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ILO policy in perspective: Reframing care and care work as a public good. Observations from Europe 透视国际劳工组织政策:将护理和护理工作重新定义为一种公共产品。欧洲的观测
IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1177/14680181221094936
E. Senghaas-Knobloch
Interdisciplinary knowledge about the high relevance of care, care work and the care economy has been produced for many decades. Feminist scholars have long struggled for the recognition of these activities as a vital economic and social contribution to societies. As an unplanned consequence of globalization, liberalization and privatization – the dominant trends in international politics – this relevance has become more visible to a wider audience and politically significant to the International Labour Organization (ILO). Worldwide, it informed new political approaches to reevaluate care activities and care work. The approach of primarily improving individual employment relationships, as important it is, does not seem to be sufficient to bring about decent work in care activities.
关于护理、护理工作和护理经济的高度相关性的跨学科知识已经产生了几十年。女权主义学者长期以来一直在努力争取承认这些活动是对社会的重要经济和社会贡献。全球化、自由化和私有化是国际政治的主要趋势,这是一个未经计划的结果,这种相关性在更广泛的受众中变得更加明显,在国际劳工组织(劳工组织)中也具有重要的政治意义。在世界范围内,它为重新评估护理活动和护理工作提供了新的政治方法。主要改善个人就业关系的方法,尽管很重要,但似乎不足以在护理活动中带来体面的工作。
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引用次数: 0
Squaring the circle: The ILO, temporary labour migration programmes and decent work 解决问题:国际劳工组织、临时劳工移徙计划和体面工作
IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1177/14680181221094946
J. Fudge
Temporary labour migration programmes (TLMPs) began to grow in the mid-1990s and by 2017 outstripped permanent migration for work (International Labour Organization (ILO), 2017a, 5). TLMPs impose limits on the length of time a migrant is lawfully permitted to be in the receiving country and stipulate the type of work that a migrant can lawfully perform. Typically targeting low-wage workers, TLMPs are frequently seasonal, and they are often circular. Migrant workers admitted under these programmes are regularly denied the same rights as permanent residents or citizens in the host state and they face a range of restrictions relating to access to benefits and services, mobility, residence, employment, and family life (Fudge, 2012). In effect, TLMPs create a hierarchically organized and differentiated supply of migrant workers who are often racialized and gendered (Lewis et al., 2015; Surak, 2013). Since these programmes often tie migrant workers’ right to reside and work in the host state to an on-going employment relationship with a sponsoring employer, employers exercise a great deal of control over migrant workers. TLMPs for low wage workers are associated with severe decent work deficits such as forced labour, wage theft, and discrimination (ILO, 2017a: 117).
临时劳工移民计划(TLMP)在20世纪90年代中期开始增长,到2017年超过了永久性工作移民(国际劳工组织,2017a,5)。TLMP对合法允许移民在接收国的时间长度进行了限制,并规定了移民可以合法从事的工作类型。TLMP通常针对低工资工人,通常是季节性的,而且通常是循环的。根据这些方案接纳的移民工人经常被剥夺与东道国永久居民或公民相同的权利,他们在获得福利和服务、流动、居住、就业和家庭生活方面面临一系列限制(Fudge,2012)。事实上,TLMP创造了一种分级组织和有区别的移民工人供应,他们往往被种族化和性别化(Lewis等人,2015;苏拉克,2013年)。由于这些方案往往将移民工人在东道国的居住和工作权与与赞助雇主的持续就业关系联系在一起,雇主对移民工人行使很大的控制权。低工资工人的TLMP与严重的体面工作赤字有关,如强迫劳动、工资盗窃和歧视(国际劳工组织,2017a:117)。
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引用次数: 0
Expanding worker voice and labor rights in global supply chains: Standard setting, verification, and traceability 在全球供应链中扩大工人的声音和劳工权利:标准制定、验证和可追溯性
IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-06-14 DOI: 10.1177/14680181221094953
J. Wheeler
