M. Zailani, H. Kamilah, A. Husaini, Awang Zulfikar Rizal Awang Seruji, S. Sarbini
Sago starch is rich in resistant starch (RS) but less utilised than other commercial starches. Hence, modification is essential to give an add-on value to the starch. Thus, the objective was to determine the influence of microwave heat treatment (MHT) on the digestibility and probiotic growth rates of sago starch. In this study, the starch was treated by MHT for durations of up to 20 min. The digestibility and bacterial growth rates increase as the treatment duration increases to 15 min. It implies the potential of the MHT in increasing the digestibility of the sago starch and improving its prebiotic property based on probiotic growth rates.
{"title":"The Digestibility and Bacterial Growth Rates of Microwave Treated Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Starch","authors":"M. Zailani, H. Kamilah, A. Husaini, Awang Zulfikar Rizal Awang Seruji, S. Sarbini","doi":"10.47836/pjst.31.5.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.5.10","url":null,"abstract":"Sago starch is rich in resistant starch (RS) but less utilised than other commercial starches. Hence, modification is essential to give an add-on value to the starch. Thus, the objective was to determine the influence of microwave heat treatment (MHT) on the digestibility and probiotic growth rates of sago starch. In this study, the starch was treated by MHT for durations of up to 20 min. The digestibility and bacterial growth rates increase as the treatment duration increases to 15 min. It implies the potential of the MHT in increasing the digestibility of the sago starch and improving its prebiotic property based on probiotic growth rates.","PeriodicalId":46234,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"165 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80446058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foodborne illness has always been a major public health concern, usually caused by cross-contamination during food preparation. Salmonella is one of the most reported pathogens, which can attach to and survive on food contact surfaces by forming a biofilm. Biofilm formation enhances the persistence of food pathogens and protects them from external threats, and increases their resistance to chemical disinfectants. This systematic review aims to obtain an overview of the Salmonella biofilm formation on food contact surfaces and the efficacy of chemical disinfectants based on the latest scientific data. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to carry out the study. From the review, plastic (91%), stainless steel (64%), and sodium hypochlorite (86%) were most commonly tested. Most chemical disinfectants used in the reported studies were sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 100–500 mg/L), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 0.56%), and benzalkonium chloride (BAC, 100–400 µg/ml). The result showed that Salmonella contamination was more common on hydrophobic food contact surfaces like wood and concrete than on hydrophilic surfaces like glass. In addition, the previous studies also revealed that biofilm formation on stainless steel, plastic, and silicone rubber surfaces was not significantly different. Plus, most chemical disinfectants showed inefficacy in eliminating Salmonella biofilm at regular concentrations (<0.05%). It shows that frequent cleaning is important to avoid biofilm formation and ensure the maximum efficacy of the sanitisers.
