Pub Date : 2023-08-08DOI: 10.1108/ijlma-04-2022-0083
Mouna Aloui, B. Hamdi, A. Tiwari, A. Jeribi
Purpose This study aims to explore the impact of cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero and Ripple) on the gold, WTI, VIX index, G7 and the BRICS index before and during COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach This research analyzes the impact of cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero and Ripple) on the gold, WTI, VIX index, G7 and the BRICS index before and during COVID-19, using the quantile regression approach for the 2016–2020 period. In addition, to catch long- and short-run asymmetries of cryptocurrencies on aforementioned dependent variables, an asymmetric nonlinear co-integration (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag [NARDL]) approach is applied. Findings The result of the quantile regression shows that in a high market, which corresponds to the 90th quantile, the FTSE MIB, CAC40, SSE, BSE 30, and BVSP stock market showed a statistically insignificant negative coefficient, on the Bitcoin price. In a middle and low markets, which correspond to the 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5th quantiles, the BVSP, FTSE MIB, S&P/TSX, SSE and Nikkei stock markets show statistically significant and positive on Bitcoin. Evidence from the NARDL shows a statistically significant positive impact of cryptocurrencies on the gold, WTI, VIX index, G7 and BRICS indices before and during COVID-19 pandemic. Originality/value These results can provide investors with valuable analysis and information and help them make the best decisions and adopt the best strategies. Therefore, future investigations may concentrate and examine the monetary and governmental policies to be adapted to face the COVID-19 pandemic’s dangerous effects on both the society and the economy. For this reason, investors should take this into account when making their asset allocation decisions. Moreover, the portfolio managers, such as index funds, may consider few eligible cryptocurrencies for their inclusion into the portfolio. However, the speculators present in both stock and crypto markets may opt for a spread strategy to improve their portfolio returns.
{"title":"The impact of cryptocurrencies on the gold, WTI, VIX index, G7 and BRICS index before and during COVID-19: a quantile regression and NARDL analysis","authors":"Mouna Aloui, B. Hamdi, A. Tiwari, A. Jeribi","doi":"10.1108/ijlma-04-2022-0083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-04-2022-0083","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to explore the impact of cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero and Ripple) on the gold, WTI, VIX index, G7 and the BRICS index before and during COVID-19.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This research analyzes the impact of cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero and Ripple) on the gold, WTI, VIX index, G7 and the BRICS index before and during COVID-19, using the quantile regression approach for the 2016–2020 period. In addition, to catch long- and short-run asymmetries of cryptocurrencies on aforementioned dependent variables, an asymmetric nonlinear co-integration (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag [NARDL]) approach is applied.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The result of the quantile regression shows that in a high market, which corresponds to the 90th quantile, the FTSE MIB, CAC40, SSE, BSE 30, and BVSP stock market showed a statistically insignificant negative coefficient, on the Bitcoin price. In a middle and low markets, which correspond to the 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5th quantiles, the BVSP, FTSE MIB, S&P/TSX, SSE and Nikkei stock markets show statistically significant and positive on Bitcoin. Evidence from the NARDL shows a statistically significant positive impact of cryptocurrencies on the gold, WTI, VIX index, G7 and BRICS indices before and during COVID-19 pandemic.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000These results can provide investors with valuable analysis and information and help them make the best decisions and adopt the best strategies. Therefore, future investigations may concentrate and examine the monetary and governmental policies to be adapted to face the COVID-19 pandemic’s dangerous effects on both the society and the economy. For this reason, investors should take this into account when making their asset allocation decisions. Moreover, the portfolio managers, such as index funds, may consider few eligible cryptocurrencies for their inclusion into the portfolio. However, the speculators present in both stock and crypto markets may opt for a spread strategy to improve their portfolio returns.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46125,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44070804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-07DOI: 10.1108/ijlma-03-2023-0035
E. Alharasis
Purpose This study aims to collect new empirical evidence to determine how different forms of ownership structure responded to the recent COVID-19 crisis. In light of this tragedy, it explores the relationship between ownership structure forms (i.e. block-holders, foreign, institutional and family ownerships) and audit quality (proxied by audit fees). Design/methodology/approach In total, 3,200 firm-year observations for Jordanian enterprises covering the years 2005 through 2020 are used in an ordinary least squares regression with firm-clustered standard error to assess the hypotheses. Findings The regression results showed that COVID-19 strengthens the association between each type of ownership (i.e. block-holders, foreign, institutional ownership forms) and audit quality. This result reflects the need for high-quality audit services during the pandemic by such owners to improve their business decisions and limit agency-conflict issues. However, the analysis failed to find any effect of COVID-19 when it comes to family ownership. Family-controlled firms may react faster in crisis situations, and correspondingly, they do not bear high audit costs. The extended analysis covering the years 2005–2022 came to the same results. Practical implications The results aid authorities in their control and management of the auditing business. The findings have important consequences for policymakers, lawmakers, regulators and the audit profession as they assess the growing issues in an uncertain economic environment. Evidence is provided that may be used to reassure investors and aid authorities as they devise appropriate remedies to the pandemic-triggered economic crisis. The findings may aid in the improvement of legislation that governs Jordan’s auditing industry. Furthermore, the results can be generalized to other Middle Eastern countries. