In the historiography of Iran, capitalism is commonly evoked as a “concept of difference.” By this, I mean that the term is regularly used to characterize socioeconomic phenomena as modern versus traditional, leading versus laggard, foreign versus indigenous, or hero versus villain in an assumed direction of history. As Jürgen Kocka remarked when coining the phrase, most definitions of capitalism since the nineteenth century have been used by intellectuals to distinguish experiences of their own time from either the past or the future. And it is in terms of this rhetorical function that its significance and limitations for Iranian historiography can be analyzed.
{"title":"Capitalism as a Concept of Difference in the Historiography of Iran","authors":"Kevan Harris","doi":"10.1017/irn.2023.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/irn.2023.8","url":null,"abstract":"In the historiography of Iran, capitalism is commonly evoked as a “concept of difference.” By this, I mean that the term is regularly used to characterize socioeconomic phenomena as modern versus traditional, leading versus laggard, foreign versus indigenous, or hero versus villain in an assumed direction of history. As Jürgen Kocka remarked when coining the phrase, most definitions of capitalism since the nineteenth century have been used by intellectuals to distinguish experiences of their own time from either the past or the future. And it is in terms of this rhetorical function that its significance and limitations for Iranian historiography can be analyzed.","PeriodicalId":46025,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76264680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johannes Thomas Pieter de Bruijn was born on 12 July 1931 in Leiden, and died on Monday, 23 January 2023, in Voorhout, the Netherlands. He studied Semitic languages, and Islam and Persian and Turkish as minors, at Leiden University. From 1954 to 1960 he collaborated in the Concordance et Indices de la Tradition Musulmane project, which was published under the auspices of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam. He also contributed to the editing of the English version of Jan Rypka’s History of Iranian Literature, which was published in Dordrecht in 1968. From 1960 to 1963, he was curator of the Middle Eastern department at the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology. In 1964 he joined the staff of Leiden University, where he took the chair of Persian in 1988. He built up a Persian department that included expertise on Shiism and modern Persian literature, and created a documentation center for modern Iran, under the directorship of the late Kamil Banak. De Bruijn will be chiefly known for his erudition on classical Persian poetry, especially religious poetry. His name is linked with that of the great poet Ḥakīm Sanāʾī (d. 1131), as he spent many years of his active scholarship on this epoch-making poet. He wrote a seminal monograph on Sanāʾī’s life and work, entitled Of Piety and Poetry, which has also been
Johannes Thomas Pieter de Bruijn于1931年7月12日出生在莱顿，并于2023年1月23日星期一在荷兰Voorhout去世。他在莱顿大学(Leiden University)辅修了闪族语言、伊斯兰教、波斯语和土耳其语。从1954年到1960年，他参与了在阿姆斯特丹的荷兰皇家艺术与科学学院的赞助下出版的《传统穆斯林的和谐与索引》项目。他还参与了Jan Rypka的《伊朗文学史》英文版的编辑工作，该书于1968年在多德雷赫特出版。1960年至1963年，他担任荷兰国家民族学博物馆中东部馆长。1964年，他加入莱顿大学(Leiden University)， 1988年担任波斯语系主任。他建立了一个波斯语系，专门研究什叶派和现代波斯文学，并创建了一个现代伊朗文献中心，由已故的卡米尔·巴纳克(Kamil Banak)担任主任。德布鲁因主要以其对古典波斯诗歌，尤其是宗教诗歌的博学而闻名。他的名字与伟大的诗人Ḥakīm sanha ā al ā(1131年)联系在一起，因为他花了很多年的时间来研究这位划时代的诗人。他写了一本关于桑尼的生活和工作的开创性的专著，题为《虔诚与诗歌》
{"title":"J. T. P. de Bruijn (1931–2023) The bird of Time completes its round","authors":"Asghar Seyed‐Gohrab","doi":"10.1017/irn.2023.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/irn.2023.13","url":null,"abstract":"Johannes Thomas Pieter de Bruijn was born on 12 July 1931 in Leiden, and died on Monday, 23 January 2023, in Voorhout, the Netherlands. He studied Semitic languages, and Islam and Persian and Turkish as minors, at Leiden University. From 1954 to 1960 he collaborated in the Concordance et Indices de la Tradition Musulmane project, which was published under the auspices of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam. He also contributed to the editing of the English version of Jan Rypka’s History of Iranian Literature, which was published in Dordrecht in 1968. From 1960 to 1963, he was curator of the Middle Eastern department at the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology. In 1964 he joined the staff of Leiden University, where he took the chair of Persian in 1988. He built up a Persian department that included expertise on Shiism and modern Persian literature, and created a documentation center for modern Iran, under the directorship of the late Kamil Banak. De Bruijn will be chiefly known for his erudition on classical Persian poetry, especially religious poetry. His name is linked with that of the great poet Ḥakīm Sanāʾī (d. 1131), as he spent many years of his active scholarship on this epoch-making poet. He wrote a seminal monograph on Sanāʾī’s life and work, entitled Of Piety and Poetry, which has also been","PeriodicalId":46025,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72527140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Historians of Pahlavi Iran have demonstrated that physicians, pharmacists, dentists, and nurses were encouraged by early nation-builders to civilize patients and shepherd the masses into modernity. Medicine, however, was not only a top-down affair. Medical professionals maintained a dialogue with their patients, cognizant of the cultural mores of local communities and the threat of medical malpractice lawsuits. In fact, medicine, far from a universal science, was highly localized, inflected by traditional curatives (like herbs and spices), shortages of medical equipment and drugs, and local policing to safeguard patient rights. Through social history, scholars may examine the dialectic between patient and provider, which proved fundamental to the practice of modern medicine in Pahlavi Iran.