{"title":"Salmonella Biofilm on Food Contact Surfaces and the Efficacy of Chemical Disinfectants: A Systematic Review","authors":"Xue Wei Tee, N. Abdul-Mutalib","doi":"10.47836/pjst.31.5.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.5.04","url":null,"abstract":"Foodborne illness has always been a major public health concern, usually caused by cross-contamination during food preparation. Salmonella is one of the most reported pathogens, which can attach to and survive on food contact surfaces by forming a biofilm. Biofilm formation enhances the persistence of food pathogens and protects them from external threats, and increases their resistance to chemical disinfectants. This systematic review aims to obtain an overview of the Salmonella biofilm formation on food contact surfaces and the efficacy of chemical disinfectants based on the latest scientific data. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to carry out the study. From the review, plastic (91%), stainless steel (64%), and sodium hypochlorite (86%) were most commonly tested. Most chemical disinfectants used in the reported studies were sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 100–500 mg/L), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 0.56%), and benzalkonium chloride (BAC, 100–400 µg/ml). The result showed that Salmonella contamination was more common on hydrophobic food contact surfaces like wood and concrete than on hydrophilic surfaces like glass. In addition, the previous studies also revealed that biofilm formation on stainless steel, plastic, and silicone rubber surfaces was not significantly different. Plus, most chemical disinfectants showed inefficacy in eliminating Salmonella biofilm at regular concentrations (<0.05%). It shows that frequent cleaning is important to avoid biofilm formation and ensure the maximum efficacy of the sanitisers.","PeriodicalId":46234,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90476653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amani Idris Ahmed Sayed, Shamsul Rijal Muhammad Sabri
The generalised gamma distribution (GGD) is one of the most widely used statistical distributions used extensively in several scientific and engineering application areas due to its high adaptability with the normal and exponential, lognormal distributions, among others. However, the estimation of the unknown parameters of the model is a challenging task. Many algorithms were developed for parameter estimation, but none can find the best solution. In this study, a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is proposed for the assessment of effectiveness in determining the parameters for the GDD using modified internal rate of return (MIRR) data extracted from the financial report of the publicly traded Malaysian property companies for long term investment periods (2010–2019). The performance of the SA is compared to the moment method (MM) based on mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squares errors (RMSE) based on the MIRR data set. The performance of this study reveals that the SA algorithm has a better estimate with the increases in sample size (long-term investment periods) compared to MM, which reveals a better estimate with a small sample size (short-time investment periods). The results show that the SA algorithm approach provides better estimates for GGD parameters based on the MIRR data set for the long-term investment period.
{"title":"On Estimating the Parameters of the Generalised Gamma Distribution based on the Modified Internal Rate of Return for Long-Term Investment Strategy","authors":"Amani Idris Ahmed Sayed, Shamsul Rijal Muhammad Sabri","doi":"10.47836/pjst.31.5.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.5.07","url":null,"abstract":"The generalised gamma distribution (GGD) is one of the most widely used statistical distributions used extensively in several scientific and engineering application areas due to its high adaptability with the normal and exponential, lognormal distributions, among others. However, the estimation of the unknown parameters of the model is a challenging task. Many algorithms were developed for parameter estimation, but none can find the best solution. In this study, a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is proposed for the assessment of effectiveness in determining the parameters for the GDD using modified internal rate of return (MIRR) data extracted from the financial report of the publicly traded Malaysian property companies for long term investment periods (2010–2019). The performance of the SA is compared to the moment method (MM) based on mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squares errors (RMSE) based on the MIRR data set. The performance of this study reveals that the SA algorithm has a better estimate with the increases in sample size (long-term investment periods) compared to MM, which reveals a better estimate with a small sample size (short-time investment periods). The results show that the SA algorithm approach provides better estimates for GGD parameters based on the MIRR data set for the long-term investment period.","PeriodicalId":46234,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80230798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Izni Atikah Abd Hamid, Najla Laazizi, A. N. Mustapa, N. A. Abd Rahman
Christia vespertilionis is a medicinal herb traditionally used as a complementary and alternative medicine to treat cancer and malaria. This study investigated the effect of pre-treatments of the Christia vespertilionis plant on supercritical CO2 extraction yield and solubility. Four pre-treatments were studied: drying and grinding, doping with absolute ethanol (99%) and 80% (v/v) of ethanol/water, and microwave pre-treatment. The supercritical CO2 extraction was conducted at a constant 13.8 MPa, 40℃ with 24 mL/min flow rate in 40 min of extraction time. It was found that the dried sample after drying and grinding pre-treatment produced the highest yield of 4.56 mg/g, whereas the lowest yield was obtained for the fresh leaves’ samples treated with microwave irradiation (1.26 mg/g). Doping techniques with absolute ethanol and 80% (v/v) were comparable in the 2.64 to 2.94 mg/g. GCMS results revealed that Christia vespertilionis extract comprises antioxidants, mainly phytol, limonene, and other medicinal compounds such as α-monolaurin and l-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate. This study indicates that adding co-solvent was not the primary technique in supercritical CO2 extraction to increase the extractability of compounds of interest from plant matrices.