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to empirically evaluate how different types of ownership affect audit quality in response to a dramatic shift in auditors’ working conditions brought on by the global health calamity. In emerging economies like Jordan, this type of analysis allows for preliminary assumptions to be established about ownership status during the COVID-19 outbreak. It adds to the body of auditing knowledge by shedding light on how various kinds of ownership affect responses to adverse events. This assessment is intended to serve as the definitive testimony in the field of accounting regarding the effects of the coronavirus across various corporations’ portfolios.
{"title":"Evaluation of ownership structure and audit-quality in the wake of the Covid-19 crisis: empirical evidence from Jordan","authors":"E. Alharasis","doi":"10.1108/ijlma-03-2023-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-03-2023-0035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to collect new empirical evidence to determine how different forms of ownership structure responded to the recent COVID-19 crisis. In light of this tragedy, it explores the relationship between ownership structure forms (i.e. block-holders, foreign, institutional and family ownerships) and audit quality (proxied by audit fees).\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000In total, 3,200 firm-year observations for Jordanian enterprises covering the years 2005 through 2020 are used in an ordinary least squares regression with firm-clustered standard error to assess the hypotheses.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The regression results showed that COVID-19 strengthens the association between each type of ownership (i.e. block-holders, foreign, institutional ownership forms) and audit quality. This result reflects the need for high-quality audit services during the pandemic by such owners to improve their business decisions and limit agency-conflict issues. However, the analysis failed to find any effect of COVID-19 when it comes to family ownership. Family-controlled firms may react faster in crisis situations, and correspondingly, they do not bear high audit costs. The extended analysis covering the years 2005–2022 came to the same results.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000The results aid authorities in their control and management of the auditing business. The findings have important consequences for policymakers, lawmakers, regulators and the audit profession as they assess the growing issues in an uncertain economic environment. Evidence is provided that may be used to reassure investors and aid authorities as they devise appropriate remedies to the pandemic-triggered economic crisis. The findings may aid in the improvement of legislation that governs Jordan’s auditing industry. Furthermore, the results can be generalized to other Middle Eastern countries.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to empirically evaluate how different types of ownership affect audit quality in response to a dramatic shift in auditors’ working conditions brought on by the global health calamity. In emerging economies like Jordan, this type of analysis allows for preliminary assumptions to be established about ownership status during the COVID-19 outbreak. It adds to the body of auditing knowledge by shedding light on how various kinds of ownership affect responses to adverse events. This assessment is intended to serve as the definitive testimony in the field of accounting regarding the effects of the coronavirus across various corporations’ portfolios.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46125,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Management","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62704768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-07DOI: 10.1108/ijlma-05-2023-0122
A. Beebeejaun, P. Bissessur
Purpose Shareholder activism is gaining popularity across the globe especially in today’s context where the option of giving up and selling shares to exit the company has become obsolete. Hence, the purpose of this research paper is two-fold, firstly, to investigate the extent to which the minority shareholders of companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius adopt and make use of the various tools of activism; and secondly, to compare the UK laws on shareholder activism with that of Mauritius. Design/methodology/approach To achieve these objectives, this study adopted the qualitative research method. Primary data was collected by conducting a survey on minority shareholders of Mauritian listed companies to figure out the extent to which they resort to activism tools, while secondary data was collected through a qualitative legal, document and content analysis to scrutinise regulatory provisions and existing literature on the researched topic. Findings The results show a moderate implementation level of shareholder activism by the minority investors in Mauritius although it was noted that minority shareholders are more likely to resort to the internal tools of activism rather than external methods. Further to the comparative study conducted, this research recommends a more active participation of the Mauritian regulatory bodies, amendments to the Mauritius Code of Corporate Governance and Mauritius Companies Act and the establishment of a commission responsible for overseeing the exercise of shareholders’ powers and promoting derivative lawsuits among minority shareholders. Originality/value Few researchers like Beebeejaun and Koobloll (2018) analysed shareholder activism through the lens of corporate governance with the view of providing recommendations to bring amendments in the Mauritian corporate law landscape. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no research has yet been effectuated on the extent to which shareholder activism is practised by the minority investors in developing countries, for which this existing study aims at filling in the research gap.
