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Between Aims and Execution: Value Trade-Offs in the Practical Implementation of the European Arrest Warrant? 目标与执行之间:欧洲逮捕令实际执行中的价值权衡?
IF 2.9 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.3
Bjorn Kleizen, Jay Wynen, Veronica Junjan

The European Union (EU) increasingly develops and implements policies infused with salient and sometimes conflicting values – for instance, in migration and criminal law cooperation. However, policy implementation studies have not frequently considered how such complex value trade-offs may affect practical implementation within Member States. This article therefore quantitatively and temporally examines the practical implementation of an EU flagship criminal law measure: the simplified extradition system known as the European Arrest Warrant (EAW). Using data on EAWs decided upon by the Dutch Amsterdam District Court, we test the impact of value trade-offs by examining whether (newly introduced) safeguards for the protection of requested persons adversely affect system efficiency (measured through case turnover times). The results suggest that the design of legal tests and adjustments made to the EAW system over time through the Court of Justice of the European Union affect the balance between fundamental rights protection and efficiency in the practical implementation of the EAW.

欧洲联盟(欧盟)越来越多地制定和实施具有突出价值观,有时甚至是相互冲突的价值观的政策,例如在移民和刑法合作方面。然而,政策实施研究并不经常考虑这种复杂的价值权衡会如何影响成员国的实际实施。因此,本文对欧盟的一项旗舰刑法措施--欧洲逮捕令(European Arrest Warrant,EAW)简化引渡系统--的实际执行情况进行了定量和定时研究。利用荷兰阿姆斯特丹地区法院裁定的欧洲逮捕令数据,我们通过研究(新引入的)保护被请求人的保障措施是否会对系统效率(通过案件周转时间衡量)产生不利影响,检验了价值权衡的影响。结果表明,随着时间的推移,法律测试的设计以及通过欧盟法院对《欧洲逮捕令》制度所做的调整会影响《欧洲逮捕令》实际执行过程中基本权利保护与效率之间的平衡。
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引用次数: 0
Shell and the Climate Case: Is the Shell Group the “Cheapest Cost Avoider”? 壳牌与气候案例:壳牌集团是 "最廉价的成本规避者 "吗?
IF 2.9 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.5
Arnald J. Kanning
The Hague District Court in the Netherlands faced a novel tort law issue in 2021 in Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell plc – namely, whether Shell is liable in tort for the reduction costs of carbon dioxide produced in the end use of energy-carrying Shell products. The civil lawsuit aims to make Shell (re)search for adequate substitutes so as to enable Shell’s customers to reduce their consumption of energy-carrying Shell products. It is argued here that Shell’s liability should be assessed within Guido Calabresi’s “cheapest cost avoider” framework.
在 2021 年 Milieudefensie 等人诉荷兰皇家壳牌有限公司一案中,荷兰海牙地区法院面临着一个新的侵权法问题,即壳牌是否应对最终使用载能壳牌产品过程中产生的二氧化碳的减少成本承担侵权责任。该民事诉讼旨在促使壳牌(重新)寻找适当的替代品,使壳牌的客户能够减少对壳牌载能产品的消耗。本文认为,壳牌公司的责任应在 Guido Calabresi 的 "最廉价成本避免者 "框架内进行评估。
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引用次数: 0
Air Pollution as a Whole: The Court of Justice Strengthens Environmental Standards in the Ambient Air Quality Directive over Contrasting Industrial Emissions Directive Derogations 整体空气污染:法院加强《环境空气质量指令》中的环境标准而非相互矛盾的《工业排放指令》例外规定
IF 2.9 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.6
Walter Bruno
On 9 March 2023, the Court of Justice (Second Chamber) delivered a preliminary ruling about the coordination of two European Union measures against air pollution: the Industrial Emissions Directive and the Ambient Air Quality Directive. Upon assessment, the Court reinforced the mandatory nature of the air quality limit values vis-à-vis possible derogations foreseen in the Industrial Emissions Directive. In this case, both AG Kokott and the Second Chamber affirmed the primacy of the air quality standards. However, this Case Note finds that slightly different reasoning between the AG Opinion and the final Judgment reveals differing underlying approaches. Whilst the AG focuses on air quality plans and leaves more room for discretion to national authorities, the final Judgment anchors the coordination of the two Directives to strict and objective pollution limit values, further strengthening the Ambient Air Quality Directive as an effective instrument of environmental protection litigation.
