This paper offers a novel reading of the Delphic oracle’s response to Croesus’s question of whether he should attack Persia (Herodotus 1), by focusing on a previously unacknowledged feature of the oracular answer: the preposing of the adjective μεγάλην. Preposing is a construction in which an element occurs before the start of the clause proper. In the oracle’s response, preposing serves a corrective function. As preposing creates surface exceptions to Wackernagel’s Law, it is only through an accurate understanding of the “Law” that we can even detect this construction. Working within a framework of (neo-) Gricean pragmatic theory, I detail the semantic and pragmatic contribution of preposing in the oracular response. More broadly speaking, I suggest that Gricean pragmatics can provide new insights into classical texts by offering a principled method for decoding implicit meaning.
{"title":"Wackernagel’s Law and the Fall of the Lydian Empire","authors":"D. Goldstein","doi":"10.1353/APA.2013.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/APA.2013.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This paper offers a novel reading of the Delphic oracle’s response to Croesus’s question of whether he should attack Persia (Herodotus 1), by focusing on a previously unacknowledged feature of the oracular answer: the preposing of the adjective μεγάλην. Preposing is a construction in which an element occurs before the start of the clause proper. In the oracle’s response, preposing serves a corrective function. As preposing creates surface exceptions to Wackernagel’s Law, it is only through an accurate understanding of the “Law” that we can even detect this construction. Working within a framework of (neo-) Gricean pragmatic theory, I detail the semantic and pragmatic contribution of preposing in the oracular response. More broadly speaking, I suggest that Gricean pragmatics can provide new insights into classical texts by offering a principled method for decoding implicit meaning.","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"167 1","pages":"325 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87589697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay discusses the Cypria and the Iliad as important background texts for Ovid, Heroides 16-17, the correspondence of Paris and Helen. It argues that Paris and Helen offer different literary perspectives of their potential elopement and its cause—the Judgment of Paris—which reflect the Cypria and the Iliad, respectively. These letters thus dramatize a narrative cause and effect between Cypria and Iliad at the same time that they underscore stylistic and thematic contrasts between the two poems.
{"title":"Homer and the Epic Cycle in Ovid, Heroides 16-17","authors":"E. F. Mazurek","doi":"10.1353/APA.2013.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/APA.2013.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This essay discusses the Cypria and the Iliad as important background texts for Ovid, Heroides 16-17, the correspondence of Paris and Helen. It argues that Paris and Helen offer different literary perspectives of their potential elopement and its cause—the Judgment of Paris—which reflect the Cypria and the Iliad, respectively. These letters thus dramatize a narrative cause and effect between Cypria and Iliad at the same time that they underscore stylistic and thematic contrasts between the two poems.","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"62 1","pages":"153 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88913145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Against tendencies of viewing the orators' historical allusions as empty rhetorical phrases or manipulative cover-ups for Realpolitik this study of historical paradigms in the debate over the Peace of Philocrates argues that the past constituted political capital in its own right. Using theories of social memory, it contextualizes Aeschines' and his opponents' historical examples within the Athenian memorial framework and thus tries to gauge their ideological and emotive weight. Drawing on family memories, Aeschines effectively challenged the Athenian master narrative by linking the rejection of a reasonable Spartan peace offer to the traumatic memories of total defeat and the terror regime of the Thirty.
{"title":"Contesting the Lessons from the Past: Aeschines' Use of Social Memory","authors":"B. Steinbock","doi":"10.1353/APA.2013.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/APA.2013.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Against tendencies of viewing the orators' historical allusions as empty rhetorical phrases or manipulative cover-ups for Realpolitik this study of historical paradigms in the debate over the Peace of Philocrates argues that the past constituted political capital in its own right. Using theories of social memory, it contextualizes Aeschines' and his opponents' historical examples within the Athenian memorial framework and thus tries to gauge their ideological and emotive weight. Drawing on family memories, Aeschines effectively challenged the Athenian master narrative by linking the rejection of a reasonable Spartan peace offer to the traumatic memories of total defeat and the terror regime of the Thirty.","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"19 1","pages":"103 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81182604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reads Ovid's foregrounding of the human body in the Metamorphoses side by side with the most flamboyant public discourse of Augustan Rome where the body was similarly privileged as a medium of communication, namely pantomime dancing, an expression-filled dance form predicated on the mute delineation of character and passion. Ovid's body-centered poetic vision is informed by the haunting materiality of the staged, dancing body, whose electrifying language had a searing effect on his literary imagination. Reading the Metamorphoses through the lens of pantomime dancing illuminates the profound, albeit underexplored, symbiosis of dance and poetry in Augustan Rome.
