Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-9583446
Kelly Baker Josephs
Abstract:This essay is part of a special section on Edward Kamau Brathwaite’s 1975 essay “Caribbean Man in Space and Time” (reprinted in the issue), briefly tracing the dis- semination history of Brathwaite’s essay, then focusing on two main lines of argument in it to explore their significance for current practices and possibilities in Caribbean studies. Using three contemporary digital projects as examples, the author elaborates on the potential affordances and limitations of digital platforms and technologies as (in Brathwaite’s terms) “agents of change,” while arguing the case for “how the digital allows us to think the Caribbean differently.”
摘要:本文是Edward Kamau Brathwaite 1975年发表的论文《时空中的加勒比人》(Caribbean Man in Space and Time)的专题部分，简要追溯了Brathwaite论文的传播历史，然后重点关注其中的两条主要论点，探讨它们对当前加勒比研究实践和可能性的意义。作者以三个当代数字项目为例，详细阐述了数字平台和技术作为(用Brathwaite的话说)“变革推动者”的潜在优势和局限性，同时论证了“数字如何让我们以不同的方式思考加勒比海”。
{"title":"Caribbean Studies in Digital Space and Time","authors":"Kelly Baker Josephs","doi":"10.1215/07990537-9583446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9583446","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay is part of a special section on Edward Kamau Brathwaite’s 1975 essay “Caribbean Man in Space and Time” (reprinted in the issue), briefly tracing the dis- semination history of Brathwaite’s essay, then focusing on two main lines of argument in it to explore their significance for current practices and possibilities in Caribbean studies. Using three contemporary digital projects as examples, the author elaborates on the potential affordances and limitations of digital platforms and technologies as (in Brathwaite’s terms) “agents of change,” while arguing the case for “how the digital allows us to think the Caribbean differently.”","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"21 1","pages":"105 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90049990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-9583460
Rinaldo Walcott
Abstract:This essay suggests that Caribbean studies and Black studies might be constituted as twins, arguing that Blackness and Black people are the foundational instituted terms of both studies. This argument is based in the author’s reading of the anglophone Caribbean and draws on Kamau Brathwaite’s insights of how a psycho-poetics of thought shapes Caribbeanness.
{"title":"“Inner Plantation”: Caribbean Studies, Black Studies, and a Black Theory of Freedom","authors":"Rinaldo Walcott","doi":"10.1215/07990537-9583460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9583460","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay suggests that Caribbean studies and Black studies might be constituted as twins, arguing that Blackness and Black people are the foundational instituted terms of both studies. This argument is based in the author’s reading of the anglophone Caribbean and draws on Kamau Brathwaite’s insights of how a psycho-poetics of thought shapes Caribbeanness.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"9 1","pages":"116 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81810291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-9583572
Jhon Picard Byron
Abstract:La nation est au cœur des débats de l’école haïtienne d’anthropologie/ethnologie. Malgré les désaccords autour de la question nationale animant les tenants de cette école, une certaine historiographie, inspirée par les lectures des postcolonial studies et des Africana studies, reprenant à leur compte le corpus de la négritude, met en avant, en son sein, une communauté de vue sur l’Afrique. Partant de ce constat et pour illustrer les changements intervenus, en Haïti, dans les représentations de l’Afrique, cet cet essai critique de There Is No More Haiti: Between Life and Death in Port-au-Prince (2019) par Greg Beckett revient sur le hiatus entre les pensées de Joseph Anténor Firmin et de Jean Price-Mars, deux grandes figures de l’école haïtienne d’anthropologie/ethnologie. Se dévoilent ainsi l’évolution lente puis la brusque mutation qui, des années 1910 aux années 1950, accompagnent l’image d’une « Afrique » articulée à différents paradigmes.