{"title":"Effect of Pre-Treatment Methods on the Extractability of Christia vespertilionis by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide","authors":"Izni Atikah Abd Hamid, Najla Laazizi, A. N. Mustapa, N. A. Abd Rahman","doi":"10.47836/pjst.31.5.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.5.13","url":null,"abstract":"Christia vespertilionis is a medicinal herb traditionally used as a complementary and alternative medicine to treat cancer and malaria. This study investigated the effect of pre-treatments of the Christia vespertilionis plant on supercritical CO2 extraction yield and solubility. Four pre-treatments were studied: drying and grinding, doping with absolute ethanol (99%) and 80% (v/v) of ethanol/water, and microwave pre-treatment. The supercritical CO2 extraction was conducted at a constant 13.8 MPa, 40℃ with 24 mL/min flow rate in 40 min of extraction time. It was found that the dried sample after drying and grinding pre-treatment produced the highest yield of 4.56 mg/g, whereas the lowest yield was obtained for the fresh leaves’ samples treated with microwave irradiation (1.26 mg/g). Doping techniques with absolute ethanol and 80% (v/v) were comparable in the 2.64 to 2.94 mg/g. GCMS results revealed that Christia vespertilionis extract comprises antioxidants, mainly phytol, limonene, and other medicinal compounds such as α-monolaurin and l-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate. This study indicates that adding co-solvent was not the primary technique in supercritical CO2 extraction to increase the extractability of compounds of interest from plant matrices.","PeriodicalId":46234,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84101113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Izzat-Husna, Noor Nabilah Nazri, Kamaruddin Zainul Abidin, Mohammad Saiful Mansor, Z. Kamarudin, R. Topani, S. Md Nor
This study documents a cost-effective strategy for managing Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) in the captive, focusing on their weight at the National Wildlife Rescue Centre (NWRC), Perak, Malaysia. The weight and development of captive bears’ average aged of two months were assessed using data collected over 18 months. Asymptotic bear weight was estimated using the von Bertalanffy equation. The growth curves significantly differed between male and female bears, with males growing much larger than females from early to later growth stages. This study has determined three types of age classes of bears, where the age of adult Malayan sun bears are fully grown at 11 years and six months for males and eight years and nine months for females. Sub-adult bears ranged between one and six years old for males and one and four years for females, while cubs ranged from zero to one year old. Furthermore, the ideal weight for captive Malayan sun bears by age was also successfully determined. Such information is important for the management of this species in captivity. Ensuring the correct weight and age stage, among other criteria, could be useful for successfully releasing rehabilitated sun bears into their natural habitats.
