: The collision regulations include several qualitative terms without providing guidance as to how these terms could be understood in quantitative terms. These terms must therefore be interpreted by navigators, which poses a problem for autonomous ships. Extend the knowledge of how navigators interpret the collision regulations, with a specific focus on how they interpret the rule covering the requirement to proceed at a safe speed. Qualitative study based on interviews of a convenience sample of eight Norwegian navigators. Data was analysed with systematic text condensation. Navigators characterise safe speed as a speed in which they have control. Navigators do not look at different factors mentioned in the collision regulations in isolation, but within the context of the situation. Determining the safe speed of a vessel is more complicated than made out in the literature. As autonomous ships will have to cooperate with conventional vessels, their programming must include the knowledge of how the collision regulations are interpreted by human navigators
{"title":"Safe Vessel Operations – The Tacit Knowledge of Navigators","authors":"Leif Ole Dreyer","doi":"10.12716/1001.17.03.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.03.09","url":null,"abstract":": The collision regulations include several qualitative terms without providing guidance as to how these terms could be understood in quantitative terms. These terms must therefore be interpreted by navigators, which poses a problem for autonomous ships. Extend the knowledge of how navigators interpret the collision regulations, with a specific focus on how they interpret the rule covering the requirement to proceed at a safe speed. Qualitative study based on interviews of a convenience sample of eight Norwegian navigators. Data was analysed with systematic text condensation. Navigators characterise safe speed as a speed in which they have control. Navigators do not look at different factors mentioned in the collision regulations in isolation, but within the context of the situation. Determining the safe speed of a vessel is more complicated than made out in the literature. As autonomous ships will have to cooperate with conventional vessels, their programming must include the knowledge of how the collision regulations are interpreted by human navigators","PeriodicalId":46009,"journal":{"name":"TransNav-International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89493081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The GNSS positioning performance is commonly defined and described in terms unspecified to particular GNSS-based application. The approach causes difficulties to GNSS application developers, operators, and users, rendering the impact assessment of GNSS performance on the GNSS application Quality of Service (QoS) particularly difficult. Here the Probability of Occurrence (PoO) Model is introdu ced, which allows for a risk assessment of the probability for the GNSS positioning accuracy failure to meet the requirements of the particular GNSS-based application. The proposed PoO Model development procedure requires a large set of position estimation errors observations, which shall cover a range of classes of positioning environment (space weather, troposphere, multi -path etc.) disturbances affecting GNSS positioning accuracy. As result, the PoO Model becomes a tool that returns the probability of failure in meeting the positioning accuracy requirements of the GNSS applications considered, thus providing the input for a GNSS deployment risk assessment. The proposed PoO Model and its development procedure are demonstrated in the case of polar region positioning environment, with raw GNSS pseudorange observations taken at the International GNSS Service (IGS) Network reference station Iqualuit, Canada are used for the PoO Model development. The PoO Model proof-of-principle is then used to estimate the probability of the unmet required positioning accuracy for a number of polar maritime navigation applications. Manuscript concludes with a discussion of the PoO Model benefits and shortcomings, a summary of contribution, and intentions for the future research.
