jacqueline D. Wernimont
Written in the midst of the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, this piece grapples with the failures of traditional academic history writing to grapple with the affective nature of writing histo...
{"title":"Processing mortality data otherwise: making history in a turbulent sea","authors":"Jacqueline D. Wernimont","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2280868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2280868","url":null,"abstract":"Written in the midst of the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, this piece grapples with the failures of traditional academic history writing to grapple with the affective nature of writing histo...","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138541244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-08DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2255356
Malka Older, Scott Gabriel Knowles
ABSTRACTThis paper introduces the idea of Coronalag, a concept derived from the experience of disaster time in 2020, and one that we hope assists in the ongoing interrogation of time as a venue for the exercise of power in a disaster. First, in introducing Coronalag, we are attentive to disparate experiences of the pandemic across spaces and communities, shared in and among those settings in real time, often through social and other virtual media. Next, we explore the efforts of disaster management officials to manage the lag of time between outbreak, state action, and viable pandemic control. Governmental disaster management in the face of Coronalag was often performed theatrically with hygiene rituals, with reams of data and with daily press conferences all in the service of ‘flattening the curve’. Last, we extend the Coronalag concept to encompass the many extraordinary efforts of people in the United States and around the world to repackage time into increments that captured their frustrations with structures of racism, capitalism, and other forms of oppression. Pandemic time shifted perspectives and opened opportunities for protesters and dissidents to craft new time zones, harnessing the strangeness of disaster time and using it for their own empowerment.KEYWORDS: CoronalagCOVIDdisastertimehistory Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Byerly, “The U.S. Military and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919.”2. Porter, Pale Horse, Pale Rider, 1939. See also: Outka, Viral Modernism.3. Tomes, “‘Destroyer and Teacher’.”4. Spinney, “How the 1918 Flu Pandemic Revolutionized Public Health.”5. Dudziak, War Time.6. Remes and Horowitz, eds., Critical Disaster Studies.7. Campolo, “Flattening the Curve.”8. See: Ogle, The Global Transformation of Time; and also, Schivelbusch, “Railroad Space and Railroad Time.”9. Gibson, Pattern Recognition, 1.10. Kantis et al., “Updated: Timeline of the Coronavirus.”11. Bollyky and Nuzzo, “Trump’s ‘Early’ Travel ‘Bans’.”12. COVIDCalls, https://covid-calls.com/.13. COVIDCalls, “Fiction in the Pandemic with Daniel Jose Older and Malka Older,” 9 July 2020, https://covid-calls.com/episode/covidcalls-7-9-2020-fiction-in-the-pandemic-w-daniel-jose-older-and-malka-older/14. United States Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Unit Four: Emergency Management in the United States,” Emergency Management Institute, nd.15. See: Knowles, The Disaster Experts.16. Neal, “Social Time and Disaster.”17. Wernimont, Numbered Lives. See also COVIDCalls #131, 21 September 2020; Bowe, Simmons, and Mattern, “Learning from Lines”; and COVIDCalls #153, 21 October 2020. https://www.pscp.tv/USofDisaster/1YqKDpgrZaoKV18. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-establishing-presidents-advisory-1776-commission/
{"title":"CORONALAG: time, place, and power in Pandemic Year One","authors":"Malka Older, Scott Gabriel Knowles","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2255356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2255356","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper introduces the idea of Coronalag, a concept derived from the experience of disaster time in 2020, and one that we hope assists in the ongoing interrogation of time as a venue for the exercise of power in a disaster. First, in introducing Coronalag, we are attentive to disparate experiences of the pandemic across spaces and communities, shared in and among those settings in real time, often through social and other virtual media. Next, we explore the efforts of disaster management officials to manage the lag of time between outbreak, state action, and viable pandemic control. Governmental disaster management in the face of Coronalag was often performed theatrically with hygiene rituals, with reams of data and with daily press conferences all in the service of ‘flattening the curve’. Last, we extend the Coronalag concept to encompass the many extraordinary efforts of people in the United States and around the world to repackage time into increments that captured their frustrations with structures of racism, capitalism, and other forms of oppression. Pandemic time shifted perspectives and opened opportunities for protesters and dissidents to craft new time zones, harnessing the strangeness of disaster time and using it for their own empowerment.KEYWORDS: CoronalagCOVIDdisastertimehistory Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Byerly, “The U.S. Military and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919.”2. Porter, Pale Horse, Pale Rider, 1939. See also: Outka, Viral Modernism.3. Tomes, “‘Destroyer and Teacher’.”4. Spinney, “How the 1918 Flu Pandemic Revolutionized Public Health.”5. Dudziak, War Time.6. Remes and Horowitz, eds., Critical Disaster Studies.7. Campolo, “Flattening the Curve.”8. See: Ogle, The Global Transformation of Time; and also, Schivelbusch, “Railroad Space and Railroad Time.”9. Gibson, Pattern Recognition, 1.10. Kantis et al., “Updated: Timeline of the Coronavirus.”11. Bollyky and Nuzzo, “Trump’s ‘Early’ Travel ‘Bans’.”12. COVIDCalls, https://covid-calls.com/.13. COVIDCalls, “Fiction in the Pandemic with Daniel Jose Older and Malka Older,” 9 July 2020, https://covid-calls.com/episode/covidcalls-7-9-2020-fiction-in-the-pandemic-w-daniel-jose-older-and-malka-older/14. United States Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Unit Four: Emergency Management in the United States,” Emergency Management Institute, nd.15. See: Knowles, The Disaster Experts.16. Neal, “Social Time and Disaster.”17. Wernimont, Numbered Lives. See also COVIDCalls #131, 21 September 2020; Bowe, Simmons, and Mattern, “Learning from Lines”; and COVIDCalls #153, 21 October 2020. https://www.pscp.tv/USofDisaster/1YqKDpgrZaoKV18. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-establishing-presidents-advisory-1776-commission/","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135197898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2251209
Alina-Sandra Cucu, Bridget Kenny
{"title":"The ordinary lives of crisis: transformations in the realm of work in South Africa and Romania","authors":"Alina-Sandra Cucu, Bridget Kenny","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2251209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2251209","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83228487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2251212
Michael Lachney, Madison C. Allen Kuyenga
{"title":"Irreplicability in methodology: embracing the historical contingencies of educational technology research during the 2020–2021 United States school year","authors":"Michael Lachney, Madison C. Allen Kuyenga","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2251212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2251212","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81481007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2220991
Jenny Bulstrode
ABSTRACT Metallurgy is the art and science of working metals, separating them from other substances and removing impurities. This paper is concerned with the Black metallurgists on whose art and science the intensive industries; military bases; and maritime networks of British enslaver colonialism in eighteenth-century Jamaica depended. To engage with these metallurgists on their own terms, the paper brings together oral histories and material culture with archives, newspapers, and published works. By focusing on the practices and priorities of Jamaica’s Black metallurgists, the significance and reach of their work begins to be uncovered. Between 1783 and 1784 financier turned ironmaster, Henry Cort, patented a process of rendering scrap metal into valuable bar iron. For this ‘discovery’, economic and industrial histories have lauded him as one of the revolutionary makers of the modern world. This paper shows how the myth of Henry Cort must be revised with the practices and purposes of Black metallurgists in Jamaica, who developed one of the most important innovations of the industrial revolution for their own reasons.
{"title":"Black metallurgists and the making of the industrial revolution","authors":"Jenny Bulstrode","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2220991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2220991","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Metallurgy is the art and science of working metals, separating them from other substances and removing impurities. This paper is concerned with the Black metallurgists on whose art and science the intensive industries; military bases; and maritime networks of British enslaver colonialism in eighteenth-century Jamaica depended. To engage with these metallurgists on their own terms, the paper brings together oral histories and material culture with archives, newspapers, and published works. By focusing on the practices and priorities of Jamaica’s Black metallurgists, the significance and reach of their work begins to be uncovered. Between 1783 and 1784 financier turned ironmaster, Henry Cort, patented a process of rendering scrap metal into valuable bar iron. For this ‘discovery’, economic and industrial histories have lauded him as one of the revolutionary makers of the modern world. This paper shows how the myth of Henry Cort must be revised with the practices and purposes of Black metallurgists in Jamaica, who developed one of the most important innovations of the industrial revolution for their own reasons.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":"1 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86894198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2183804
Daniel Pérez-Zapico
ABSTRACT This article examines the multifaceted political and cultural meanings of electrical supply and technologies in a context of recent loss of an empire and a contested nation-building process. It explores how some Spanish engineers employed electricity to articulate a nationalist modernism that saw electricity as a secure path to development and industrialization, particularly following the final collapse of the overseas empire in 1898. At a time in which several groups confronted the challenges of Spanish modernization and the reconfiguration of post-imperial national identity, electricity became involved in several socio-technical (and energy) imaginaries as well as in techno-political strategies. However, conceptions of how the new ‘electrified’ future should look like varied greatly, especially when dealing with the specifics of designing large-scale electrical infrastructures. Given the diverse professional, social, and political outlooks of the different Spanish engineering communities, mobilisations of electricity were inscribed within complex and evolving social and political agendas. This article highlights the need to understand electrification – and by extension, energy transitions – as a contingent process that must be adapted to pre-existing political and socio-cultural forms to ensure the most socially inclusive and culturally nuanced account of its heterogeneity.