Migrant workers are the backbone of many global supply chains, performing some of the hardest tasks with few protections, low pay, and at high risk for abuse, including being lured into debt bondage (International Business Leaders Forum [IBLF], 2010). Migrant workers number about 169 million, with about 58 million in ‘irregular migration’ (i.e. not authorized to work; International Labour Organization [ILO], 2021: 2–3). A seminal study revealing many female migrants in forced labor in the Malaysia electronic industry caused a global rethink of auditing (Verité, 2014). Reports by the ILO and other revealed extensive forced labor and trafficking abuses in the global fishing industry, spurring efforts to correct (FishWise, 2017; ILO, 2015). Broadly speaking, the ILO addresses migrant worker rights through its Decent Work Agenda, Conventions and Recommendations, and in alignment with the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). New opportunities exist, however, for measurably improving labor rights protections in global supply chains through improved standard setting and enhanced verification of conformance to the standards as well as product traceability. While the ILO has had some limited engagement in this realm, it may find greater success with sustained
移徙工人是许多全球供应链的支柱,他们从事一些最艰难的工作,却得不到保护,工资低,而且面临着被虐待的高风险,包括被引诱成为债务奴隶(国际商业领袖论坛[IBLF], 2010年)。移徙工人人数约为1.69亿,其中约5800万为“非正常移徙”(即未获工作许可;国际劳工组织[ILO], 2021: 2-3)。一项开创性的研究揭示了马来西亚电子行业中许多强迫劳动的女性移民,引起了全球对审计的重新思考(verit, 2014)。国际劳工组织和其他组织的报告揭示了全球渔业中广泛存在的强迫劳动和贩运行为,促使人们努力纠正(FishWise, 2017;国际劳工组织,2015年)。从广义上讲,国际劳工组织通过其体面工作议程、公约和建议,并根据《2030年可持续发展议程》和《联合国工商业与人权指导原则》,解决移徙工人的权利问题。然而,通过改进标准制定和加强对标准符合性的验证以及产品可追溯性,存在着可衡量地改善全球供应链中劳工权利保护的新机会。虽然国际劳工组织在这一领域的参与有限,但它可能会通过持续的努力取得更大的成功
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引用次数: 1
A tale of triple disadvantages: Disability, chronic poverty and gender inequality in rural Bangladesh 三重劣势的故事:孟加拉国农村的残疾、长期贫困和性别不平等
IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-06-06 DOI: 10.1177/14680181221099839
V. Diwakar
This study focuses on the interaction between disability, chronic poverty and gender in rural Bangladesh, relying on analysis of the Chronic Poverty and Long Term Impact Study conducted between 1997 and 2010. A series of logistic regressions investigate the relationship between disabilities and chronic poverty among women with their employment, education, assistance and household coping strategies. The results indicate that primary schooling is lower among girls compared with boys in chronically poor households, with implications for the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Even where the probability of employment for chronically poor women with disabilities is positive, these women are potentially unlikely to be engaged in work that safeguards their rights or contributes to poverty escapes. Moreover, in the face of shocks, poverty becomes stickier, in the absence of effectively targeted safety nets coupled with adverse coping strategies that prolong poverty. The article concludes with a call for ensuring that intersectionality is more firmly embedded into existing social protection programmes.
本研究基于对1997年至2010年间进行的长期贫困和长期影响研究的分析,重点关注孟加拉国农村残疾、长期贫困和性别之间的相互作用。一系列逻辑回归调查了残疾和妇女长期贫困与她们的就业、教育、援助和家庭应对策略之间的关系。结果表明,在长期贫困家庭中,女孩的小学教育程度低于男孩,这对贫困的代际传递产生了影响。即使在长期贫困残疾妇女就业的可能性为正的情况下,这些妇女也不太可能从事保障其权利或有助于脱贫的工作。此外,面对冲击,由于缺乏有效的有针对性的安全网,再加上延长贫困的不利应对策略,贫困变得更加棘手。文章最后呼吁确保将交叉性更牢固地纳入现有的社会保护方案。
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引用次数: 3
A synopsis of ‘Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas’ “重新审视社会援助中的目标:重新审视旧困境”简介
IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-06-02 DOI: 10.1177/14680181221121442
Margaret Grosh, P. Leite, M. Wai-Poi, E. Tesliuc
• There is a strong consensus around the need to reduce poverty and inequality and a drive toward Universal Social Protection (USP) as part of the Sustainable Development Goals to be met by 2030, a goal shared by governments around the world and supported by the World Bank as part of the USP 2030 initiative.1 • Hundreds of social programs around the world differentiate eligibility and/or benefits in various ways, for example, regions of residence, individual or household characteristics, social vulnerabilities or welfare, or a combination of these, and nearly every country has at least one poverty-targeted social assistance program, and often one or more of these are flagship programs of high profile. • The job of targeting individuals or groups is difficult and there are many criteria and metrics with which success or lack thereof can be gauged. Thus, the issue of whether current practice is acceptable, can be improved upon or should be abandoned recurs in instance after instance.