{"title":"Uncertain Cures: The Medical Marketplace in Pahlavi Iran","authors":"Shaherzad Ahmadi","doi":"10.1017/irn.2022.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/irn.2022.68","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Historians of Pahlavi Iran have demonstrated that physicians, pharmacists, dentists, and nurses were encouraged by early nation-builders to civilize patients and shepherd the masses into modernity. Medicine, however, was not only a top-down affair. Medical professionals maintained a dialogue with their patients, cognizant of the cultural mores of local communities and the threat of medical malpractice lawsuits. In fact, medicine, far from a universal science, was highly localized, inflected by traditional curatives (like herbs and spices), shortages of medical equipment and drugs, and local policing to safeguard patient rights. Through social history, scholars may examine the dialectic between patient and provider, which proved fundamental to the practice of modern medicine in Pahlavi Iran.","PeriodicalId":46025,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85279345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laetitia Nanquette ’ s Iranian Literature after the Islamic Revolution: Production and Circulation in Iran and the World is a meticulously researched, exhaustive study of the production and circulation of Iranian literature after the 1979 revolution. At the heart of the author ’ s argument is what she identifies as a division in Iranian literary production and its reception between Iran and the diaspora. In her book, she offers a detailed exploration of the specific cultural conditions in which Iranian literature in Iran and in the diaspora is produced and circulated. Nanquette is a literary scholar, but she tells us at the outset that she will not be engaging in close readings of texts; rather, her goal is to offer a comprehensive sociological study of Iranian literature published in Iran and in the diaspora. She deliberately foregoes literary analysis in favor of a broad view of the industry, although more granular textual analysis would have further enriched this important work.
{"title":"Iranian Literature after the Islamic Revolution: Production and Circulation in Iran and the World. Laetitia Nanquette (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2021). Pp. 312. $105.00 hardcover. ISBN 9781474486378","authors":"Nima Naghibi","doi":"10.1017/irn.2022.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/irn.2022.67","url":null,"abstract":"Laetitia Nanquette ’ s Iranian Literature after the Islamic Revolution: Production and Circulation in Iran and the World is a meticulously researched, exhaustive study of the production and circulation of Iranian literature after the 1979 revolution. At the heart of the author ’ s argument is what she identifies as a division in Iranian literary production and its reception between Iran and the diaspora. In her book, she offers a detailed exploration of the specific cultural conditions in which Iranian literature in Iran and in the diaspora is produced and circulated. Nanquette is a literary scholar, but she tells us at the outset that she will not be engaging in close readings of texts; rather, her goal is to offer a comprehensive sociological study of Iranian literature published in Iran and in the diaspora. She deliberately foregoes literary analysis in favor of a broad view of the industry, although more granular textual analysis would have further enriched this important work.","PeriodicalId":46025,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80715105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamad Reza Ghiasian, Mohammad Mashhadi Nooshabadi
Abstract This paper surveys some wood carvings belonging to four mosques in the villages of Firizhand, Quhrud, Abyana, and Barzuk. Carved between the years 700/1300-1 and 705/1305–6, they consist of architectural elements such as doors, columns, and capitals. The recently found woodwork evidence from the demolished Jamiʿ mosque of Barzuk reveals that this building and its decorations were executed by a multiskilled artist, who was most likely a descendant of Abu Zayd. Moreover, the newly discovered columns from the Masjid-i ʿAli in Quhrud show that, in contrast to what was previously thought, the current building is not contemporary with its dated door and was erected in later centuries. Interestingly, these wooden mosques were built during the last years of Ghazan Khan's rule and witness his order to construct mosques in all the villages of the country. This woodwork offers significant insight into the artistic and cultural situation of the early fourteenth century.