2023 年 3 月 9 日,法院(第二庭)就欧盟两项空气污染防治措施的协调问题做出了初步裁决:《工业排放指令》和《环境空气质量指令》。经评估,法院强化了空气质量限值的强制性质,与《工业排放指令》中预见的可能减损相比较。在本案中,AG Kokott 和第二审判庭都确认了空气质量标准的首要地位。然而,本案例说明发现,总检察长意见和最终判决之间略有不同的推理揭示了不同的基本方法。总检察长的意见侧重于空气质量计划,为国家当局留出了更多的自由裁量空间,而最终判决则将两项指令的协调固定为严格、客观的污染限值,进一步加强了《环境空气质量指令》作为环境保护诉讼有效工具的地位。
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引用次数: 0
“More than Words”: A Legal Approach to the Risks of Commercial Chatbots Powered by Generative Artificial Intelligence "不只是语言从法律角度看人工智能商业聊天机器人的风险
IF 2.9 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.4
Sara Migliorini
The recent commercial release of a new generation of chatbot systems, particularly those leveraging Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, has caught the world by surprise and sparked debate about their potential consequences for society. While concerns about the existential threat posed by these technologies are often discussed, it is crucial to shift our focus towards the more immediate risks associated with their deployment. Such risks are further compounded by the lack of proactive measures addressing users’ literacy and the for-profit model via which these chatbots are distributed. Drawing on research in computer science and other fields, this paper looks at the immediate risks triggered by these products and reflects on the role of law within a broader policy directed at steering generative artificial intelligence technology towards the common good. It also reviews the relevant amendments proposed by the European Parliament to the European Commission’s proposal for an AI Act.
最近,新一代聊天机器人系统,尤其是那些利用基于 Transformer 的大型语言模型(LLMs)(如 ChatGPT)的聊天机器人系统的商业发布,令全世界大吃一惊,并引发了关于其对社会的潜在影响的讨论。虽然人们经常讨论对这些技术所带来的生存威胁的担忧,但我们必须将注意力转移到与部署这些技术相关的更为直接的风险上。由于缺乏解决用户扫盲问题的积极措施,以及这些聊天机器人的盈利模式,这些风险变得更加复杂。本文以计算机科学和其他领域的研究为基础,探讨了这些产品引发的直接风险,并反思了法律在更广泛的政策中的作用,该政策旨在引导生成式人工智能技术实现共同利益。本文还回顾了欧洲议会针对欧盟委员会人工智能法案提案提出的相关修正案。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the quality of European Impact Assessments 评估欧洲影响评估的质量
IF 2.9 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/err.2023.83
Diana-Maria Danciu, Laura Martens, Wim Marneffe
This paper explores the possibility of developing a framework to assess the quality of Impact Assessments (IAs) by examining the common elements found in the existent academic literature around this concept, the stocktaking exercises carried out by the European institutions and the opinions of the Regulatory Scrutiny Board. At this intersection, we find that diversity in the interpretation and application of the guidelines is not only acceptable but also necessary in tailoring IAs to the needs they represent. Our findings are relevant because a universal framework that avoids focusing solely on assessing quality not only will provide much-needed coherence in this field but will also raise awareness about the normality of variability in the application of any European Union guidelines, thus reflecting the inherent nature of the IAs.
本文通过研究围绕影响评估(IAs)概念的现有学术文献、欧洲机构开展的评估工作以及监管审查委员会的意见中发现的共同要素,探讨了制定影响评估(IAs)质量评估框架的可能性。在这一交叉点上,我们发现对准则的解释和应用存在多样性,这不仅是可以接受的,而且是根据 IAs 所代表的需求量身定制 IAs 所必需的。我们的研究结果具有现实意义,因为一个避免只关注质量评估的通用框架不仅能在这一领域提供急需的一致性,而且还能提高人们对任何欧盟准则应用中的变异性常态的认识,从而反映出执行机构的固有性质。
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引用次数: 0
The Magnificent Seven: Exemption, Relief, Equivalence, Recognition, Substitution, Deference, Trust – Reducing Regulatory Duplication and Frictions in the Cross-Border Supply of Financial Services 华丽七重奏:豁免、救济、等同、承认、替代、尊重、信任--减少跨境金融服务供应中的监管重复和摩擦
IF 2.9 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1017/err.2023.70
Jonathan R.M. Foster