{"title":"Weight Development of Captive Malayan Sun Bears (Helarctos malayanus) in the Malaysian Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre","authors":"M. Izzat-Husna, Noor Nabilah Nazri, Kamaruddin Zainul Abidin, Mohammad Saiful Mansor, Z. Kamarudin, R. Topani, S. Md Nor","doi":"10.47836/pjst.31.5.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.5.03","url":null,"abstract":"This study documents a cost-effective strategy for managing Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) in the captive, focusing on their weight at the National Wildlife Rescue Centre (NWRC), Perak, Malaysia. The weight and development of captive bears’ average aged of two months were assessed using data collected over 18 months. Asymptotic bear weight was estimated using the von Bertalanffy equation. The growth curves significantly differed between male and female bears, with males growing much larger than females from early to later growth stages. This study has determined three types of age classes of bears, where the age of adult Malayan sun bears are fully grown at 11 years and six months for males and eight years and nine months for females. Sub-adult bears ranged between one and six years old for males and one and four years for females, while cubs ranged from zero to one year old. Furthermore, the ideal weight for captive Malayan sun bears by age was also successfully determined. Such information is important for the management of this species in captivity. Ensuring the correct weight and age stage, among other criteria, could be useful for successfully releasing rehabilitated sun bears into their natural habitats.","PeriodicalId":46234,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91189109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioacoustic signals have been used as a modality in environmental monitoring and biodiversity research. These signals also carry species or individual information, thus allowing the recognition of species and individuals based on vocals. Nevertheless, vocal communication in a crowded social environment is a challenging problem for automated bioacoustic recogniser systems due to interference problems in concurrent signals from multiple individuals. The bioacoustics sources are separated from the mixtures of multiple individual signals using a technique known as Blind source separation (BSS) to address the abovementioned issue. In this work, we explored the BSS of an underdetermined mixture based on a two-stage sparse component analysis (SCA) approach that consisted of (1) mixing matrix estimation and (2) source estimation. The key point of our procedure was to investigate the algorithm’s robustness to noise and the effect of increasing the number of sources. Using the two-stage SCA technique, the performances of the estimated mixing matrix and the estimated source were evaluated and discussed at various signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The use of different sources is also validated. Given its robustness, the SCA algorithm presented a stable and reliable performance in a noisy environment with small error changes when the noise level was increased.
{"title":"Underdetermined Blind Source Separation of Bioacoustic Signals","authors":"Norsalina Hassan, D. A. Ramli","doi":"10.47836/pjst.31.5.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.5.08","url":null,"abstract":"Bioacoustic signals have been used as a modality in environmental monitoring and biodiversity research. These signals also carry species or individual information, thus allowing the recognition of species and individuals based on vocals. Nevertheless, vocal communication in a crowded social environment is a challenging problem for automated bioacoustic recogniser systems due to interference problems in concurrent signals from multiple individuals. The bioacoustics sources are separated from the mixtures of multiple individual signals using a technique known as Blind source separation (BSS) to address the abovementioned issue. In this work, we explored the BSS of an underdetermined mixture based on a two-stage sparse component analysis (SCA) approach that consisted of (1) mixing matrix estimation and (2) source estimation. The key point of our procedure was to investigate the algorithm’s robustness to noise and the effect of increasing the number of sources. Using the two-stage SCA technique, the performances of the estimated mixing matrix and the estimated source were evaluated and discussed at various signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The use of different sources is also validated. Given its robustness, the SCA algorithm presented a stable and reliable performance in a noisy environment with small error changes when the noise level was increased.","PeriodicalId":46234,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"177 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72534340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ain Afifah Tolohah, Fatihah Najihah Arazmi, S. Md Nor, M. S. Mansor
Waterbird populations are rapidly declining worldwide, including in many countries in Southeast Asia. Massive land use changes in Peninsular Malaysia are a major threat to biodiversity due to habitat loss and alteration, affecting the populations of many waterbird species. This study was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of three stork species, the Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala and Milky Stork Mycteria cinerea, in Peninsular Malaysia using the citizen science database, eBird. About 86,881 occurrences of the Asian Openbill, 2,391 occurrences of the Painted Stork and 242 occurrences of the Milky Stork were identified in the eBird database throughout Peninsular Malaysia between 2019 and 2021, suggesting major differences in occurrence size between the three species. Map generated from ArcGIS and a statistically significant difference in the population distribution of the three stork species across Peninsular Malaysia indicate habitat segregation. The populations of these stork species should be carefully monitored and managed to avoid imbalance with other waterbird populations.
