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The objectives were to determine the expression frequency and sexual dimorphism of 15 dental morphological traits on the permanent dentitions of living Jordanians, and to compare the dental morphological pattern of this sample with those of 22 groups representing the various geographic regions of the world, for the purpose of assessing the population structure and genetic history of this group. Cone beam computed tomography images for the dentitions of 150 adult Jordanians (67 males, 83 females; age range = 18-58, mean ages 28.2, sd = 10.0 years) were studied in 2017. The traits were classified using the Arizona State University dental anthropology system, counted with the individual count method, and dichotomized according to the criteria of Scott & Turner for the purpose of group comparisons. Fisher's exact test for dichotomized scores was used to assess sexual dimorphism in these traits. Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence was used to measure all pairwise distance values among the groups. Statistically significant sexual dimorphism was found in two traits (i.e., UI1 shoveling and 4-cusped LM1), and apparent but statistically insignificant difference was found in three traits (i.e., UC canine mesial ridge, 3-rooted LM1, and 1-rooted LM2), all in favour of females. This study revealed that the dental pattern of Jordanians is distinct from the other reported Western Eurasian patterns and all other known dental patterns. This differentiated dental pattern suggests a genetic drift for this population from the Western Eurasian Ancestry.

Adolescence is a significant event in woman's life when the process of menstruation occurs with several physical, mental and physiological developments. Menstrual experience of women is largely determined by environmental factors occurring during this period. In India, disparities in numerous factors result in different menstrual characteristics, menstruation-related symptoms and menstrual hygiene-related practices. However, the effect of residential status on the menstrual characteristics of adolescent girls is still unknown. In this context, the present study attempted to explore the variation in overall socio-economic condition and menstrual experience of tenant adolescent girls in comparison to freeholder adolescent girls. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect information from 167 freeholder and 133 tenant adolescent schoolgirls on socio-economic and menstrual characteristics, menstruation-related symptoms and menstrual hygiene-related practices. Results showed that differences existed for these traits between freeholder and tenant adolescents. The key factors behind unsatisfied menstrual experience of tenant adolescent girls were lack of privacy, unsuitable sanitation facilities and use of cloth as preferred absorbent.

Aim: We aimed to examine the distribution and secular changes of conscript body height in the geographic network of Norway since 1878 and to study its association with the degree of urbanization, and population density. Material and methods: Data on body height of Norwegian military conscripts were provided by the Statistics Norway Department (SSB). The sample comprised eight cohorts with the following measurement years: 1^st 1877, 1878 and 1880, 2^nd 1895-1897, 3^rd 1915-1917, 4^th 1935-1937, 5^th 1955-1957, 6^th 1975-1977, 7^th 1995-1997, and 8^th 2009-2011. For determining neighborhood correlations, a network was created consisting of neighboring counties, sharing a common border. Results: Average body height of Norwegian men increased by 10.9 cm between 1878 and 2010, but this trend was heterogeneous. Some counties increased by more than 1 cm per decade (Finmark) others by only 7 mm per decade (Sor-Trondelag). Urban counties and counties with higher population density showed stronger height trends than rural counties. The largest spread in body height between the various counties was observed in 1936 when for the first time people living in the more urban counties got taller than rural people. The height advantage of urban counties however, disappeared after 1996. At this time, also the secular trend in height had come to a halt. The secular trend in height had become obvious after the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 and World War I, and was strongest between 1936 and 1956. During this period maximum between-county heterogeneity in height existed with body height differences of more than 6 cm between the tallest and the shortest county. The end of this period was characterized by social democratic reforms that flattened the income distribution, eliminated poverty, and ensured social services after World War II. Conclusion: The temporal coincidence between the trends in height, the degree of urbanization and the onset of the political transition of Norway from a Swedish province into an independent democratic wealthy modern European state after World War I and particularly after World War II, and the abatement of this trend after this period of transition had stabilized, suggest social and political components interfering with the regulation of physical growth in humans.