摘要:国家是海地人类学/民族学学派辩论的核心。尽管在民族问题上的分歧背后的支持者,这个学校一定的史学读物所启发的后殖民研究和Africana studies,自行接管黑人文化的主体,突出了在其内部,一个俯瞰非洲共同体。到这一点并为了说明所发生的变化,在海地,在非洲,这个临界试验演出的辛苦,No More“海地:太子Between生命与死亡》(2019年)由Greg Beckett思念之间脱节的问题实际上是Joseph Jean Price-Mars Anténor菲尔曼和海地两学派的重要人物,人类学/民族学。从1910年到1950年，随着“非洲”的形象与不同的范式相联系，缓慢的演变和突然的变化被揭示出来。
{"title":"Représentations de l’Afrique dans l’imaginaire haïtien au vingtième siècle","authors":"Jhon Picard Byron","doi":"10.1215/07990537-9583572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9583572","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:La nation est au cœur des débats de l’école haïtienne d’anthropologie/ethnologie. Malgré les désaccords autour de la question nationale animant les tenants de cette école, une certaine historiographie, inspirée par les lectures des postcolonial studies et des Africana studies, reprenant à leur compte le corpus de la négritude, met en avant, en son sein, une communauté de vue sur l’Afrique. Partant de ce constat et pour illustrer les changements intervenus, en Haïti, dans les représentations de l’Afrique, cet cet essai critique de There Is No More Haiti: Between Life and Death in Port-au-Prince (2019) par Greg Beckett revient sur le hiatus entre les pensées de Joseph Anténor Firmin et de Jean Price-Mars, deux grandes figures de l’école haïtienne d’anthropologie/ethnologie. Se dévoilent ainsi l’évolution lente puis la brusque mutation qui, des années 1910 aux années 1950, accompagnent l’image d’une « Afrique » articulée à différents paradigmes.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"47 1","pages":"199 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80956212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-9583474
N. Edwards
Abstract:This essay reads Kamau Brathwaite’s seminal 1975 essay “Caribbean Man in Space and Time” in terms of its rhetorical politics. Conceptually, the essay’s hybrid and heterogeneous discourses and registers are theorized in terms drawn from Clifford Geertz, Leah Rosenberg, and Mandy Bloomfield. Brathwaite’s style effectively instantiates “Caribbean Man” as an exemplary model of the practice of Caribbean studies. The essay is posited as a palimpsestic text, haunted by Brathwaite’s prior creative and critical texts as well as the work of other Caribbean writers and intellectuals and animated by metaphors of creolization that derive from the archipelago’s geology, geography, and history. Ultimately, “Caribbean Man,” while immured in the nationalist sensibility of the 1970s, eschews a reductive nationalist politics for a more expansive notion of nation and community akin to Wilson Harris’s shamanic espousal of Indigenous and ancestral presences in the Caribbean imaginary.
{"title":"The Politics of Style in “Caribbean Man in Space and Time”","authors":"N. Edwards","doi":"10.1215/07990537-9583474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9583474","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay reads Kamau Brathwaite’s seminal 1975 essay “Caribbean Man in Space and Time” in terms of its rhetorical politics. Conceptually, the essay’s hybrid and heterogeneous discourses and registers are theorized in terms drawn from Clifford Geertz, Leah Rosenberg, and Mandy Bloomfield. Brathwaite’s style effectively instantiates “Caribbean Man” as an exemplary model of the practice of Caribbean studies. The essay is posited as a palimpsestic text, haunted by Brathwaite’s prior creative and critical texts as well as the work of other Caribbean writers and intellectuals and animated by metaphors of creolization that derive from the archipelago’s geology, geography, and history. Ultimately, “Caribbean Man,” while immured in the nationalist sensibility of the 1970s, eschews a reductive nationalist politics for a more expansive notion of nation and community akin to Wilson Harris’s shamanic espousal of Indigenous and ancestral presences in the Caribbean imaginary.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"12 1","pages":"127 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77739719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-9583558
Nadège T. Clitandre
Abstract:Examining Greg Beckett’s 2019 There Is No More Haiti: Between Life and Death in Port-au-Prince, this critical essay explores the notion of radical hope in the midst of tragedy and crisis in Haiti. It attempts to reframe the idea of hope from the perspective of a Haitian American who studies Haiti through the lens of literary texts and within a global analysis, arguing that Beckett’s book is more than an anthropological study of crisis; it is an act of memorializing the various ways a generation reflects on the idea of hope. The author’s reading of There Is No More Haiti calls for more critical studies on what Haitians can teach us about the importance of hope in times of disaster, about the understanding of hope as a pervasive feeling.