{"title":"Mutata corpora: Ovid's Changing Forms and the Metamorphic Bodies of Pantomime Dancing","authors":"I. Lada-Richards","doi":"10.1353/APA.2013.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/APA.2013.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This article reads Ovid's foregrounding of the human body in the Metamorphoses side by side with the most flamboyant public discourse of Augustan Rome where the body was similarly privileged as a medium of communication, namely pantomime dancing, an expression-filled dance form predicated on the mute delineation of character and passion. Ovid's body-centered poetic vision is informed by the haunting materiality of the staged, dancing body, whose electrifying language had a searing effect on his literary imagination. Reading the Metamorphoses through the lens of pantomime dancing illuminates the profound, albeit underexplored, symbiosis of dance and poetry in Augustan Rome.","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"105 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82315021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The nostos ("homecoming") of Heracles in Sophocles' Trachiniae figures as the triumphal return of a victorious athlete. Under ideal circumstances, nostos culminates in the joyous remarriage of husband and wife, but in Trachiniae, reversals that befall Heracles and Deianeira transform the hero's triumphant nostos into a spectacle of death. While the failed nostos motif heralds disaster and effects a decisively bleak atmosphere throughout the play's much-discussed ending, it also nods toward a more positive tradition concerning Heracles' end, since both vase-painting and early poetic accounts portray Heracles' apotheosis-featuring marriage to Hebe and reception into Zeus's household-as a homecoming.
{"title":"A Hero's Welcome: Homecoming and Transition in the Trachiniae","authors":"E. Kratzer","doi":"10.1353/APA.2013.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/APA.2013.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The nostos (\"homecoming\") of Heracles in Sophocles' Trachiniae figures as the triumphal return of a victorious athlete. Under ideal circumstances, nostos culminates in the joyous remarriage of husband and wife, but in Trachiniae, reversals that befall Heracles and Deianeira transform the hero's triumphant nostos into a spectacle of death. While the failed nostos motif heralds disaster and effects a decisively bleak atmosphere throughout the play's much-discussed ending, it also nods toward a more positive tradition concerning Heracles' end, since both vase-painting and early poetic accounts portray Heracles' apotheosis-featuring marriage to Hebe and reception into Zeus's household-as a homecoming.","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"8 1","pages":"23 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85169348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the end of the Eumenides, Athena draws on the discourses of propitiatory sacrifice and amatory persuasion in order to successfully persuade the Erinyes to give up their wrath and accept cult honors in Athens. Athena thus founds the cult of the Semnai with an act of rhetorical propitiation and, through the erotic element of her persuasive speech, offers the Erinyes the surprising role of beloved objects, who will be "wooed" by the Athenians in imitation of her own gentle persuasion.
{"title":"Courting the Erinyes: Persuasion, Sacrifice, and Seduction in Aeschylus's Eumenides","authors":"Nicholas Rynearson","doi":"10.1353/APA.2013.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/APA.2013.0002","url":null,"abstract":"At the end of the Eumenides, Athena draws on the discourses of propitiatory sacrifice and amatory persuasion in order to successfully persuade the Erinyes to give up their wrath and accept cult honors in Athens. Athena thus founds the cult of the Semnai with an act of rhetorical propitiation and, through the erotic element of her persuasive speech, offers the Erinyes the surprising role of beloved objects, who will be \"wooed\" by the Athenians in imitation of her own gentle persuasion.","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"34 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77827138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Death of Peregrinus is ostensibly an attack on the eponymous sham philosopher and holy man, but when one looks more closely at how this attack is constructed, other targets emerge. This article argues that Lucian carries out his satire in terms that lead the reader back to his own authorial persona and implicate him in the same desperate striving for fame. But Lucian is not simply undermining himself nihilistically; instead the work becomes a satire on the culture of agonistic display in which both figures were so deeply invested.