{"title":"The adoption of shareholder activism by minority investors in Mauritius and a comparative analysis with the UK laws","authors":"A. Beebeejaun, P. Bissessur","doi":"10.1108/ijlma-05-2023-0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-05-2023-0122","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Shareholder activism is gaining popularity across the globe especially in today’s context where the option of giving up and selling shares to exit the company has become obsolete. Hence, the purpose of this research paper is two-fold, firstly, to investigate the extent to which the minority shareholders of companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius adopt and make use of the various tools of activism; and secondly, to compare the UK laws on shareholder activism with that of Mauritius.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000To achieve these objectives, this study adopted the qualitative research method. Primary data was collected by conducting a survey on minority shareholders of Mauritian listed companies to figure out the extent to which they resort to activism tools, while secondary data was collected through a qualitative legal, document and content analysis to scrutinise regulatory provisions and existing literature on the researched topic.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results show a moderate implementation level of shareholder activism by the minority investors in Mauritius although it was noted that minority shareholders are more likely to resort to the internal tools of activism rather than external methods. Further to the comparative study conducted, this research recommends a more active participation of the Mauritian regulatory bodies, amendments to the Mauritius Code of Corporate Governance and Mauritius Companies Act and the establishment of a commission responsible for overseeing the exercise of shareholders’ powers and promoting derivative lawsuits among minority shareholders.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Few researchers like Beebeejaun and Koobloll (2018) analysed shareholder activism through the lens of corporate governance with the view of providing recommendations to bring amendments in the Mauritian corporate law landscape. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no research has yet been effectuated on the extent to which shareholder activism is practised by the minority investors in developing countries, for which this existing study aims at filling in the research gap.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46125,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46317391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.1108/ijlma-05-2023-0104
A. Bhatia, Amandeep Dhawan
Purpose This study aims to calculate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure made by companies as per the provisions of Section 135 of Companies Act 2013 and check the status of compliance/non-compliance of these provisions in the mandatory regime of CSR. Design/methodology/approach Based on a sample of top 500 Indian companies listed on Bombay Stock Exchange, the study compares the CSR expenditure required to be incurred by companies with the actual CSR expenditure made by them over a time span of seven years and calculates the extent of surplus or deficit attained by them starting from the year of inception of CSR provisions, 2014–2015, till the most recent year, 2020–2021. Findings The findings indicate that the average CSR expenditure made by Indian corporate sector is less than the mandatory requirement. More than half of the companies do not comply with the CSR regulations of the country. Even the “Most Profitable” companies fail to contribute the minimum required amount towards social activities akin to their counterparts in the “Less” and “Least” profitable categories. Practical implications The disobedience towards the statutory provisions implies that Indian companies are non-compliant towards CSR guidelines despite the regulative institutional pressure that makes CSR a mandatory practice to legitimise it. Originality/value The study contributes to the CSR literature in the light of the transformed regulative institutional environment in India. It includes a comprehensive analysis of compliance of companies with the revised statutes over all the years since the inception of new mandatory guidelines on CSR till the most recent time period on a representative sample, thus, making the findings robust and generic with respect to India.
