European Journal of Risk Regulation最新文献

英文中文

Democratising Food Safety: Why We Need to Look Beyond Government Regulation and Provide a Citizen Right of Action 食品安全民主化：为什么我们需要超越政府监管，提供公民行动权？

IF 2.9 Q1 LAW

European Journal of Risk Regulation

Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.41

Neal David Fortin

Imperfect information on food safety and risk has created a system with less safety than the public wants. Consumers cannot pay for the level of safety they desire. Tort under-compensates for foodborne illness due to difficulty proving causation. When market controls are ineffective at producing the level of safety desired by consumers, the classic approach is government regulation. However, government regulators face challenges that impede the translation of scientific knowledge into regulatory controls. This often results in an equilibrium of private interests and bureaucratic interests rather than the public interest. To restore republican deliberation on food safety we need greater citizen involvement in the decision-making. Access to the courts is an effective means for citizens to participate directly in the decisions affecting food safety; thus, a private cause of action to our national food safety laws is proposed.

有关食品安全和风险的信息不完善，导致系统的安全性低于公众的期望。消费者无法为他们想要的安全水平买单。由于难以证明因果关系，侵权行为对食源性疾病的补偿不足。当市场控制不能有效地产生消费者所期望的安全水平时，典型的方法就是政府监管。然而，政府监管者面临的挑战阻碍了将科学知识转化为监管措施。这往往导致私人利益和官僚利益的平衡，而不是公众利益的平衡。为了恢复共和国对食品安全的审议，我们需要公民更多地参与决策。诉诸法院是公民直接参与影响食品安全决策的有效手段；因此，我们建议在国家食品安全法中加入私人诉讼理由。

引用次数: 0

Rethinking Consumer Empowerment: New Directions for Sustainable Food Law in an Era of EU Discontent 反思消费者赋权：欧盟不满时代可持续食品法的新方向

IF 2.9 Q1 LAW

European Journal of Risk Regulation

Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.42

Vincent Delhomme

EU food law is built on two paradigms – food safety and consumer choice. Consumers should have access to any food they like, provided that it is safe for consumption and that consumers are made aware of the products’ characteristics through adequate information. Growing emphasis on sustainability has not challenged these foundations. On the contrary, the law is intended as a tool to further empower consumers to make a healthy and environmentally responsible choice. However, it will be argued that this information centric approach is no longer a tenable position. The regulatory solutions characteristic of the consumer empowerment logic are of limited effectiveness and do not challenge the biggest obstacles to the sustainable transition of food systems – the commodification of food and the lack of regulation of the food environment. This contribution sketches out some far-reaching yet realistic food law reforms to genuinely address sustainability issues. Mindful of the special status of food and the growing discontent towards the EU and the green transition, this contribution also argues for some changes in the making and design of EU food law, leading towards greater involvement of citizens and local communities, and, ultimately, for truer empowerment of individuals.

欧盟食品法建立在两个范例之上--食品安全和消费者选择。消费者应该能够获得他们喜欢的任何食品，前提是这些食品可以安全食用，而且消费者能够通过充分的信息了解产品的特性。对可持续性的日益重视并没有挑战这些基础。恰恰相反，该法律旨在作为一种工具，进一步增强消费者的能力，让他们做出健康和对环境负责任的选择。然而，有观点认为，这种以信息为中心的方法已经站不住脚了。以消费者赋权逻辑为特征的监管解决方案效果有限，无法挑战食品系统可持续转型的最大障碍--食品商品化和食品环境缺乏监管。本文概述了一些意义深远而又切合实际的食品法改革，以真正解决可持续性问题。考虑到食品的特殊地位以及人们对欧盟和绿色转型日益增长的不满情绪，本文还主张对欧盟食品法的制定和设计进行一些改革，让公民和当地社区更多地参与进来，最终真正实现个人赋权。

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引用次数: 0

The DMA’s Consent Moment and its Relationship with the GDPR DMA 的 "同意时刻 "及其与 GDPR 的关系

IF 2.9 Q1 LAW

European Journal of Risk Regulation

Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.38

Alessia S. D’Amico

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) is designed to ensure fair and contestable digital markets. With one of the key sources of market power of big tech being data, it is not surprising that it is the subject matter of a number of DMA provisions. Article 5(2) prohibits gatekeepers from engaging in forms of accumulation and cross-use of personal data, unless they receive users’ consent, defined by reference to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

Consent as defined by the GDPR suffers from a number of shortcomings, among other things, relating to whether consent can be truly freely given. The DMA tries to address some of the shortcomings by formulating a version of consent that seemingly goes beyond the GDPR. While a new version of consent may ensure greater effectiveness, it raises questions concerning the interaction and compatibility with the GDPR.