{"title":"Notes on Radical Hope; or, The Ethical Turn in Anthropology","authors":"Nadège T. Clitandre","doi":"10.1215/07990537-9583558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9583558","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Examining Greg Beckett’s 2019 There Is No More Haiti: Between Life and Death in Port-au-Prince, this critical essay explores the notion of radical hope in the midst of tragedy and crisis in Haiti. It attempts to reframe the idea of hope from the perspective of a Haitian American who studies Haiti through the lens of literary texts and within a global analysis, arguing that Beckett’s book is more than an anthropological study of crisis; it is an act of memorializing the various ways a generation reflects on the idea of hope. The author’s reading of There Is No More Haiti calls for more critical studies on what Haitians can teach us about the importance of hope in times of disaster, about the understanding of hope as a pervasive feeling.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"23 1","pages":"186 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85578217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-9583418
G. de Ferrari
Abstract:Inspired by the enigmatic phrase “Le poème tué” (the murdered poem) that the author saw written on the walls of Port-au-Prince, this essay explores street art in Port-au-Prince as staging a public debate about different ways of approaching a life of precarity and crisis. It analyzes “Le poème tué” graffiti by young Haitian poet Ricardo Boucher, along with murals by Jerry (Jerry Rosembert Moïse) and Francisco Silva, political graffiti about the PetroCaribe corruption scandal, and the writing and artwork on tap-tap buses, as emergent affects and ideologies about the art of flourishing “in spite of all.” In a succession of accidental encounters, the author claims, passersby find in the public city competing ideas about how to negotiate unlivable circumstances through moral character, the building of community, or revolution.
摘要:本文的灵感来自于作者在太子港看到的写在墙上的神秘短语“Le pome tu”(被谋杀的诗)，本文探讨了太子港的街头艺术，作为一场关于接近不稳定和危机生活的不同方式的公共辩论。它分析了海地年轻诗人里卡多·布歇(Ricardo Boucher)的涂鸦“Le po me tu”、杰里(Jerry Rosembert Moïse)和弗朗西斯科·席尔瓦(Francisco Silva)的壁画、关于加勒比石油公司(PetroCaribe)腐败丑闻的政治涂鸦，以及公交车上的文字和艺术品，这些都是关于“尽管如此”蓬勃发展的艺术的新兴影响和意识形态。作者声称，在一连串的意外遭遇中，路人在公共城市中发现了关于如何通过道德品质、社区建设或革命来应对不适宜居住的环境的相互竞争的想法。
{"title":"The Clandestine Philosophy of Graffiti in Port-au-Prince","authors":"G. de Ferrari","doi":"10.1215/07990537-9583418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9583418","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Inspired by the enigmatic phrase “Le poème tué” (the murdered poem) that the author saw written on the walls of Port-au-Prince, this essay explores street art in Port-au-Prince as staging a public debate about different ways of approaching a life of precarity and crisis. It analyzes “Le poème tué” graffiti by young Haitian poet Ricardo Boucher, along with murals by Jerry (Jerry Rosembert Moïse) and Francisco Silva, political graffiti about the PetroCaribe corruption scandal, and the writing and artwork on tap-tap buses, as emergent affects and ideologies about the art of flourishing “in spite of all.” In a succession of accidental encounters, the author claims, passersby find in the public city competing ideas about how to negotiate unlivable circumstances through moral character, the building of community, or revolution.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"6 1","pages":"63 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84776584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-9384286
D. S. Benson
Abstract:This essay recovers the history of 1960s and 1970s black movements in Cuba through an examination of works by Afro-Cuban intellectuals and their meetings with Caribbean thinkers to show the coexistence of mestizaje and black consciousness as a defining, but overlooked, feature of black activism in Cuba. While the existing literature locates black consciousness in the English- and French-speaking Caribbean, this essay highlights how Afro-Cubans in Spanish-speaking countries were not only aware of but also adapted Caribbean ideologies to local circumstances. Using oral histories, cultural productions, and meetings between Caribbean intellectuals, this examination of Afro-Cuban activism reframes the period leading up to Nancy Morejón's 1982 Nación y mestizaje en Nicolás Guillén to show that the poet was one of many artists-activists who resurrected black history, revalued African culture and black identity, and promoted Caribbean black consciousness in Cuba despite state attempts at censorship. For Morejón that meant offering a definition of mestizaje that goes through and coexists with black consciousness.