{"title":"Legitimising CSR through the institutional backup – gauging compliance of the Indian corporate sector in the mandatory regime","authors":"A. Bhatia, Amandeep Dhawan","doi":"10.1108/ijlma-05-2023-0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-05-2023-0104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to calculate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure made by companies as per the provisions of Section 135 of Companies Act 2013 and check the status of compliance/non-compliance of these provisions in the mandatory regime of CSR.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Based on a sample of top 500 Indian companies listed on Bombay Stock Exchange, the study compares the CSR expenditure required to be incurred by companies with the actual CSR expenditure made by them over a time span of seven years and calculates the extent of surplus or deficit attained by them starting from the year of inception of CSR provisions, 2014–2015, till the most recent year, 2020–2021.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The findings indicate that the average CSR expenditure made by Indian corporate sector is less than the mandatory requirement. More than half of the companies do not comply with the CSR regulations of the country. Even the “Most Profitable” companies fail to contribute the minimum required amount towards social activities akin to their counterparts in the “Less” and “Least” profitable categories.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000The disobedience towards the statutory provisions implies that Indian companies are non-compliant towards CSR guidelines despite the regulative institutional pressure that makes CSR a mandatory practice to legitimise it.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The study contributes to the CSR literature in the light of the transformed regulative institutional environment in India. It includes a comprehensive analysis of compliance of companies with the revised statutes over all the years since the inception of new mandatory guidelines on CSR till the most recent time period on a representative sample, thus, making the findings robust and generic with respect to India.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46125,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46254940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-03DOI: 10.1108/ijlma-02-2023-0018
Susana Cristina Rodrigues Aldeia
Purpose This paper aims to understand what green tax measures Portuguese corporate tax law foresees and whether the measures observe the polluter pays tax principle. Design/methodology/approach The legal research method is applied to achieve the goals. Specifically, the research analyzes the most relevant corporate tax legislation to identify legal provisions influencing taxpayers’ behavior in sustainability decisions, particularly corporate income tax (CIT) and value-added tax (VAT) laws. Findings The results show that the Portuguese Green Taxation Law introduces several environmentally friendly taxation measures by benefiting or increasing the tax burden. The influence on the CIT law results from instruments such as the autonomous taxation of expenses, depreciation, provisions and the local corporate tax. In the VAT, electric tourism vehicles’ VAT deduction is possible. These measures enforce the polluter pays tax principle, increasing the tax burden on less environmentally friendly options and decreasing the tax burden on more green economic choices. These measures directly influence the companies’ choice because of the increase or decrease tax burden according to more or less polluting choices. Research limitations/implications This study only studies the Portugal case. Originality/value This study highlights the Portuguese experience reconciling taxation and environmental dimensions.
{"title":"Environmentally friendly tax measures in the Portuguese jurisdiction. Enforcement of the polluter pays tax principle","authors":"Susana Cristina Rodrigues Aldeia","doi":"10.1108/ijlma-02-2023-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-02-2023-0018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to understand what green tax measures Portuguese corporate tax law foresees and whether the measures observe the polluter pays tax principle.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The legal research method is applied to achieve the goals. Specifically, the research analyzes the most relevant corporate tax legislation to identify legal provisions influencing taxpayers’ behavior in sustainability decisions, particularly corporate income tax (CIT) and value-added tax (VAT) laws.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results show that the Portuguese Green Taxation Law introduces several environmentally friendly taxation measures by benefiting or increasing the tax burden. The influence on the CIT law results from instruments such as the autonomous taxation of expenses, depreciation, provisions and the local corporate tax. In the VAT, electric tourism vehicles’ VAT deduction is possible. These measures enforce the polluter pays tax principle, increasing the tax burden on less environmentally friendly options and decreasing the tax burden on more green economic choices. These measures directly influence the companies’ choice because of the increase or decrease tax burden according to more or less polluting choices.\u0000\u0000\u0000Research limitations/implications\u0000This study only studies the Portugal case.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study highlights the Portuguese experience reconciling taxation and environmental dimensions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46125,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48446195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1108/ijlma-03-2023-0044
Nurul Jannah Mustafa Khan, Hasani Mohd Ali, Hazlina Shaik Md Noor Alam