{"title":"Ilkhanid Wood Carvings in the Mountain Villages between Kashan and Natanz","authors":"Mohamad Reza Ghiasian, Mohammad Mashhadi Nooshabadi","doi":"10.1017/irn.2022.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/irn.2022.72","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper surveys some wood carvings belonging to four mosques in the villages of Firizhand, Quhrud, Abyana, and Barzuk. Carved between the years 700/1300-1 and 705/1305–6, they consist of architectural elements such as doors, columns, and capitals. The recently found woodwork evidence from the demolished Jamiʿ mosque of Barzuk reveals that this building and its decorations were executed by a multiskilled artist, who was most likely a descendant of Abu Zayd. Moreover, the newly discovered columns from the Masjid-i ʿAli in Quhrud show that, in contrast to what was previously thought, the current building is not contemporary with its dated door and was erected in later centuries. Interestingly, these wooden mosques were built during the last years of Ghazan Khan's rule and witness his order to construct mosques in all the villages of the country. This woodwork offers significant insight into the artistic and cultural situation of the early fourteenth century.","PeriodicalId":46025,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74067866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Market in Poetry in the Persian World. Shahzad Bashir (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021). 88 pp. $20.00 paper. ISBN 9781108948647","authors":"Jocelyn Sharlet","doi":"10.1017/irn.2022.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/irn.2022.73","url":null,"abstract":"of","PeriodicalId":46025,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74000801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Using Soviet foreign ministry documents found in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, this article seeks to shed a new light on the identity of those behind the assassination of Haj ʻAli Razmara in 1951, and the reasons for it. In seeking a power to back his aspirations to become the ruler of Iran, Razmara hopped between the USSR and the United States, finally gambling on USSR. In spite of this, the United States was not in a hurry to get rid of him; instead, they preferred to use the Shah's fear of Razmara to secure the former's cooperation and to extract from him what they wanted, especially oil concessions in Iran. However, by then Iran was already marching rapidly toward oil nationalization, which Razmara opposed on the grounds that the USSR should be the power that produced the oil for the Iranians. This was unacceptable to the Americans, who, according to Soviet sources, decided to get rid of Razmara during the early stages of the Cold War.
{"title":"A Soviet View on the Assassination of the Iranian Prime Minister, Haj ʻAli Razmara, in the Context of the Early Years of the Cold War","authors":"Soli Shahvar","doi":"10.1017/irn.2022.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/irn.2022.71","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using Soviet foreign ministry documents found in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, this article seeks to shed a new light on the identity of those behind the assassination of Haj ʻAli Razmara in 1951, and the reasons for it. In seeking a power to back his aspirations to become the ruler of Iran, Razmara hopped between the USSR and the United States, finally gambling on USSR. In spite of this, the United States was not in a hurry to get rid of him; instead, they preferred to use the Shah's fear of Razmara to secure the former's cooperation and to extract from him what they wanted, especially oil concessions in Iran. However, by then Iran was already marching rapidly toward oil nationalization, which Razmara opposed on the grounds that the USSR should be the power that produced the oil for the Iranians. This was unacceptable to the Americans, who, according to Soviet sources, decided to get rid of Razmara during the early stages of the Cold War.","PeriodicalId":46025,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78110059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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