A financial services supplier authorised in its home state that wishes to supply services cross-border into another state will, absent any relief, have in addition to meet the regulatory requirements of that host state to trade in it. Regulatory frictions including duplicative regulatory requirements are barriers to cross-border trade. This article considers certain techniques deployed to reduce such barriers, noting that trust plays a part in many of them. These techniques grant relief to incoming firms from obligations to comply with the regulatory requirements of a host state. They may take the form of unilateral arrangements, with or without any conditions. There may be assessments of equivalence as a basis for relief from compliance with the host state’s rules: deference to the home state’s regime, a basis for recognition, whether unilateral or mutual. Recognition may be given effect through a party’s domestic laws or in international law under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Article VII. A GATS Article VII agreement can relieve regulatory frictions in the financial services sector alone as there is no requirement for “substantial sectoral coverage” as required for regional trade agreements under GATS Article V. Mutual recognition agreements for financial services in international law are, however, few in number.

在母国获得授权的金融服务提供商如果希望跨境向另一国提供服务,在没有任何宽免的情况下,还必须满足东道国的监管要求才能在该国开展贸易。包括重复监管要求在内的监管摩擦是跨境贸易的障碍。本文探讨了为减少此类障碍而采用的某些技术,并指出信任在其中发挥了一定作用。这些方法免除了新进入公司遵守东道国监管要求的义务。它们可能采取单边安排的形式,附带或不附带任何条件。可以对等同性进行评估,作为免于遵守东道国规则的依据:服从母国制度,作为单边或相互承认的依据。承认可通过一方的国内法或根据《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)第 VII 条在国际法中生效。服务贸易总协定》第 VII 条协定可以单独缓解金融服务部门的监管摩擦,因为它没有《服务贸易总协定》第 V 条对区域贸易协定所要求的 "实质性部门覆盖 "的要求。然而,国际法中的金融服务相互承认协定为数不多。
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引用次数: 0
Political Institutions and Long-Term Policymaking: How Parliamentary Future Committees Can Make a Difference 政治体制与长期决策:议会未来委员会如何发挥作用
IF 2.9 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1017/err.2023.85
Vesa Koskimaa, Tapio Raunio

Responding to the need to make democratic governance more anticipatory, during recent decades parliaments have increasingly made efforts to involve elected legislators directly in addressing future risks and envisioning long-term developments. At the level of general democratic-institutional principles, engaging legislators in national-level foresight is expected to enhance the general legitimacy of future-regarding policymaking almost automatically by broadening the scope of democratic actors involved in policy work. However, even the basic mechanisms through which the impact of legislature-based foresight activities could traverse to policymaking remain largely uncharted and unknown. To develop a preliminary framework for detecting and comparing such mechanisms, we draw from the experiences of the most institutionalised and influential legislature-based foresight unit, the Committee for the Future in the Finnish Eduskunta. We extract three general mechanisms through which parliamentary future committees could make a valuable contribution to national-level strategic foresight: (1) they can improve the quality of future-regarding policymaking by broadening and consolidating national foresight “ecosystems”; (2) they can strengthen the transparency and accountability of the foresight work of political executives; and (3) they can enhance the legitimacy of anticipatory governance by connecting broader democratic publics to foresight work through more inclusive participatory processes.