Purpose The development of successful Sustainable Development Goals realization cannot be divorced from regulations governing sustainability information. Therefore, limited research on the regulatory environment regarding sustainability reporting in the Malaysian context requires further examination to ascertain the current framework. This study aims to critically assess the Malaysian Companies Act 2016 and Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance (MCCG) to examine the regulatory environment regarding the sustainability reporting framework. The examination is done to determine the extent of support provided under the Malaysian regulatory environment for the said practice. Design/methodology/approach A doctrinal methodology that relies on the extant literature, statutory instruments and case laws complemented by content analysis is adopted to explore the current regulatory environment regarding sustainability reporting. Findings The findings indicate that the Companies Act 2016 has already paved the way for the integration of corporate sustainability through the Business Review Report (BRR). However, the application is voluntary and hence could lead to inconsistent implementation. The MCCG has introduced the integrated reporting practice, but the application is limited to large companies on “apply and report” approach. This practice is voluntary to other types of companies, which diminishes the importance of sustainability reporting and gives rise to doubt about its efficiency in addressing sustainability in the long term. The current framework for sustainability reporting cannot be considered satisfactory, given the significance of sustainable development to the Malaysian economy and society, due to a lack of appropriate legal obligations. Originality/value This study is presently amongst the available legal literature on sustainability reporting practice in Malaysia, adding to its originality. This paper hopes to stimulate discussion among academicians on incorporating sustainability principles in the Companies Act 2016 and expanding directors’ duties.
{"title":"Addressing sustainability challenges as part of director’s duty in Malaysia","authors":"Nurul Jannah Mustafa Khan, Hasani Mohd Ali, Hazlina Shaik Md Noor Alam","doi":"10.1108/ijlma-03-2023-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-03-2023-0044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The development of successful Sustainable Development Goals realization cannot be divorced from regulations governing sustainability information. Therefore, limited research on the regulatory environment regarding sustainability reporting in the Malaysian context requires further examination to ascertain the current framework. This study aims to critically assess the Malaysian Companies Act 2016 and Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance (MCCG) to examine the regulatory environment regarding the sustainability reporting framework. The examination is done to determine the extent of support provided under the Malaysian regulatory environment for the said practice.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000A doctrinal methodology that relies on the extant literature, statutory instruments and case laws complemented by content analysis is adopted to explore the current regulatory environment regarding sustainability reporting.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The findings indicate that the Companies Act 2016 has already paved the way for the integration of corporate sustainability through the Business Review Report (BRR). However, the application is voluntary and hence could lead to inconsistent implementation. The MCCG has introduced the integrated reporting practice, but the application is limited to large companies on “apply and report” approach. This practice is voluntary to other types of companies, which diminishes the importance of sustainability reporting and gives rise to doubt about its efficiency in addressing sustainability in the long term. The current framework for sustainability reporting cannot be considered satisfactory, given the significance of sustainable development to the Malaysian economy and society, due to a lack of appropriate legal obligations.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study is presently amongst the available legal literature on sustainability reporting practice in Malaysia, adding to its originality. This paper hopes to stimulate discussion among academicians on incorporating sustainability principles in the Companies Act 2016 and expanding directors’ duties.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46125,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45911301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.1108/ijlma-06-2023-0145
A. Beebeejaun
Purpose Numerous policies are established in Mauritius to attract foreign direct investment, but at the same time, severe concerns were raised concerning the erosion of Mauritian tax base, which is witnessed by the decrease in the percentage of tax revenue to gross domestic product in recent years. To avoid these issues, in 2019, the Mauritian legislator has domesticated the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) BEPS 2013 Action 3 on controlled foreign company (CFC) in its income tax legislation. As such, the purpose of this study is to critically assess the implications of CFC rules of Mauritius to reduce tax avoidance in the light of international tax competition. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the research objective, this study will adopt a black letter approach by analysing the rules and regulations of various jurisdiction as well as international standards on CFCs and other tax avoidance legal provisions. A comparative analysis will be conducted between Mauritian laws on CFCs and the corresponding legislation of the UK and the USA, which are selected to assess the developed world’s position on strict CFC rules. Findings A hasty implementation of CFC rules leads to various complexities like interpretation issues and diminishing the competitiveness of the country to multinationals. In this respect, there is the risk of a trade-off between tax collected and foreign direct investment in the country. Consequently, the research recommends that Mauritius reforms its CFC legislation by extending the scope of tax exemptions for intra-group financing income, for the first year of CFC’s operation with the possibility of offsetting foreign taxes and for the Mauritius Revenue Authority to establish detailed guidelines on the determination of CFC income and its attribution for tax purposes in Mauritius. Originality/value Existing literature has to a great extent focused on the role of CFC rules as a tax avoidance measure and on the divergence or convergence between domestic CFC legislation against the OECD recommendations (Dourado, 2015; Xu, 2018; Beebeejaun et al., 2023). However, limited literature is available on the evaluation of the purpose of CFC rules enacted by a developing country being Mauritius in the context of the global competitive market, to which this research aims at filling the gap.
