Scotland is a leading example of the international institutional turn in feminism since the late twentieth century. Feminist activists played a leading role in shaping a new Scottish Parliament in the 1980s and 1990s, which has influenced the politics of devolution since 1999. This article appraises this experience using a combination of feminist texts drawn from across the time period as well as autobiographies and biographies of prominent Scottish female politicians. The findings demonstrate that Scottish feminine political leadership has been strongly moulded by a rejection of Westminster's archaic and conflictual politics, which are understood to be masculine. Feminists' experiences of organising in the Women's Liberation Movement pointed to the importance of institution building and pragmatically working towards shared goals across traditional divisions. Scottish feminists' emphasis on consensus decision making and achieving objectives across party lines, especially on subjects gender-coded as women's issues, has moulded a centre-left framing for Scottish women's leadership that rejects both conservatism and left-wing radicalism. The achievement of aspirations surrounding increased women's representation and leadership has perhaps come at the cost of the larger earlier ambitions for a more inclusive parliament accountable to the Women's Liberation Movement and working-class communities. These findings suggest that there are inherent limitations to institution building feminism based on elite networks.
This paper explores the growing divide between Scotland and England, a schism that was beginning to take form with Scottish devolution and which has grown exponentially since the Independence Referendum of 2014. The central argument presented in the paper is that renewed impetus for national distinction and self-determination in Scotland is best understood as one facet of a much wider popular disenchantment and growing restiveness with the trajectory of contemporary UK politics, culture and society that has found an outlet via a resurgent nationalist discourse and institutional framework. Analysis here is approached via the application of an original biosocial theory with the aim of presenting further insights into the underlying processes driving contemporary political instability. Moreover, it is argued that this scenario can be understood, and may shed light upon, the wider rise in nationalist and populist sentiment that is contributing to increasing political turbulence across Europe and beyond.
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