To shed light on this issue, the paper discusses the role and meaning of consent in the DMA vis-à-vis the GDPR and explores how to interpret consent under both the DMA and GDPR in a manner that is consistent with each other and that accounts for the characteristics of digital markets.

数字市场法》（DMA）旨在确保公平竞争的数字市场。数据是大型科技公司市场力量的重要来源之一，因此成为《数字市场法》多项条款的主题也就不足为奇了。第 5(2)条禁止守门人以各种形式积累和交叉使用个人数据，除非他们获得用户的同意，其定义参照《一般数据保护条例》（GDPR）。DMA 试图通过制定一个似乎超越 GDPR 的同意版本来解决其中的一些缺陷。为了阐明这一问题，本文讨论了 DMA 中的 "同意 "与 GDPR 中的 "同意 "的作用和含义，并探讨了如何以相互一致的方式解释 DMA 和 GDPR 中的 "同意"，同时考虑到数字市场的特点。

引用次数: 0

The Rule of Law: A Core Premise for the Effectiveness of International Environmental Law 法治：国际环境法有效性的核心前提

IF 2.9 Q1 LAW

European Journal of Risk Regulation

Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.16

Nicolas de Sadeleer

International environmental law rarely refers to the rule of law. However, in fostering inter-state cooperation, international environmental agreements oblige parties to prohibit, restrict or control various activities that are harmful to the environment. The application of these constraints at the national level requires the rule of law to be taken into account.

国际环境法很少提及法治。然而，在促进国家间合作方面，国际环境协定规定缔约方有义务禁止、限制或控制各种有害环境的活动。在国家层面实施这些限制，需要考虑到法治。

引用次数: 0

The Member States in the EU Food System: National Regulatory Options for Sustainable Food Offer, Food Consumption and Food Environments 欧盟食品体系中的成员国：可持续食品供应、食品消费和食品环境的国家监管方案

IF 2.9 Q1 LAW

European Journal of Risk Regulation

Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.36

Hanna Schebesta

The Framework for Sustainable Food Systems law will either not be published at all or after a long delay. Whereas the first part of the article constructs an empirical and theoretical underpinning about why the EU Member States should therefore act on food sustainability, the second part focuses on what legal measures Member States can take. In the first part, leaning on food systems thinking, we argue that in the absence of EU action in the matter, the Member States remain the most potent lever for taking regulatory action on addressing sustainability in the food system. In the second part, the article provides an exploratory study of potential national legal instruments for making domestic food systems more sustainable, with an emphasis on the regulation of offer and consumption of foods and food environments. The article discusses the following legal instruments in the context of EU law and Member States’ room for action, with examples from a comparative perspective: public procurement purchasing by governments, product composition requirements, fiscal measures, non-fiscal pricing instruments, labelling & certification, marketing, and the regulation of private and public food environments. The article further concludes that it may prove useful to better enshrine the food sustainability paradigm in law at national level.

可持续粮食系统框架法》要么根本不会公布，要么会拖延很长时间才公布。文章的第一部分从实证和理论两方面阐述了欧盟成员国为何应在粮食可持续性方面采取行动，第二部分则重点讨论了成员国可以采取哪些法律措施。在第一部分中，我们以粮食系统思维为基础，认为在欧盟没有采取行动的情况下，成员国仍然是采取监管行动解决粮食系统可持续性问题的最有力的杠杆。在第二部分，文章探索性地研究了使国内食品系统更具可持续性的潜在国家法律文书，重点是对食品和食品环境的供应和消费的监管。文章结合欧盟法律和成员国的行动空间，从比较的角度举例讨论了以下法律手段：政府的公共采购、产品成分要求、财政措施、非财政定价手段、标签&；认证、营销以及私营和公共食品环境的监管。文章进一步得出结论，在国家层面更好地将食品可持续性范式写入法律可能是有益的。

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引用次数: 0

The “Safe and Sustainable by Design” Concept – A Regulatory Approach for a More Sustainable Circular Economy in the European Union? 安全和可持续的设计 "概念--在欧盟实现更可持续的循环经济的监管方法？