{"title":"An analysis of controlled foreign company (CFC) rules of Mauritius; a comparative study with the UK and US","authors":"A. Beebeejaun","doi":"10.1108/ijlma-06-2023-0145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-06-2023-0145","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose\u0000Numerous policies are established in Mauritius to attract foreign direct investment, but at the same time, severe concerns were raised concerning the erosion of Mauritian tax base, which is witnessed by the decrease in the percentage of tax revenue to gross domestic product in recent years. To avoid these issues, in 2019, the Mauritian legislator has domesticated the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) BEPS 2013 Action 3 on controlled foreign company (CFC) in its income tax legislation. As such, the purpose of this study is to critically assess the implications of CFC rules of Mauritius to reduce tax avoidance in the light of international tax competition.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000To achieve the research objective, this study will adopt a black letter approach by analysing the rules and regulations of various jurisdiction as well as international standards on CFCs and other tax avoidance legal provisions. A comparative analysis will be conducted between Mauritian laws on CFCs and the corresponding legislation of the UK and the USA, which are selected to assess the developed world’s position on strict CFC rules.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000A hasty implementation of CFC rules leads to various complexities like interpretation issues and diminishing the competitiveness of the country to multinationals. In this respect, there is the risk of a trade-off between tax collected and foreign direct investment in the country. Consequently, the research recommends that Mauritius reforms its CFC legislation by extending the scope of tax exemptions for intra-group financing income, for the first year of CFC’s operation with the possibility of offsetting foreign taxes and for the Mauritius Revenue Authority to establish detailed guidelines on the determination of CFC income and its attribution for tax purposes in Mauritius.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Existing literature has to a great extent focused on the role of CFC rules as a tax avoidance measure and on the divergence or convergence between domestic CFC legislation against the OECD recommendations (Dourado, 2015; Xu, 2018; Beebeejaun et al., 2023). However, limited literature is available on the evaluation of the purpose of CFC rules enacted by a developing country being Mauritius in the context of the global competitive market, to which this research aims at filling the gap.","PeriodicalId":46125,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47576750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-14DOI: 10.1108/ijlma-01-2023-0016
Tif Said Suhail Al Mazroui, M. M. Thottoli, Maathir Mohammed Saud Al Alawi, Noor Talal Hamed Al Shukaili, Duaa Suleiman Amur Al Hoqani
Purpose This study aims to compare recent topics on value-added tax (VAT) in the European Union (EU) and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), understand the differences in VAT discourses between the two regions and explore the connection between research agendas, institutional legacies and semantic output in the field of VAT in each territory. Design/methodology/approach A bibliometric study was conducted using R programming. The data were gathered from the Scopus database, which contains 99 English-language publications with publication dates ranging from 1996 to 2022 (87 of which are from the EU and 12 from the GCC). Information about publications, journals, authors and citations is gathered, validated, cross-referenced and analyzed using bibliometric metrics. Findings The results highlight two ideal research contexts for studying VAT: the EU countries approach VAT research with a centralized, pluralistic and quantitative focus, while the GCC countries adopt a centralized, qualitative and practically oriented approach, highlighting distinct research goals, collaboration styles and institutional legacies. The authors extend their result findings to broader discussions on competing knowledge systems in VAT, the significance of the state and the level of autonomy within tax governance after identifying the most popular issues among scholars working in GCC and EU countries. Research limitations/implications Although the focus of this analysis is restricted to the GCC and EU, it includes theoretical recommendations for broadening its application to other nations. Researchers from the GCC and the EU may benefit from this study by gaining more about VAT and being encouraged to share their research with young researchers. The study’s findings are relevant and important for comprehending the comparative state of research on VAT in GCC and EU countries, tax fields, publications and institutions. Originality/value This study analyzes the VAT systems of the GCC and the EU while identifying the intellectual structure of the field from each author’s point of view, revealing the scientometrics and informetrics intellectual structures in detail.