:全球导航卫星系统定位性能的定义和描述通常不针对特定的基于全球导航卫星系统的应用。这种方法给GNSS应用开发者、运营商和用户带来了困难，使GNSS性能对GNSS应用服务质量(QoS)的影响评估变得尤为困难。这里引入了发生概率模型(Probability of Occurrence Model, PoO)，该模型允许对GNSS定位精度无法满足特定GNSS应用要求的概率进行风险评估。所提出的PoO模型开发过程需要大量的位置估计误差观测数据，这些观测数据应涵盖影响GNSS定位精度的一系列定位环境(空间天气、对流层、多径等)干扰。因此，PoO模型成为一种工具，可以返回所考虑的GNSS应用无法满足定位精度要求的概率，从而为GNSS部署风险评估提供输入。在极地定位环境下，利用国际GNSS服务(IGS)网络参考站Iqualuit，加拿大的原始GNSS伪距观测数据，演示了所提出的PoO模型及其开发过程。然后使用PoO模型原理验证来估计未满足极地海上导航应用所需定位精度的概率。论文最后讨论了便便模型的优点和缺点，总结了贡献，并对未来的研究意图。
{"title":"A Method and a Model for Risk Assessment of GNSS Utilisation with a Proof-of-Principle Demonstration for Polar GNSS Maritime Applications","authors":"E. Malic, N. Sikirica, Darko Špoljar, R. Filjar","doi":"10.12716/1001.17.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.01.03","url":null,"abstract":": The GNSS positioning performance is commonly defined and described in terms unspecified to particular GNSS-based application. The approach causes difficulties to GNSS application developers, operators, and users, rendering the impact assessment of GNSS performance on the GNSS application Quality of Service (QoS) particularly difficult. Here the Probability of Occurrence (PoO) Model is introdu ced, which allows for a risk assessment of the probability for the GNSS positioning accuracy failure to meet the requirements of the particular GNSS-based application. The proposed PoO Model development procedure requires a large set of position estimation errors observations, which shall cover a range of classes of positioning environment (space weather, troposphere, multi -path etc.) disturbances affecting GNSS positioning accuracy. As result, the PoO Model becomes a tool that returns the probability of failure in meeting the positioning accuracy requirements of the GNSS applications considered, thus providing the input for a GNSS deployment risk assessment. The proposed PoO Model and its development procedure are demonstrated in the case of polar region positioning environment, with raw GNSS pseudorange observations taken at the International GNSS Service (IGS) Network reference station Iqualuit, Canada are used for the PoO Model development. The PoO Model proof-of-principle is then used to estimate the probability of the unmet required positioning accuracy for a number of polar maritime navigation applications. Manuscript concludes with a discussion of the PoO Model benefits and shortcomings, a summary of contribution, and intentions for the future research.","PeriodicalId":46009,"journal":{"name":"TransNav-International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80016813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The theoretical and practical acquisition of skills to carry out the necessary steps consciously and safely in an emergency is essential for training specialized personnel. Due to the lack of trained experts on site, such as firefighters or emergency doctors, learning the skills is a high priority in the maritime sector. Not least through adjustments in the certification of qualifications, through the refreshing of knowledge in
{"title":"Development of Maritime VR Training Applications and Their Use in Simulation Networks: Fast Rescue Boat Training in EMSN Connect","authors":"Arbresh Ujkani, Ashwarya Kumar, Robert Grundmann","doi":"10.12716/1001.17.02.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.02.08","url":null,"abstract":": The theoretical and practical acquisition of skills to carry out the necessary steps consciously and safely in an emergency is essential for training specialized personnel. Due to the lack of trained experts on site, such as firefighters or emergency doctors, learning the skills is a high priority in the maritime sector. Not least through adjustments in the certification of qualifications, through the refreshing of knowledge in","PeriodicalId":46009,"journal":{"name":"TransNav-International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81140568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The effectiveness of International Safety Management (ISM) Code has been evaluated in many aspects. However, limited research has been att empted to evaluate the auditing mechanism, its quality
{"title":"Development Of Model for Measuring Audit Quality in Maritime Safety Management","authors":"Deepak Raj Sharma","doi":"10.12716/1001.17.04.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.04.03","url":null,"abstract":": The effectiveness of International Safety Management (ISM) Code has been evaluated in many aspects. However, limited research has been att empted to evaluate the auditing mechanism, its quality","PeriodicalId":46009,"journal":{"name":"TransNav-International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134982477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marianne Hagaseth, Ørnulf Jan Rødseth, Terje Krogstad, Magnus Bakke