•人们对减少贫困和不平等的必要性达成了强烈的共识,并推动实现普遍社会保护(USP),将其作为到2030年实现的可持续发展目标的一部分,世界各国政府共同的目标,并得到世界银行的支持,作为USP 2030倡议的一部分。1•世界各地数百个社会项目以各种方式区分资格和/或福利,例如居住地区、个人或家庭特征、社会脆弱性或福利,或这些因素的组合,几乎每个国家都至少有一个以贫困为目标的社会援助计划,其中一个或多个往往是引人注目的旗舰计划。•针对个人或群体的工作很困难,有很多标准和指标可以用来衡量成功与否。因此,目前的做法是否可以接受、是否可以改进或应该放弃的问题在一个又一个例子中反复出现。
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引用次数: 11
Migrant workers, the ILO and the potential for labour justice 移民工人、国际劳工组织和劳工正义的潜力
IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-05-25 DOI: 10.1177/14680181221094954
Jill Jensen, N. Piper
International thinking and concern about cross-border migration among policymakers and practitioners are at historically high levels, so much so that there is now ‘greater political focus on migration within the international community’ (Multilateral Organisation Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN), 2019: 3) than previously. Migration has come to be recognised as a multifaceted phenomenon in terms of who moves, for what reason and by what means. The intensification of efforts made over the last decades at the global level to coordinate policy on migration across the world is indicative of the recognition that the movement of people is a truly global phenomenon; not only in terms of its geographic reach implicating most if not all countries around the world but also for the wide ranging socio-economic and political implications spanning migrant origin, destination and transit countries. ‘Global’, thus, importantly also relates to the role of organisational actors whose globality is evidenced by (voluntary or involuntary) engagement with, and solution finding for, large-scale challenges that transcend national boundaries, such as labour migration. Despite these recent efforts to coordinate migration policy in recognition of its globality, international migration is clearly a phenomenon that has a far longer history worldwide. Yet, the fact that migration is typically framed as a ‘problem’ and that this framing has come in waves is often ignored. Throughout history, migrants have been in need whenever there is a (real or perceived) shortage of workers but subsequently are scapegoated during periods of economic and production downturns. All the time, migrants have been subjected to unequal bargaining power and legal barriers put in place to restrict their
政策制定者和从业者对跨境移民的国际思考和关注处于历史高位,以至于现在“国际社会对移民的政治关注程度更高”(多边组织绩效评估网络(MOPAN), 2019: 3)。移民已经被认为是一个多方面的现象,涉及到谁在移动,出于什么原因,通过什么方式。过去几十年来在全球一级加强协调世界各地移徙政策的努力,表明人们认识到人口流动是一种真正的全球现象;这不仅是因为其地理范围涉及世界上大多数国家,而且还因为其广泛的社会经济和政治影响跨越了移民原籍国、目的地国和过境国。因此,重要的是,“全球”也与组织行动者的角色有关,这些组织行动者的全球性通过(自愿或非自愿)参与和寻找解决方案来证明,这些挑战超越了国界,如劳动力迁移。尽管最近努力协调移徙政策以承认其全球性,但国际移徙显然是一种在世界范围内具有更长的历史的现象。然而,移民通常被定义为一个“问题”,而且这种定义是一波接一波地出现的,这一事实往往被忽视。纵观历史,每当工人短缺(实际的或被认为的)时,移民都是需要的,但随后在经济和生产低迷时期成为替罪羊。一直以来,移民都受到不平等的议价能力和法律障碍的制约
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引用次数: 2
‘Labour is not a commodity’: A gentle reminder “劳动不是商品”:一个温和的提醒
IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-05-19 DOI: 10.1177/14680181221094934
Fabiola Mieres, C. Kuptsch
In 2021, amid the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the International Labour Organization (ILO) held its 109th International Labour Conference (ILC) in a virtual mode and experimented a new form of multilateralism using virtual technologies and adaptation across multiple time zones which required new forms of solidarity among nations. Despite the challenges, the ILC adopted a series of resolutions and conclusions on important issues pertaining to the world of work such as social security, inequalities, skills and lifelong learning; and a call to action to respond to the COVID-19 crisis.1 All these resolutions are inclusive of migrant workers and some of their particularities. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic took place in an already testing and fragile global scenario with high environmental risks due to climate change, technological transformations, and demographic shifts. In addition, mounting popular unrest became more acute in light of the existing inequalities that were amplified with the pandemic. Taking this complex setting into account, this piece reflects on the notion that ‘labour is not a commodity’ as a key founding concept enshrined in the ILO’s Philadelphia Declaration of 1944. Rethinking and bringing back this notion is important for it represents a means to materialize a ‘human-centred approach’ to the world of work and beyond, strengthening the global governance of labour while providing hope to restore a fragile world order. A ‘human-centred approach’ is the centre-piece of the ILO’s Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work (ILO, 2019) wherein the ILO reimagines itself to better deal with current challenges. This contribution will consider ILO’s relevance in the face of technological, socioeconomic and climatic alteration. It will look at transformative events in the form of ‘global crisis situations’ and reflect on the embeddedness of ILO policy in general trends of thinking on ‘the economic’ and ‘the social’ before focusing on aspects of the Philadelphia Declaration that can inspire a ‘post recovery world’.