{"title":"Bibliometric analysis of value-added tax research: a comparative study between European Union and Gulf Cooperation Council countries","authors":"Tif Said Suhail Al Mazroui, M. M. Thottoli, Maathir Mohammed Saud Al Alawi, Noor Talal Hamed Al Shukaili, Duaa Suleiman Amur Al Hoqani","doi":"10.1108/ijlma-01-2023-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-01-2023-0016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to compare recent topics on value-added tax (VAT) in the European Union (EU) and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), understand the differences in VAT discourses between the two regions and explore the connection between research agendas, institutional legacies and semantic output in the field of VAT in each territory.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000A bibliometric study was conducted using R programming. The data were gathered from the Scopus database, which contains 99 English-language publications with publication dates ranging from 1996 to 2022 (87 of which are from the EU and 12 from the GCC). Information about publications, journals, authors and citations is gathered, validated, cross-referenced and analyzed using bibliometric metrics.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The results highlight two ideal research contexts for studying VAT: the EU countries approach VAT research with a centralized, pluralistic and quantitative focus, while the GCC countries adopt a centralized, qualitative and practically oriented approach, highlighting distinct research goals, collaboration styles and institutional legacies. The authors extend their result findings to broader discussions on competing knowledge systems in VAT, the significance of the state and the level of autonomy within tax governance after identifying the most popular issues among scholars working in GCC and EU countries.\u0000\u0000\u0000Research limitations/implications\u0000Although the focus of this analysis is restricted to the GCC and EU, it includes theoretical recommendations for broadening its application to other nations. Researchers from the GCC and the EU may benefit from this study by gaining more about VAT and being encouraged to share their research with young researchers. The study’s findings are relevant and important for comprehending the comparative state of research on VAT in GCC and EU countries, tax fields, publications and institutions.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study analyzes the VAT systems of the GCC and the EU while identifying the intellectual structure of the field from each author’s point of view, revealing the scientometrics and informetrics intellectual structures in detail.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46125,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47812545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.1108/ijlma-03-2023-0042
Jawahitha Sarabdeen
Purpose The Regulatory Technology (RegTech) is said to be the use of information technology for regulatory monitoring, reporting and compliance. It is used to solve regulatory and compliance issues more effectively and efficiently. Regulators with the digitization of regulation and datafication of processes would get empowered to manage volumes of data. RegTech would assist them in understanding innovative products, transactions, risks, reporting and any market manipulation activities in real time. For successful use of RegTech, the regulatory framework of a country should be comprehensive to address issues that may arise in the use of RegTech. Thus, the purpose of this article is to analyze the adequacy of the Saudi Arabian legal framework to address RegTech adoption. Design/methodology/approach The researcher using logical analysis method analyzed the available laws and interpreted the law to see the applicability and the adequacy of laws to regulate the use of RegTech in Saudi Arabia. The content analysis was also used in this research to analyze the literature. This analysis helped to explain the available literature on the research topic and its relevancy and the gap in literature. Findings The analysis using the logical and content methodologies shows that Saudi Arabia has general law to address some of the issues that might arise in the adoption of RegTech. Nonetheless, amending some of the existing laws or introducing guidelines could help better uplift of RegTech and similar technologies in Saudi Arabia. Originality/value As businesses and regulatory authorities embrace technology for better and efficient delivery of services and products in Saudi Arabia, the research is timely to analyze the adequacy of the laws in Saudi Arabia for adoption of RegTech. In the use of RegTech, issues related to privacy, due diligence, accountability and transparency could arise, however, there is a dearth of literature in these areas relating to technology adoption.