{"title":"Electrical futures for a regenerated Spain: electricity, engineering and national reconstruction after the 1898 ‘Disaster’","authors":"Daniel Pérez-Zapico","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2183804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2183804","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the multifaceted political and cultural meanings of electrical supply and technologies in a context of recent loss of an empire and a contested nation-building process. It explores how some Spanish engineers employed electricity to articulate a nationalist modernism that saw electricity as a secure path to development and industrialization, particularly following the final collapse of the overseas empire in 1898. At a time in which several groups confronted the challenges of Spanish modernization and the reconfiguration of post-imperial national identity, electricity became involved in several socio-technical (and energy) imaginaries as well as in techno-political strategies. However, conceptions of how the new ‘electrified’ future should look like varied greatly, especially when dealing with the specifics of designing large-scale electrical infrastructures. Given the diverse professional, social, and political outlooks of the different Spanish engineering communities, mobilisations of electricity were inscribed within complex and evolving social and political agendas. This article highlights the need to understand electrification – and by extension, energy transitions – as a contingent process that must be adapted to pre-existing political and socio-cultural forms to ensure the most socially inclusive and culturally nuanced account of its heterogeneity.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"21 1","pages":"91 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85150606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2220994
J. Cropper
ABSTRACT This article examines the history of precolonial energy use in the Senegal Valley from 1450–1760, showing how the Wolof kingdoms developed technologically sophisticated systems of energy use to construct an infrastructure of what I call ‘organic refineries’. As co-constructed sites of energy use, technological innovation, and material production, the organic refineries of the Senegal Valley relied on the expertise of peasant farmers, the labor of enslaved workers, and the fertility of arable land to endure long periods of drought and political instability during the era of the transatlantic slave trade. In centering the history of premodern energy use within an African context, this study demonstrates how energy use was not solely confined to the factories, blast furnaces, and coal refineries associated with the proto-industrial economies of the West. The precolonial populations of the Senegal Valley, I argue, developed and deployed a wide range of technical skills, expertise, and systems of labor that coalesced into a resilient infrastructure of agrarian energy systems. These energy regimes enabled them to withstand ecological instability – droughts, locust plagues, and food scarcity – and to compete for control over networks of commercial exchange.