摘要:本文通过考察非裔古巴知识分子的作品以及他们与加勒比思想家的会面，追溯了20世纪60年代和70年代古巴黑人运动的历史，以展示梅斯蒂扎伊人和黑人意识的共存是古巴黑人运动的一个决定性特征，但却被忽视了。虽然现有文献将黑人意识定位于英语和法语加勒比海地区，但本文强调了西班牙语国家的非裔古巴人如何不仅意识到加勒比意识形态，而且还将其适应当地环境。通过口述历史、文化作品和加勒比知识分子之间的会面，本文对古巴黑人激进主义的考察重新梳理了直至Nancy Morejón 1982年Nación y mestizaje en Nicolás guillacimen之前的那段时期，以表明这位诗人是众多艺术家兼激进主义者中的一员，他们复活了黑人历史，重新评价了非洲文化和黑人身份，并在古巴推动了加勒比黑人意识，尽管国家试图进行审查。对于Morejón来说，这意味着提供一个mestizaje的定义，这个定义贯穿并与黑人意识共存。
{"title":"Redefining Mestizaje: How Trans-Caribbean Exchanges Solidified Black Consciousness in Cuba","authors":"D. S. Benson","doi":"10.1215/07990537-9384286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9384286","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay recovers the history of 1960s and 1970s black movements in Cuba through an examination of works by Afro-Cuban intellectuals and their meetings with Caribbean thinkers to show the coexistence of mestizaje and black consciousness as a defining, but overlooked, feature of black activism in Cuba. While the existing literature locates black consciousness in the English- and French-speaking Caribbean, this essay highlights how Afro-Cubans in Spanish-speaking countries were not only aware of but also adapted Caribbean ideologies to local circumstances. Using oral histories, cultural productions, and meetings between Caribbean intellectuals, this examination of Afro-Cuban activism reframes the period leading up to Nancy Morejón's 1982 Nación y mestizaje en Nicolás Guillén to show that the poet was one of many artists-activists who resurrected black history, revalued African culture and black identity, and promoted Caribbean black consciousness in Cuba despite state attempts at censorship. For Morejón that meant offering a definition of mestizaje that goes through and coexists with black consciousness.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"83 1","pages":"108 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88107581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-9384388
R. Chetty
Abstract:This review essay engages with Aaron Kamugisha's 2019 Beyond Coloniality: Citizenship and Freedom in the Caribbean Intellectual Tradition by focusing on its methodological commitment to seeking Caribbean answers to Caribbean political and social problems. The author argues that Kamugisha powerfully offers something other than a methodology through which the circulation of Caribbean geographies, politics, epistemologies, and its people's lived experiences moves outward to provide analytical and conceptual service for metropolitan centers, even if for ostensibly decolonial purposes. The essay demonstrates how by turning to two of the Caribbean's major thinkers, C. L. R. James and Sylvia Wynter, and their far-less-studied Caribbean writings, Kamugisha takes seriously the centering of Caribbean thinkers in their own histories of political becoming. The essay ends with sustained focus on Kamugisha's elaboration of two of Wynter's conceptualizations: indigenization as an alternative to creolization and abduction as a kind of theorizing out from Caribbean reasonings.
{"title":"Abduction and the Grounds of Caribbean Reasoning","authors":"R. Chetty","doi":"10.1215/07990537-9384388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9384388","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This review essay engages with Aaron Kamugisha's 2019 Beyond Coloniality: Citizenship and Freedom in the Caribbean Intellectual Tradition by focusing on its methodological commitment to seeking Caribbean answers to Caribbean political and social problems. The author argues that Kamugisha powerfully offers something other than a methodology through which the circulation of Caribbean geographies, politics, epistemologies, and its people's lived experiences moves outward to provide analytical and conceptual service for metropolitan centers, even if for ostensibly decolonial purposes. The essay demonstrates how by turning to two of the Caribbean's major thinkers, C. L. R. James and Sylvia Wynter, and their far-less-studied Caribbean writings, Kamugisha takes seriously the centering of Caribbean thinkers in their own histories of political becoming. The essay ends with sustained focus on Kamugisha's elaboration of two of Wynter's conceptualizations: indigenization as an alternative to creolization and abduction as a kind of theorizing out from Caribbean reasonings.","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"159 1","pages":"182 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74877853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1215/07990537-9384328
Vanessa Pérez-Rosario, Nancy Morejón
Abstract:In this interview, Cuban poet Nancy Morejón talks about her early work, her involvement with Ediciones El Puente, her poetry publishing hiatus from 1967 to 1979, and her literary criticism on the work of Nicolás Guillén. (In Spanish; an English translation is available online)
{"title":"Mas yo resto: Entrevista con Nancy Morejón","authors":"Vanessa Pérez-Rosario, Nancy Morejón","doi":"10.1215/07990537-9384328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-9384328","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In this interview, Cuban poet Nancy Morejón talks about her early work, her involvement with Ediciones El Puente, her poetry publishing hiatus from 1967 to 1979, and her literary criticism on the work of Nicolás Guillén. (In Spanish; an English translation is available online)","PeriodicalId":46163,"journal":{"name":"Small Axe","volume":"21 1","pages":"142 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81650057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：