{"title":"Laws on regulatory technology (RegTech) in Saudi Arabia: are they adequate?","authors":"Jawahitha Sarabdeen","doi":"10.1108/ijlma-03-2023-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-03-2023-0042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The Regulatory Technology (RegTech) is said to be the use of information technology for regulatory monitoring, reporting and compliance. It is used to solve regulatory and compliance issues more effectively and efficiently. Regulators with the digitization of regulation and datafication of processes would get empowered to manage volumes of data. RegTech would assist them in understanding innovative products, transactions, risks, reporting and any market manipulation activities in real time. For successful use of RegTech, the regulatory framework of a country should be comprehensive to address issues that may arise in the use of RegTech. Thus, the purpose of this article is to analyze the adequacy of the Saudi Arabian legal framework to address RegTech adoption.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The researcher using logical analysis method analyzed the available laws and interpreted the law to see the applicability and the adequacy of laws to regulate the use of RegTech in Saudi Arabia. The content analysis was also used in this research to analyze the literature. This analysis helped to explain the available literature on the research topic and its relevancy and the gap in literature.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The analysis using the logical and content methodologies shows that Saudi Arabia has general law to address some of the issues that might arise in the adoption of RegTech. Nonetheless, amending some of the existing laws or introducing guidelines could help better uplift of RegTech and similar technologies in Saudi Arabia.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000As businesses and regulatory authorities embrace technology for better and efficient delivery of services and products in Saudi Arabia, the research is timely to analyze the adequacy of the laws in Saudi Arabia for adoption of RegTech. In the use of RegTech, issues related to privacy, due diligence, accountability and transparency could arise, however, there is a dearth of literature in these areas relating to technology adoption.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46125,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62704462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-19DOI: 10.1108/ijlma-02-2023-0022
Jorge Xavier, W. Picoto
Purpose Regulatory initiatives and related technological shifts have been imposing restrictions on data-driven marketing (DDM) practices. This paper aims to find the main restrictions for DDM and the key management theories applied to investigate the consequences of these restrictions. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a unified bibliometric analysis with 104 publications retrieved from both Scopus and Web of Science, followed by a qualitative, in-depth systematic literature review to identify the management theories in literature and inform a research agenda. Findings The fragmentation of the research outcomes was overcome by the identification of 3 main clusters and 11 management theories that structured 18 questions for future research. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper sets for the first time a frontier between almost three decades where DDM evolved with no significative restrictions, grounded on innovations and market autoregulation, and an era where data privacy, anti-trust and competition and data sovereignty regulations converge to impose structural changes, requiring scholars and practitioners to rethink the roles of data at the strategic level of the firm.
目的监管举措和相关技术变革一直在对数据驱动营销（DDM）实践施加限制。本文旨在找出DDM的主要限制，以及应用于研究这些限制后果的关键管理理论。设计/方法论/方法作者对Scopus和Web of Science检索到的104篇出版物进行了统一的文献计量分析，然后进行了定性、深入的系统文献综述，以确定文献中的管理理论并为研究议程提供信息。发现通过确定3个主要集群和11个管理理论，为未来的研究构建了18个问题，克服了研究结果的碎片化。独创性/价值据作者所知，本文首次在近三十年的DDM发展过程中，以创新和市场自律为基础，没有任何有意义的限制，而在数据隐私、反垄断、竞争和数据主权法规融合，实施结构性变革的时代，要求学者和从业者重新思考数据在企业战略层面的作用。
{"title":"Regulation of data-driven marketing and management theory: bibliometric analysis, systematic literature review and research agenda","authors":"Jorge Xavier, W. Picoto","doi":"10.1108/ijlma-02-2023-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-02-2023-0022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Regulatory initiatives and related technological shifts have been imposing restrictions on data-driven marketing (DDM) practices. This paper aims to find the main restrictions for DDM and the key management theories applied to investigate the consequences of these restrictions.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The authors conducted a unified bibliometric analysis with 104 publications retrieved from both Scopus and Web of Science, followed by a qualitative, in-depth systematic literature review to identify the management theories in literature and inform a research agenda.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The fragmentation of the research outcomes was overcome by the identification of 3 main clusters and 11 management theories that structured 18 questions for future research.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper sets for the first time a frontier between almost three decades where DDM evolved with no significative restrictions, grounded on innovations and market autoregulation, and an era where data privacy, anti-trust and competition and data sovereignty regulations converge to impose structural changes, requiring scholars and practitioners to rethink the roles of data at the strategic level of the firm.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46125,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Law and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45189975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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