: Digitization in international shipping is an increasingly important topic, but for many years, the lack of accepted international standards and the usage of many different regional solutions, especially for communication between ships and ports, has made the introduction of digitalized solutions difficul t. Since 2020, important work has been done in IMO to harmonize international standards supporting ship-port interactions, and this work has now been supported by both shipping, ports, and international standardizations organizations. IMO, through its facilitation committee (FAL) and EGDH (Expert Group on Data Harmonization) is developing the IMO Reference Data Model that covers mandatory reporting requirements related to port calls. This conceptual data model is mapped to three technical data models in three different domains, namely, UNECE (trade), WCO (customs) and ISO 28005 (maritime) to ensure the interoperability between the different I CT systems participating in the data exchange. The IMO Reference Data Model has also been extended with operational da ta to handle Just-In-Time arrival and departure and also nautical information to ensure that the specification of the locations in ports (berths, pilot boarding places, bollards etc) are the same for different usages. Several international organizations as BIMCO (the largest ship owners' organization) and international port organisations as IAPH, IPCSA and IHMA are strongly involved in this work. This paper summarizes work done by IMO and others to clarify the roles, functionalities and ICT -systems (Information and Communications Technology) that
{"title":"A New Architectural Framework for Digitalization of Maritime Intelligent Transport Systems","authors":"Marianne Hagaseth, Ørnulf Jan Rødseth, Terje Krogstad, Magnus Bakke","doi":"10.12716/1001.17.04.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.04.02","url":null,"abstract":": Digitization in international shipping is an increasingly important topic, but for many years, the lack of accepted international standards and the usage of many different regional solutions, especially for communication between ships and ports, has made the introduction of digitalized solutions difficul t. Since 2020, important work has been done in IMO to harmonize international standards supporting ship-port interactions, and this work has now been supported by both shipping, ports, and international standardizations organizations. IMO, through its facilitation committee (FAL) and EGDH (Expert Group on Data Harmonization) is developing the IMO Reference Data Model that covers mandatory reporting requirements related to port calls. This conceptual data model is mapped to three technical data models in three different domains, namely, UNECE (trade), WCO (customs) and ISO 28005 (maritime) to ensure the interoperability between the different I CT systems participating in the data exchange. The IMO Reference Data Model has also been extended with operational da ta to handle Just-In-Time arrival and departure and also nautical information to ensure that the specification of the locations in ports (berths, pilot boarding places, bollards etc) are the same for different usages. Several international organizations as BIMCO (the largest ship owners' organization) and international port organisations as IAPH, IPCSA and IHMA are strongly involved in this work. This paper summarizes work done by IMO and others to clarify the roles, functionalities and ICT -systems (Information and Communications Technology) that","PeriodicalId":46009,"journal":{"name":"TransNav-International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134982646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dominika Kaczerska, J. Kizielewicz, K. Skrzeszewska
: In every sector of the economy, the use of digital technologies can be observed. In maritime transport, the use of digital technologies is used to operate the infrastructure as well as to reach the customer. The digital transformation in ferry shipping plays a significant role, not only in operations, but also in the way passengers are acquired. The availability and ease of purchasing tickets are important from the point
{"title":"Digital Transformation in Ferry Shipping – Case Study in the Baltic Sea Region","authors":"Dominika Kaczerska, J. Kizielewicz, K. Skrzeszewska","doi":"10.12716/1001.17.03.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.03.06","url":null,"abstract":": In every sector of the economy, the use of digital technologies can be observed. In maritime transport, the use of digital technologies is used to operate the infrastructure as well as to reach the customer. The digital transformation in ferry shipping plays a significant role, not only in operations, but also in the way passengers are acquired. The availability and ease of purchasing tickets are important from the point","PeriodicalId":46009,"journal":{"name":"TransNav-International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73518771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The ship ʹ s master has a number of duties in relation to the ship, the cargo and the shipowner ʹ s liability. His duties in the event of a marine accident are particularly important since all marine accidents occur as a type of insured loss. In addition to a number of general duties, some of the master ʹ s special duties are informing the classification society about the accident, damage report, cooperation with the insurer ʹ s expert and informing the P&I club about the accident. The content of the master ʹ s duties is the subject of analysis of this paper. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to analyse the content of the master ʹ s duties in the event of an accident that could result in damage, i.e. the occurrence of the insured event. The purpose of this analysis is to point out the important role of the master in the subject of maritime insurance.