Background: It has been shown that modern life style with reduced physical activity can lead to lower bone accumulation. Also a decline trend in external skeletal robustness in children and young adolescents, measured by the Frame Index (FI), seems to have a parallel trend with the increase in overweight and obesity. Based on these findings we estimate that likely, the FI should be changed after a decade in the Argentinean population as well as in others population of the world. Thereby, the aim of the present study was to describe, using the FI, the pattern of external skeletal robustness in school children aged 6-14 years from two cohorts of Argentina (Puerto Madryn, Chubut) and to compare them with the European reference (Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Russia). Methods: Elbow breadth and height of Puerto Madryn school children were collected in two cross-sectional studies conducted between 2001-2006 (cohort 1 = C1) and 2014-2016 (cohort 2 = C2). Percentiles (P) values, for males and females, from C1 and C2 were calculated combining the LMS-method and its extension. A t-test has been used to compare, by age and sex, the FI values between the Argentinean cohorts and the European reference (ER). Then, in order to know the percentage of the variation of the percentiles values between cohorts, as well as with ER, percent differences between means (PDM%) were employed. Results: FI from Argentinean cohorts differed significantly from ER. Even more, C2 was not only smaller than ER, but also than C1. In males, C1-C2 showed significant differences at 6-8, 11 and 12 years and in females at all ages. Then, respect to ER each Argentinean cohort showed significant differences in males of C1 at 6, 12-14 years and in females at 6 and 11-14 years; and of C2, in both sexes, from 6 to 14 years. The PDM% values for elbow breadth of male were negative in ER-C1 in all percentiles analyzed; in ER-C2 positive (P3 and P50) and negative (P97) and C1-C2 recorded positive values. In females, elbow breadth showed negative values for ER-C1 (P50 and P97), and positive for the remaining values. Finally, height registered, in both sexes, negative values in ER-C1 (except P97 in females), ER-C2 and C1-C2. Conclusions: After ten years of the first study carried on in Puerto Madryn, school children show a negative trend in the external skeletal robustness. Additionally, the children of both Argentinean cohorts have lower values compared to the European reference, and mainly the actual cohort. This situation would be explained, in part, by the progressive increase over time of overweight and obesity as consequence, among others, of the change in the quantity and/or quality of the food that children have access to and with the physical activity they do at school and outside.

Background: Since the 19^th century, sexual dimorphism has been known to be sensitive to adverse environmental conditions. Migrants are sensitive to economic and political affluence, and tend to adjust in height towards height of their hosts. We aim to study growth, sexual dimorphism, and height of native and migrant children in three primary schools in Nabire, Papua, Indonesia. Material and Methods 1: Cross-sectional data on height were obtained from 186 children (59 and 56 native Papuan girls and boys, respectively; 38 and 33 trans-migrant girls and boys respectively; who are aged 7.0-7.7 (mean 7.45) years from three primary schools in Nabire, Papua, Indonesia. The Indonesian National Growth Charts were used as references for height. Results 1: With 118.4 cm (SD 6.7) cm, trans-migrant 7-year old boys were almost 3 cm taller compared to their native-age-matched-peers (115.7 cm (5.0 SD) cm, p < 0.05). The case was different among the girls. Trans-migrant girls were not significantly taller than native girls. Material and Method 2: We re-analyzed the height data from over 300,000 infants, children and adolescents, age 0-18 year, from 34 Indonesian provinces. The data were obtained from the latest Indonesian 2013 National Basic Health Survey (NHBS), and have previously been used to construct National Indonesian Growth Charts. St. Nicolas House Analysis was used to translate correlation matrices into network graphs and visualizing chains of associations between parameters that were multiply correlated. Results 2: St. Nicolas House Analysis suggested that the growth of male sex were more sensitive to population crowding, and that crowding contributes to the greater height dimorphism in taller populations. Conclusion: Economic prosperity and increased population density stimulate male adult height to a greater extent than female adult height, and increase the sexual dimorphism in height among the tall populations of densely populated wealthy countries.

Aim: Influence of nutrition in human growth failure, especially stunting, is a well-accepted idea. The present study assesses the influence of nutrition and non-nutritional factors on height growth in a short stature population. Material and methods: The present study was conducted among the children and adolescents of Sikkim, India. The sample size was 538 (boys and girls) of age 2-18 years. The anthropometric indices mid upper arm circumference-for-age Z-scores (MUACZ) and BMI-for-age Z-scores (BAZ) were utilised as proxy of nutritional status and growth was assessed using height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ). Associations were assessed using correlation, St. Nicolas house analysis (SNHA), principal component analysis (PCA) and regression. Results: Nutritional status of the participating children and adolescents as assessed by MUACZ and BAZ were largely normal. Despite variation in HAZ from -4 to +2 there was no influence of the nutritional indices on height. Further, there was clear lack of association between HAZ and socio-economic variables in the present study. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest nutrition is not the primary regulator of human growth. The possible influence of community effects on height is discussed.