IF 2.9 Q1 LAW

European Journal of Risk Regulation

Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.29

Leonie Reins, Julia Wijns

The creation of a more sustainable economy is one of the main targets of the European Green Deal and the new Circular Economy Action Plan. Technological innovation is needed, among other things, to render materials, products, and production processes more sustainable. Given the goals of the European Green Deal, the regulatory concept of “Safe and Sustainable by Design” is increasingly receiving attention. The concept is (arguably) a precautionary and preventative measure that is implemented at the early stages of the design of a technology. Therefore, it is often described as a tool for lowering the risks that follow from efforts to create a more circular economy. The concept was included in the European Chemicals Strategy of the European Commission. The aim of the strategy is to accelerate progress towards the discovery of more sustainable chemicals and towards a toxicity-free environment. In this paper, we will explore the benefits and disadvantages of integrating the “Safe and Sustainable by Design” concept into the regulation of technology. As a form of regulation by technology, this concept can enhance sustainability. We will first describe the origins of the concept and its current use. Then, we will analyse its implications for the circular economy.

创建更具可持续性的经济是欧洲绿色协议和新的循环经济行动计划的主要目标之一。要使材料、产品和生产流程更具可持续性，就必须进行技术创新。鉴于欧洲绿色交易的目标，"设计安全与可持续 "的监管概念正日益受到关注。可以说，这一概念是在技术设计的早期阶段实施的预防性措施。因此，它经常被描述为降低风险的一种工具，而这些风险来自于创造更多循环经济的努力。这一概念已被纳入欧盟委员会的欧洲化学品战略。该战略的目标是加快发现更多可持续化学品和实现无毒环境的进程。在本文中，我们将探讨将 "安全和可持续设计 "概念纳入技术监管的利弊。作为技术监管的一种形式，这一概念可以增强可持续性。我们将首先介绍这一概念的起源及其目前的使用情况。然后，我们将分析其对循环经济的影响。

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引用次数: 0

The Reform of International Investment Law: Whose Rule of Law? 国际投资法改革：谁的法治？

IF 2.9 Q1 LAW

European Journal of Risk Regulation

Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.28

Ivana Damjanovic

Public and political controversies over Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) have prompted reform processes in international investment law, at bilateral, regional and multilateral levels, with different actors shaping the future of international investment governance. In its essence, the options for the ISDS reform reflect the diverging perspectives on the rule of law in international law. Ultimately, they present a choice about who should control power over States’ action in issues of public importance – the States who have created the system, or international investment tribunals who have shaped the legal development of the system. This paper considers the application of the rule of law as a normative meta-principle to international investment law and its dispute settlement, and it sheds light on different perspectives of this concept, as they shape the ongoing ISDS reform(s).

有关 "投资者与国家争端解决"（ISDS）的公众和政治争议促使国际投资法在双边、区域和多边层面上进行改革，不同的参与者塑造了国际投资治理的未来。从本质上讲，投资者与国家争端解决机制改革方案反映了对国际法法治的不同观点。归根结底，它们提出了一种选择，即谁应该控制国家在具有公共重要性的问题上的行动权--是创建该体系的国家，还是塑造该体系法律发展的国际投资法庭。本文探讨了将法治作为规范性元原则应用于国际投资法及其争端解决的问题，并阐明了对这一概念的不同观点，因为它们影响着正在进行的国际投资争端解决机制改革。

引用次数: 0

Enforcement of Multilateral Trade Regulation by Non-State Actors – Desirable and Feasible? 非国家行为者执行多边贸易法规--可取与可行？

IF 2.9 Q1 LAW

European Journal of Risk Regulation

Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.20

Iveta Alexovičová

Since its inception, the inter-state dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organisation has generally been praised for effectively protecting the rule of law in international trade relations. While the relatively recent dismantling of this system does not necessarily mean the end of the WTO nor of the binding nature of its rules, the current crisis may be a good opportunity to reconsider the role of the rule of law in international trade relations and the ways in which it could further be accommodated. One suggestion, occasionally raised in the past, would be strengthening the enforcement of WTO rules by opening it to private action, either before national courts or through international adjudication. After all, the latter has been widely available to foreign investors covered by thousands of international investment agreements in force for decades. This contribution recalls the reasons behind the current lack of private enforcement of WTO law and argues that developments in international trade relations and experiences with investor-state dispute settlement are likely to work against rather than in favor of its introduction in the foreseeable future. Increased transparency and institutionalisation of non-state actors’ role in trade enforcement is therefore recommended instead.