{"title":"Duties of the Ship’s Master in the Event of a Maritime Accident as a Type of Insured Loss","authors":"Marija Pijaca, B. Bulum, Željka Primorac","doi":"10.12716/1001.17.02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.02.06","url":null,"abstract":": The ship ʹ s master has a number of duties in relation to the ship, the cargo and the shipowner ʹ s liability. His duties in the event of a marine accident are particularly important since all marine accidents occur as a type of insured loss. In addition to a number of general duties, some of the master ʹ s special duties are informing the classification society about the accident, damage report, cooperation with the insurer ʹ s expert and informing the P&I club about the accident. The content of the master ʹ s duties is the subject of analysis of this paper. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to analyse the content of the master ʹ s duties in the event of an accident that could result in damage, i.e. the occurrence of the insured event. The purpose of this analysis is to point out the important role of the master in the subject of maritime insurance.","PeriodicalId":46009,"journal":{"name":"TransNav-International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82253104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
occur during the vessel ʹ s arrival/departure or stay at berth.
发生在船舶抵港/离港或停泊期间。
{"title":"Mooring Area and Mooring Buoys Plan","authors":"Zvonimir LuŁic, Danijel PuŁic","doi":"10.12716/1001.17.01.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.01.15","url":null,"abstract":"occur during the vessel ʹ s arrival/departure or stay at berth.","PeriodicalId":46009,"journal":{"name":"TransNav-International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85858605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: An increase in the complexity of systems onboard ships in the last decade has seen a rise in the number of reported maritime cyber ‐ attacks. To tackle this rising risk the International Maritime Organization published high ‐ level requirements for cyber risk management in 2017. These requirements obligate organisations to establish procedures, like incident response plans, to manage cyber ‐ incidents. However, there is currently no standardised framework for this implementation. This paper proposes a Cyber Emergency Response Procedure (CERP), that provides a framework for organisations to better facilitate their crew’s response to a cyber ‐ incident that is considerate of their operational environment. Based on an operations flowchart, the CERP provides a step ‐ by ‐ step procedure that guides a crew’s decision ‐ making process in the face of a cyber ‐ incident. This high ‐ level framework provides a blueprint for organisations to develop their own cyber ‐ incident response procedures that are considerate of operational constraints, existing incident procedures and the complexity of modern maritime systems.
{"title":"CERP: A Maritime Cyber Risk Decision Making Tool","authors":"E. Erstad, R. Hopcraft, Juan Dorje Palbar, K. Tam","doi":"10.12716/1001.17.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.02.02","url":null,"abstract":": An increase in the complexity of systems onboard ships in the last decade has seen a rise in the number of reported maritime cyber ‐ attacks. To tackle this rising risk the International Maritime Organization published high ‐ level requirements for cyber risk management in 2017. These requirements obligate organisations to establish procedures, like incident response plans, to manage cyber ‐ incidents. However, there is currently no standardised framework for this implementation. This paper proposes a Cyber Emergency Response Procedure (CERP), that provides a framework for organisations to better facilitate their crew’s response to a cyber ‐ incident that is considerate of their operational environment. Based on an operations flowchart, the CERP provides a step ‐ by ‐ step procedure that guides a crew’s decision ‐ making process in the face of a cyber ‐ incident. This high ‐ level framework provides a blueprint for organisations to develop their own cyber ‐ incident response procedures that are considerate of operational constraints, existing incident procedures and the complexity of modern maritime systems.","PeriodicalId":46009,"journal":{"name":"TransNav-International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89264379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimization of Daily Operations in the Marine Industry Using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)-An Artificial Intelligence (AI) Approach","authors":"A. Sardar, M. Anantharaman, V. Garaniya, F. Khan","doi":"10.12716/1001.17.02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.17.02.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46009,"journal":{"name":"TransNav-International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79477823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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