In nature, dominance is often shown by body size; even in humans many studies report that social status is associated with body height. In today's society, educational status is an important factor for social classification. Since growing children do not have their own educational or social status, they are often affected by the status of their parents. Therefore, the question appears, whether parental educational status measurably affects the growth of a child. If so, is this explainable by the nutritional factors? To test this hypothesis, seven different Indian data sets where reexamined using the St. Nicolas House Analysis. The results show a direct association between parental education and body height (hSDS) of the child, but there was no influence of parental education on the nutritional status. We conclude that education has a direct effect on height that is not mediated via nutrition.

Introduction: Vegetarian diet is increasingly used in both adults and children. Study aim: The aim of the study was to determine the differences in the body build and reaction time of vegetarian and non-vegetarian children on the background of socio-economic factors. Material and methods: The material consisted of 218 children, including 47 vegetarians (25 boys and 22 girls) and 171 non-vegetarians (93 boys and 78 girls) from 3 to 15 years. The research consisted of a survey and measurements. The survey included questions such as date of birth, child's birth parameters (length, weight, Apgar scores), child's diet (vegetarian/non-vegetarian), mother's diet during pregnancy (vegetarian/non-vegetarian), breastfeeding (yes/no), number of months of breastfeeding, mother's diet during lactation (vegetarian/non-vegetarian), maternal and parental education level (elementary / trade/ college / university), living conditions and the number of siblings. The height and body mass, skin-fat folds on the abdomen, shoulder and arm (sum of 3 skinfolds) were measured, BMI was calculated and the reaction time was assessed using the Quickstick ruler. The General Linear Model, Wald's test, U-Mann-Whitney test and Principal Components Analysis were applied. Results: The results showed that vegetarian children who came from families with a higher socio-economic status than non-vegetarian were significantly longer breastfed. The somatic build of vegetarian children, including height, BMI and the sum of three skinfolds significantly differed from non-vegetarian children. The vegetarian children were shorter, with lower BMI and lower sum of the three skinfolds, as well as their reaction time was longer. Conclusions: Vegetarian diet affects the height, BMI and body fatness, as well as the reaction time in children at the age of 3-15.

The persistent metopic suture is an anatomic variation related to a specific skull configuration. Data on the proportionality of the neurocranium and the occurrence of additional variations when the metopic suture persists are still insufficient. This study presents a comparison between a metopic and a non-metopic homogenous cranial series. The most distinctive quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the skull configuration when the metopic suture persists were identified using data mining techniques. A total of 175 contemporary adult male skulls were investigated. The skulls were divided in two groups: a control series (n = 100) and a metopic series (n = 75). All skulls were scanned with a hand-held laser scanner CreaformVIUscan and polygonal models were created. For 150 of the skulls, industrial µCT scanning was performed using Nikon XT H 225 and volumetric images were generated. A total of 92 attributes, both quantitative (dimensions) and qualitative (anatomical variations of the skull), were recorded from the 3D models. The major distinctive peculiarities observed in the neurocranial configuration when the metopic suture persists concerned the dimensions of the frontal bone which was considerably shorter, wider and more convex compared to the control. The metopic skulls manifested wormian bones in the sphenoidal fontanelle, around the temporal squama and along the lambdoid suture. These supernumerary bones were considerably more common in the metopic series in comparison with the control. The most reliable model resulting from the data mining summarizes a total of five classification rules entirely based on quantitative characteristics of the frontal bone.

Purpose. The importance of early diagnosis, bone-healthy lifestyle and medication is required for remaining fracture free. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound densitometry are widely used to screen osteoporosis and other bone structural diseases. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices can also estimate bone mineral content (BMC), but it has not been recommended for diagnostic purposes. The aim was to analyse whether low levels of the body composition' components and low bone mineral content can predict bone structural risk. Methods. Healthy pre- (n: 235, 18-45 years) and postmenopausal women (n: 137, 46-78 years) were enrolled to the analysis. BMC (kg) was estimated by InBody 720 analyser. Bone structure was measured by ultrasound DTU-One osteometer. Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz), which estimates structural characteristics of trabecular bone, was used to assess bone structure. Body mass components were estimated by Drinkwater-Ross method. Results. Age changes of BMC, absolute and relative bone mass, muscle mass and bone structural parameters were analysed in women. BMC (r = 0.43, p < 0.01), absolute muscle mass (r = 0.41, p < 0.01) and absolute bone mass (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) were highly correlated (Pearson correlation) with BUA in premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women weaker relationship was identified between BUA and its hypothetical predictive factors. Conclusion. BMC and other studied body mass components alone do not provide enough information to identify osteoporosis, but can complete and widen the screening methods for bone structural diseases. Bone mineral density of healthy premenopausal women with low BMC, low bone mass and/or low muscle mass values should be measured regularly.