{"title":"The Reflections of Satire: Lucian and Peregrinus","authors":"Dana Fields","doi":"10.1353/APA.2013.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/APA.2013.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The Death of Peregrinus is ostensibly an attack on the eponymous sham philosopher and holy man, but when one looks more closely at how this attack is constructed, other targets emerge. This article argues that Lucian carries out his satire in terms that lead the reader back to his own authorial persona and implicate him in the same desperate striving for fame. But Lucian is not simply undermining himself nihilistically; instead the work becomes a satire on the culture of agonistic display in which both figures were so deeply invested.","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"28 1","pages":"213 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85330492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The North African mausoleum of the Flavii family hosts a remarkable verse inscription that interrogates the relationship between writing and architecture by exploring a range of spatial and temporal dynamics. The poetry invites its audience to "visualize" the monument through a process that includes viewing the building's architectural language, reading the inscribed poetry as "literature," and constructing mental images in response to both stimuli. This visualization process, which also requires the audience to imagine the voices of various different characters involved in commissioning, constructing, and commenting on the monument, enacts a powerful form of commemoration.
{"title":"Inuenta est blandae rationis imago: Visualizing the Mausoleum of the Flavii","authors":"Emily Pillinger","doi":"10.1353/APA.2013.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/APA.2013.0000","url":null,"abstract":"The North African mausoleum of the Flavii family hosts a remarkable verse inscription that interrogates the relationship between writing and architecture by exploring a range of spatial and temporal dynamics. The poetry invites its audience to \"visualize\" the monument through a process that includes viewing the building's architectural language, reading the inscribed poetry as \"literature,\" and constructing mental images in response to both stimuli. This visualization process, which also requires the audience to imagine the voices of various different characters involved in commissioning, constructing, and commenting on the monument, enacts a powerful form of commemoration.","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"25 1","pages":"171 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87046479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay pursues an economic and “numismatic” reading of Aristophanes’ Wealth, focusing on how the play represents exchange and coinage. While Wealth rejoices in the acquisition of vast riches and in the creation of a society in which justice and good citizen conduct meet with economic rewards, it also systematically presents coins and more “disembedded” forms of transaction in sharply negative terms. Accordingly, the play exploits and seeks to negotiate an ideological fissure between rich and poor Athenians, retailing utopian fantasy for the dispossessed with one hand, while with the other pointing towards the fantasy’s ironic deconstruction and dissolution.
{"title":"Coins, Money, and Exchange in Aristophanes’ Wealth","authors":"R. Tordoff","doi":"10.1353/APA.2012.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/APA.2012.0018","url":null,"abstract":"This essay pursues an economic and “numismatic” reading of Aristophanes’ Wealth, focusing on how the play represents exchange and coinage. While Wealth rejoices in the acquisition of vast riches and in the creation of a society in which justice and good citizen conduct meet with economic rewards, it also systematically presents coins and more “disembedded” forms of transaction in sharply negative terms. Accordingly, the play exploits and seeks to negotiate an ideological fissure between rich and poor Athenians, retailing utopian fantasy for the dispossessed with one hand, while with the other pointing towards the fantasy’s ironic deconstruction and dissolution.","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"70 1","pages":"257 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88217220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Coleman, Stephen E. Kidd, Tomislav Bilić, S. Hawkins, Stephanie Mccarter, Neil Coffee, Jean-Pierre Koenig, S. Poornima, R. Ossewaarde, Christopher W. Forstall, Sarah L. Jacobson, R. Tordoff
This article identifies and analyzes bureaucratic features in the language employed by Pliny and Trajan in Epistles 10 as an example of communication between two officials of senior but unequal status who were engaged in managing provincial affairs in the Roman empire.
{"title":"List of Abbreviations","authors":"K. Coleman, Stephen E. Kidd, Tomislav Bilić, S. Hawkins, Stephanie Mccarter, Neil Coffee, Jean-Pierre Koenig, S. Poornima, R. Ossewaarde, Christopher W. Forstall, Sarah L. Jacobson, R. Tordoff","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvfjcz1c.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfjcz1c.5","url":null,"abstract":"This article identifies and analyzes bureaucratic features in the language employed by Pliny and Trajan in Epistles 10 as an example of communication between two officials of senior but unequal status who were engaged in managing provincial affairs in the Roman empire.","PeriodicalId":46223,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the American Philological Association","volume":"49 1","pages":"189 - 238 - 239 - 255 - 257 - 293 - 295 - 328 - 329 - 353 - 355 - 381 - 383 - 422 - 423 - 423 - 427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82360903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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