2021年,在2019冠状病毒病大流行的第二年,国际劳工组织(劳工组织)以虚拟方式举行了第109届国际劳工大会,并利用虚拟技术和跨时区适应试验了一种新的多边主义形式,这需要各国之间新的团结形式。尽管面临种种挑战,劳工委员会还是就社会保障、不平等、技能和终身学习等与劳动世界有关的重要问题通过了一系列决议和结论;呼吁采取行动应对2019冠状病毒病危机所有这些决议都包括移徙工人及其一些特殊性。2019冠状病毒病大流行的爆发是在一个已经受到考验和脆弱的全球形势下发生的,由于气候变化、技术变革和人口变化,环境风险很高。此外,由于现有的不平等现象随着大流行病而加剧,日益加剧的民众骚乱变得更加尖锐。考虑到这一复杂的背景,这篇文章反映了“劳动不是商品”这一概念,这是国际劳工组织1944年《费城宣言》中体现的一个关键的创始概念。重新思考和恢复这一概念是很重要的,因为它代表了一种手段,使“以人为本的方法”在工作世界和其他领域实现,加强全球劳动治理,同时为恢复脆弱的世界秩序提供希望。“以人为本”是国际劳工组织《未来工作百年宣言》(国际劳工组织,2019年)的核心内容,国际劳工组织在宣言中重新构想自己,以更好地应对当前的挑战。这份报告将考虑劳工组织在技术、社会经济和气候变化方面的相关性。它将以“全球危机形势”的形式审视变革事件,并反思国际劳工组织的政策在“经济”和“社会”思维的总体趋势中的嵌入性,然后关注《费城宣言》可以激励“后复苏世界”的各个方面。
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引用次数: 0
Is the ILO’s governance system fit for the 21st century? 国际劳工组织的治理体系适合21世纪吗?
IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-05-19 DOI: 10.1177/14680181221094952
Cindy Berman
Moral outrage often follows news stories exposing egregious abuse of workers, but it does not result in the actions needed to address it. Sadly, it feels like a perpetual game of whack-a-mole. I will argue, giving three examples from my own professional experience, that we need a new governance system regulating the world of work. The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the right institution, but often has the wrong actors around the negotiating table who can fix the endemic labour abuse that characterises our global economic system today.