自成立以来，世界贸易组织的国家间争端解决体系因有效保护国际贸易关系中的法治而受到普遍赞誉。虽然这一体系最近被解散并不一定意味着世界贸易组织的终结，也不一定意味着其规则约束力的终结，但当前的危机可能是一个很好的机会，让我们重新考虑法治在国际贸易关系中的作用，以及如何进一步容纳法治。过去偶尔会提出的一个建议是，通过向私人诉讼开放，无论是在国家法院还是通过国际裁决，来加强世贸组织规则的执行。毕竟，数十年来，数以千计的现行国际投资协定已为外国投资者广泛提供了后者。本文回顾了目前世贸组织法律缺乏私人执行的原因，并认为国际贸易关系的发展和投资者与国家争端解决的经验很可能在可预见的将来不利于而不是支持私人执行。因此，建议提高非国家行为者在贸易执法中的作用的透明度并使之制度化。

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引用次数: 0

Consumer Decision-Making Autonomy in the Digital Environment: Towards a New Understanding of National Courts’ Obligation to Assess Ex Officio Violations of Fair Commercial Practices 数字环境中的消费者决策自主权：实现对国家法院评估依职权违反公平商业惯例的义务的新理解

IF 2.9 Q1 LAW

European Journal of Risk Regulation

Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.11

Zanda Davida

Digitalisation has changed traders’ possibilities of influencing the autonomy of consumer choice in the digital environment. The digital market of the European Union involves a wide spectrum of commercial practices – such as dark and addictive patterns, target advertising and personalisation – that nudge consumers to take decisions that are not in their favour. One of the main aims of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005 is to protect the freedom of consumer decision-making. However, currently, the Directive’s capacity to safeguard consumer choice in the digital environment is not sufficiently effective. Through the lens of law prohibiting unfair commercial practices, this article analyses the means available to consumer courts to strengthen consumer decision-making autonomy in the digital environment. The article argues that regulation of prohibition of unfair commercial practices regarding the digital environment should be modernised by obliging – in certain circumstances – national courts ex officio to assess violations of fair commercial practices and by reversing the burden of argumentation and proof.

数字化改变了商家在数字环境中影响消费者自主选择的可能性。欧盟的数字市场涉及多种商业行为，如暗箱操作、上瘾模式、目标广告和个性化等，这些行为会诱导消费者做出不利于他们的决定。2005 年不公平商业行为指令》的主要目标之一就是保护消费者的决策自由。然而，目前该指令在数字环境中保障消费者选择权的能力还不够有效。本文通过禁止不公平商业行为的法律视角，分析了消费者法庭在数字环境中加强消费者决策自主权的可用手段。文章认为，禁止数字环境中不公平商业行为的法规应当现代化，在某些情况下，国家法院有义务依职权评估违反公平商业行为的行为，并颠倒论证和举证责任。

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引用次数: 0

De Facto Rule-Making Below the Level of Implementing Acts: Double-Delegated Rule-Making in European Union Electricity Market Regulation 实施法案层面以下的事实规则制定：欧盟电力市场监管中的双重授权规则制定

IF 2.9 Q1 LAW

European Journal of Risk Regulation

Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.15

Torbjørg Jevnaker, Karianne Krohn Taranger, Per Ove Eikeland, Marie Byskov Lindberg

Within the area of electricity market regulation, a practice has emerged in which the chain of delegation has gone beyond the European Commission, resulting in double delegation. During 2015–2017, the European Commission adopted implementing regulations requiring detailed European terms, conditions and methodologies (TCMs) for electricity markets and system operation to be jointly adopted by national energy regulators. Should the latter fail to agree within a predefined time limit, rule-making would move to the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators. This rule-making procedure entails that, depending on the dynamic within the procedure, different actors would adopt the TCMs. This article examines how double-delegated rule-making unfolds in a novel and emerging practice, evolving beneath implementing acts. By analysing the factors behind whether TCMs are adopted jointly by national agencies or not, the study investigates whether this form of delegated rule-making in a network setting delivers decisions or whether rule-making by a European Union agency is needed.

在电力市场监管领域，出现了一种做法，即授权链已超越欧盟委员会，造成双重授权。2015-2017 年期间，欧盟委员会通过了实施条例，要求各国能源监管机构共同通过欧洲电力市场和系统运行的详细条款、条件和方法（TCM）。如果后者未能在预定时限内达成一致，则规则制定工作将移交给能源监管机构合作局。这一规则制定程序意味着，根据程序内的动态，不同的行为者将采用《国家电力条例》。本文探讨了双重授权的规则制定是如何在新出现的实践中展开的，如何在实施法案之下演变。通过分析国家机构是否联合采用《中医药法》背后的因素，本研究探讨了这种网络环境下的授权规则制定形式是否能做出决定，或者是否需要由欧盟机构制定规则。

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