为了满足使民主治理更具预见性的需要,近几十年来,各国议会越来越多地努力让当选的立法者直接参与应对未来风险和预测长期发展。从一般民主制度原则的层面来看,让立法者参与国家层面的前瞻性工作,通过扩大参与政策工作的民主行为者的范围,预计几乎会自动提高未来决策的一般合法性。然而,即使是立法机构展望活动对决策产生影响的基本机制,在很大程度上也是未知的。为了建立一个初步框架来检测和比较这些机制,我们借鉴了最制度化和最有影响力的立法机构展望单位--芬兰议会未来委员会--的经验。我们总结出议会未来委员会可以为国家级战略展望做出宝贵贡献的三个一般机制:(1)它们可以通过扩大和巩固国家展望 "生态系统",提高未来决策的质量;(2)它们可以加强政治行政部门展望工作的透明度和问责制;(3)它们可以通过更具包容性的参与进程,将更广泛的民主公众与展望工作联系起来,从而提高预测性治理的合法性。
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引用次数: 0
Protecting Future People’s Future: How to Operationalise Present People’s Unfulfilled Promises to Future Generations 保护后代人的未来:如何落实当代人对后代人未兑现的承诺
IF 2.9 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1017/err.2023.86
Alberto Alemanno

As societies become more concerned with their impacts on future generations, the question of how to translate that concern into greater consideration in contemporary decision-making is coming to the fore. Despite growing societal acceptance of the ethics of obligations to the future – as reflected in record-high number of future-sensitive constitutions and international treaties – present generations’ promises to future generations remain unfulfilled. This article explains why and offers an alternative approach to future-proofing. After providing a systematic account of the multiple efforts at aligning the actions of decision-makers with the interests of future generations, it argues that achieving the inclusion of future generations’ interests in contemporary policymaking requires more than their legal codification and the establishment of new and typically scattered institutions, mechanisms and procedures. It rather calls for a more holistic, future-orientated and proactive approach by all public authorities. These must increasingly be expected to create the conditions not only for policymakers to consider the temporal dimension of their decisions, but also for all stakeholders – including new dedicated institutions – to hold present people accountable to currently non-existent future generations. To do so beyond the environment and climate space is a matter of urgency. This is the spirit animating this Special Issue devoted to long-term risks and future generations: to nurture a more imaginative theorisation and operationalisation of the recognition of future generations’ interests in contemporary policymaking beyond today’s institutional and conceptual models.

随着社会越来越关注其对子孙后代的影响,如何将这种关注转化为当代决策中的更多考 虑,这一问题正在凸显出来。尽管越来越多的社会接受了对未来承担义务的伦理观念--这体现在对未来问题有敏感认识的宪法和国际条约的数量创下历史新高--但当代人对后代人的承诺仍未实现。本文解释了其中的原因,并提出了另一种面向未来的方法。在系统阐述了为使决策者的行动符合子孙后代的利益而做出的多种努力之后,本文认为,要在当代决策中纳入子孙后代的利益,需要做的不仅仅是将其编纂成法律,也不仅仅是建立新的、通常是分散的机构、机制和程序。相反,它要求所有公共当局采取更加全面、面向未来和积极主动的方法。我们必须越来越多地期待这些机构不仅为决策者创造条件,考虑其决策的时间维度,而且为所有利益相关方--包括新的专门机构--创造条件,使当代人对目前尚不存在的后代负责。在环境和气候领域之外这样做是当务之急。这就是本期特刊专门讨论长期风险和子孙后代问题的精神所在:在当代决策中,超越当今的制度和概念模式,将对子孙后代利益的认识理论化和操作化,以培养更多的想象力。
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引用次数: 0
Regulatory “Reliance” in Global Trade Governance 全球贸易治理中的监管 "依赖
IF 2.9 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.1017/err.2023.73
Andrew Lang