{"title":"”The sparrow loves millet, but labors not”: Energy use and infrastructure in the Senegal Valley, 1450-1760","authors":"J. Cropper","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2220994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2220994","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the history of precolonial energy use in the Senegal Valley from 1450–1760, showing how the Wolof kingdoms developed technologically sophisticated systems of energy use to construct an infrastructure of what I call ‘organic refineries’. As co-constructed sites of energy use, technological innovation, and material production, the organic refineries of the Senegal Valley relied on the expertise of peasant farmers, the labor of enslaved workers, and the fertility of arable land to endure long periods of drought and political instability during the era of the transatlantic slave trade. In centering the history of premodern energy use within an African context, this study demonstrates how energy use was not solely confined to the factories, blast furnaces, and coal refineries associated with the proto-industrial economies of the West. The precolonial populations of the Senegal Valley, I argue, developed and deployed a wide range of technical skills, expertise, and systems of labor that coalesced into a resilient infrastructure of agrarian energy systems. These energy regimes enabled them to withstand ecological instability – droughts, locust plagues, and food scarcity – and to compete for control over networks of commercial exchange.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"42 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90318790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/07341512.2023.2226288
Mark Paterson
ABSTRACT The period 1873–1947 was productive in fostering ideas about observing, measuring, and quantifying repetitive human movements, prior to the rise of occupational health and ergonomics within industrial psychology. Starting with physiological experimentation in the lab, instruments of graphic inscription were then applied in the industrial workplace, initially as a benevolent measurement for monitoring worker health, but elsewhere as a more invasive measurement for the surveillance of worker efficiency. Herman Helmholtz’s invention of the myograph, and an adaptation called the ergograph, would help form what Kronecker (1873) and later Mosso (1891) termed the ‘curve of fatigue’, and were used in extensive research on factory workers for Jules Amar’s Le Moteur humain in 1914. Meanwhile, in Britain in 1915 the physiologist Sherrington was observing workers in munitions factories, feeding into the formation of the Industrial Fatigue Research Board in 1919, which produced official reports. In the United States, similar but more high-profile research was conducted by Frederick Winslow Taylor and Lillian and Frank Gilbreth, who studied movement efficiency to maximize industrial productivity by innovating upon photographic and chronophotographic techniques. Further physiological research was taken up in Lawrence J. Henderson’s Harvard Fatigue Laboratory between 1927 and 1947 on subjects situated in environmental extremes.
在工业心理学中职业健康和人体工程学兴起之前，1873-1947年这一时期在培养观察、测量和量化重复性人体运动的思想方面是富有成效的。从实验室的生理实验开始，图形铭文仪器随后被应用于工业工作场所，最初是作为一种善意的测量方法来监测工人的健康，但在其他地方作为一种更具侵入性的测量方法来监测工人的效率。赫曼·亥姆霍兹发明的肌量描记仪，以及一种被称为肌量描记仪的改进，将有助于形成克罗内克(1873)和后来的莫索(1891)所称的“疲劳曲线”，并被用于1914年朱尔斯·阿马尔的《人类规律》一书中对工厂工人的广泛研究。与此同时，1915年在英国，生理学家谢林顿正在观察军火工厂的工人，1919年成立了工业疲劳研究委员会，该委员会发表了官方报告。在美国，Frederick Winslow Taylor和Lillian and Frank Gilbreth进行了类似但更引人注目的研究，他们通过创新摄影和计时摄影技术来研究运动效率，以最大限度地提高工业生产率。1927年至1947年间，劳伦斯·j·亨德森(Lawrence J. Henderson)的哈佛疲劳实验室(Harvard Fatigue Laboratory)对处于极端环境中的受试者进行了进一步的生理研究。
{"title":"Fatigue as a physiological problem: experiments in the observation and quantification of movement and industrial labor, 1873-1947","authors":"Mark Paterson","doi":"10.1080/07341512.2023.2226288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2023.2226288","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The period 1873–1947 was productive in fostering ideas about observing, measuring, and quantifying repetitive human movements, prior to the rise of occupational health and ergonomics within industrial psychology. Starting with physiological experimentation in the lab, instruments of graphic inscription were then applied in the industrial workplace, initially as a benevolent measurement for monitoring worker health, but elsewhere as a more invasive measurement for the surveillance of worker efficiency. Herman Helmholtz’s invention of the myograph, and an adaptation called the ergograph, would help form what Kronecker (1873) and later Mosso (1891) termed the ‘curve of fatigue’, and were used in extensive research on factory workers for Jules Amar’s Le Moteur humain in 1914. Meanwhile, in Britain in 1915 the physiologist Sherrington was observing workers in munitions factories, feeding into the formation of the Industrial Fatigue Research Board in 1919, which produced official reports. In the United States, similar but more high-profile research was conducted by Frederick Winslow Taylor and Lillian and Frank Gilbreth, who studied movement efficiency to maximize industrial productivity by innovating upon photographic and chronophotographic techniques. Further physiological research was taken up in Lawrence J. Henderson’s Harvard Fatigue Laboratory between 1927 and 1947 on subjects situated in environmental extremes.","PeriodicalId":45996,"journal":{"name":"History and Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"65 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74513085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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