道德愤怒通常发生在揭露严重虐待工人的新闻报道之后,但这并没有导致解决这一问题所需的行动。可悲的是,这感觉像是一场永远的打地鼠游戏。我将根据我自己的专业经验举三个例子,认为我们需要一个新的治理体系来规范工作世界。国际劳工组织(ILO)是正确的机构,但谈判桌上往往有错误的行为者,他们可以解决当今全球经济体系中普遍存在的劳动力滥用问题。
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引用次数: 0
A long duree perspective on the ‘Future of Work’ debate in the ILO: A response and analysis in response to paper by Vicente Silva 国际劳工组织“工作的未来”辩论的长期视角:对Vicente Silva论文的回应和分析
IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-05-19 DOI: 10.1177/14680181221094926
Dorothea Hoehtker
Although the terminology has changed over time, the ‘human-centredness’ of the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) work was already enshrined in the objective of a ‘regime de travail réellement humain’ (humane working conditions) and the conviction that labour is not a commodity, as stated in the ILO’s founding constitution. These principles have informed the Declaration of Philadelphia in 1944 and the Decent Work Agenda adopted in 2000. They have been reconfirmed in the Centenary Declaration. The ILO has also always been oriented towards the future. And as a child of the industrial revolution and the 19th-century social reform movement, its mandate to improve labour conditions and promote labour rights envisioned this future as a democratic form of regulated welfare capitalism. However, more explicitly future-oriented debates have been primarily on technological change and its impact on the world of work. Silva rightly criticizes this narrow focus (Silva, 2021), since it reflects, until today, the dominant role of advanced industrial member states of the ILO. On the contrary, technological change can still be seen, together with climate change, as the most obvious driver of transformation in the world of work, in developed but also more and more in developing countries. The ideas and policy strategies to promote the ILO’s vision for the future of work and response to technological change have been adjusted over time. They have been influenced first by the power constellation in the ILO’s tripartite Governing Body and International Labour Conference and second by the innovative force and technical capacity of the International Labour Office, the ILO’s secretariat, which is not tripartite. While the ILO’s tripartite structure with employers’, workers’ and government representation
尽管术语随着时间的推移发生了变化,但国际劳工组织(ILO)工作的“以人为本”已经体现在“人类劳动制度”(人道的工作条件)的目标中,以及劳工组织创始章程中所述的劳工不是商品的信念中。这些原则为1944年《费城宣言》和2000年通过的《体面工作议程》提供了依据。它们在《百年宣言》中得到了重申。国际劳工组织也始终面向未来。作为工业革命和19世纪社会改革运动的产物,其改善劳动条件和促进劳工权利的使命将未来设想为一种受监管的福利资本主义的民主形式。然而,更明确的面向未来的辩论主要是关于技术变革及其对工作世界的影响。席尔瓦正确地批评了这种狭隘的关注点(Silva,2021),因为它反映了直到今天国际劳工组织先进工业成员国的主导作用。相反,技术变化和气候变化仍然可以被视为工作世界变革的最明显驱动力,在发达国家,但在发展中国家也越来越多。随着时间的推移,促进国际劳工组织对未来工作和应对技术变革的愿景的想法和政策战略已经进行了调整。他们首先受到国际劳工组织三方理事机构和国际劳工大会的权力格局的影响,其次受到国际劳工局的创新力量和技术能力的影响,国际劳工局秘书处不是三方的。而国际劳工组织由雇主、工人和政府代表组成的三方结构
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引用次数: 0
Access to the Disability Allowance in the Maldives: National coverage and factors affecting uptake 在马尔代夫获得残疾津贴:全国覆盖面和影响吸收的因素
IF 1.5 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-05-15 DOI: 10.1177/14680181221084854
S. Hameed, L. Banks, Sofoora Kawsar Usman, H. Kuper
Disability-targeted cash transfers are increasingly used by governments in low- and middle-income countries as a tool to address poverty and exclusion among people with disabilities. However, in many settings, accurate estimates of coverage and an understanding of factors affecting uptake are needed for effective delivery. This study explores coverage of the Disability Allowance in the Maldives, an unconditional, non-means tested cash transfer (2000 MVR or US$130 per month) and factors affecting uptake. It uses mixed methods, combining data from a nationally representative population-based survey with qualitative research among people with disabilities who are and are not receiving the Disability Allowance. This research found that 25.6% of people with disabilities across the Maldives are receiving the Disability Allowance. Coverage was lowest for women, older adults, people living in the capital (Malé), wealthier households and people with sensory impairments. Factors affecting uptake included lack of information about the programme, perceptions of disability and eligibility criteria, geographical and financial factors, and stigma.
针对残疾人的现金转移支付越来越多地被低收入和中等收入国家的政府用作解决残疾人贫困和被排斥问题的工具。然而,在许多情况下,为了有效地提供,需要准确估计覆盖率和了解影响吸收的因素。本研究探讨了马尔代夫残疾津贴(一种无条件的、不经经济状况调查的现金补助(每月2000 MVR或130美元)的覆盖范围以及影响吸收的因素。它采用混合方法,将具有全国代表性的人口调查数据与对领取和未领取残疾津贴的残疾人进行的定性研究相结合。这项研究发现,马尔代夫全国有25.6%的残疾人领取残疾津贴。妇女、老年人、居住在首都(mal)的人、较富裕的家庭和有感官障碍的人的覆盖率最低。影响吸收的因素包括缺乏有关该方案的信息、对残疾和资格标准的看法、地理和经济因素以及耻辱。
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引用次数: 1
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Global Social Policy
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