One of the most significant recent trends in global trade governance has been the increasing use of regulatory “reliance” arrangements as a significant element of trade alliances. Against this backdrop, an important set of questions are raised about how existing institutions of global trade governance – especially the World Trade Organization and international regulatory standards organisations – should respond. To what extent, and how, should such institutions facilitate reliance arrangements? And what role can they usefully play in overseeing and guiding their use? This paper begins to answer these questions through a focused case study of regulatory reliance in the agrifood sector. Four challenges are identified regarding the implementation of such arrangements: the high costs of establishment and maintenance; the lack of agreed and reliable assessment methodologies; the potential for arbitrary discrimination between trade partners; and the difficulties of dealing with regulatory change over time. In light of these challenges, the paper assesses the work of existing international organisations in governing reliance arrangements in the agrifood sector. The paper concludes with a number of preliminary suggestions as to how this architecture of global governance might be supplemented or harnessed to address some of the challenges posed by reliance arrangements.

全球贸易治理最近最重要的趋势之一是越来越多地使用监管 "依赖 "安排作为贸易联盟的重要内容。在此背景下,提出了一系列重要问题,即现有的全球贸易治理机构--特别是世界贸易组织和国际监管标准组织--应如何应对。这些机构应在多大程度上以及如何促进依赖安排?它们在监督和指导依赖安排的使用方面能发挥什么作用?本文通过对农业食品行业监管依赖的重点案例研究,开始回答这些问题。本文指出了实施此类安排所面临的四个挑战:建立和维护的成本高昂;缺乏商定的可靠评估方法;贸易伙伴之间可能存在任意歧视;以及难以应对监管随时间推移而发生的变化。鉴于这些挑战,本文评估了现有国际组织在管理农粮部门依赖性安排方面的工作。本文最后就如何补充或利用这一全球治理架构来应对依赖安排带来的一些挑战提出了一些初步建议。
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引用次数: 0
Disciplining Health Regulations through the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Science and the Rule of Law 通过世界贸易组织《动植物卫生检疫措施应用协定》约束卫生法规:科学与法治
IF 2.9 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1017/err.2023.84
Denise Prévost
The World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) disciplines WTO Members’ health regulations to prevent their misuse for protectionist purposes. In doing so, its obligations reflect several elements of the rule of law, including legal certainty, non-arbitrariness and non-discrimination, as well as a recognition of the rights of individuals. Through its obligations of non-discrimination, transparency and scientific justification and the scope it leaves for Members to prioritise the protection of health over trade liberalisation, the SPS Agreement can be regarded as entailing a rule-of-law approach. However, cognisant of the limits to the rule of law when transposed to the international level, it is important to avoid an overly “judicialised” approach to the disciplines of the SPS Agreement, and in particular its reliance on scientific justification to prevent arbitrariness in sanitary and phytosanitary regulation. Otherwise, there is a risk of intruding too far into the regulatory autonomy of States, weakening the “compliance pull” of the agreement and thus inadvertently undermining the rule of law in this area. An approach that instead recognises the inherent subjectivity and uncertainty in science and respects Members’ divergent priorities in health regulation would go further in engendering support for the rules-based system of international trade.
世界贸易组织(WTO)的《卫生与植物检疫措施协定》(SPS 协定)对 WTO 成员国的卫生法规进行了约束,以防止其被滥用于保护主义目的。在此过程中,其义务反映了法治的若干要素,包括法律确定性、非任意性和非歧视性,以及对个人权利的承认。通过其不歧视、透明度和科学依据的义务,以及为成员国留下的将保护健康置于贸易自由化之上的空间,《卫生和植物检疫措施协定》可被视为包含了一种法治方法。然而,认识到法治在移植到国际层面时的局限性,重要的是要避免对《卫生和植物检疫措施协定》的纪律采取过于 "司法化 "的方法,特别是其对科学理由的依赖,以防止卫生和植物检疫条例的任意性。否则,就有可能过分干涉各国的监管自主权,削弱协定的 "合规拉力",从而无意中破坏这一领域的法治。相反,承认科学中固有的主观性和不确定性并尊重各成员在卫生监管方面不同的优先事项的方法,将进一步促进对基于规则的国际贸易体系的支持。
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引用次数: 0
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European Journal of Risk Regulation
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