{"title":"Spatial Distribution of Malaysian Storks Determined Based on Citizen Science (eBird) Data","authors":"Ain Afifah Tolohah, Fatihah Najihah Arazmi, S. Md Nor, M. S. Mansor","doi":"10.47836/pjst.31.5.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.5.14","url":null,"abstract":"Waterbird populations are rapidly declining worldwide, including in many countries in Southeast Asia. Massive land use changes in Peninsular Malaysia are a major threat to biodiversity due to habitat loss and alteration, affecting the populations of many waterbird species. This study was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of three stork species, the Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala and Milky Stork Mycteria cinerea, in Peninsular Malaysia using the citizen science database, eBird. About 86,881 occurrences of the Asian Openbill, 2,391 occurrences of the Painted Stork and 242 occurrences of the Milky Stork were identified in the eBird database throughout Peninsular Malaysia between 2019 and 2021, suggesting major differences in occurrence size between the three species. Map generated from ArcGIS and a statistically significant difference in the population distribution of the three stork species across Peninsular Malaysia indicate habitat segregation. The populations of these stork species should be carefully monitored and managed to avoid imbalance with other waterbird populations.","PeriodicalId":46234,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82635894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nisha Govender, Siti Nur Athirah Mohd Kaspi, Thennavan Krishnan, Z. Mohamed-Hussein
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health threat. Traditional herbals and dietary plants with medicinal values have a long antiviral history and, thus, are extensively studied in COVID-19 therapeutics development. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a food crop with rich nutrient composition. This study screened selected breadfruit prenylated flavonoids for their potential inhibitory activities against the SARS-CoV family receptors using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The A. altilis prenylated flavonoids were selected as target ligands (artocarpin, artoindonesianin V, artonin M, cudraflavone A and cycloartobiloxanthone) and molecular targets from the SARS-CoV family were designated as receptors. Molecular docking was applied with the Lamarckian Genetic algorithm to measure the receptor-ligand orientation using AutoDock Vina software. The structural interactions of the receptor-ligand complexes were visualised using the Biovia Discovery Studio 4.5. Under all possible receptor-ligand combinations, the complexes’ minimum binding affinities (MBA) ranged from -5.5 to -9.1 kcal/mol and held by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attractions. Receptor-ligand complexes with the least MBA (<-6.0 kcal/mol) along with strong structural interactions were validated by MD simulation using the GROMACS software. The 5RE4-artocarpin and 5RE4-artoindonesianin V showed the highest hydrophobic interactions at MBA=-6.6 kcal/mol and -6.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The trajectory analysis of 5RE4-artocarpin and 5RE4-artoindonesianin V complexes was fairly stable throughout a 50 ns MD simulation run. The findings conclude that artocarpin and artoindonesianin V are good potential SARS-CoV family receptor inhibitors.
{"title":"In Silico Screening of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Prenylated Flavonoids Identify Potential SARS-CoV Inhibitors","authors":"Nisha Govender, Siti Nur Athirah Mohd Kaspi, Thennavan Krishnan, Z. Mohamed-Hussein","doi":"10.47836/pjst.31.5.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.5.01","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health threat. Traditional herbals and dietary plants with medicinal values have a long antiviral history and, thus, are extensively studied in COVID-19 therapeutics development. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a food crop with rich nutrient composition. This study screened selected breadfruit prenylated flavonoids for their potential inhibitory activities against the SARS-CoV family receptors using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The A. altilis prenylated flavonoids were selected as target ligands (artocarpin, artoindonesianin V, artonin M, cudraflavone A and cycloartobiloxanthone) and molecular targets from the SARS-CoV family were designated as receptors. Molecular docking was applied with the Lamarckian Genetic algorithm to measure the receptor-ligand orientation using AutoDock Vina software. The structural interactions of the receptor-ligand complexes were visualised using the Biovia Discovery Studio 4.5. Under all possible receptor-ligand combinations, the complexes’ minimum binding affinities (MBA) ranged from -5.5 to -9.1 kcal/mol and held by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attractions. Receptor-ligand complexes with the least MBA (<-6.0 kcal/mol) along with strong structural interactions were validated by MD simulation using the GROMACS software. The 5RE4-artocarpin and 5RE4-artoindonesianin V showed the highest hydrophobic interactions at MBA=-6.6 kcal/mol and -6.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The trajectory analysis of 5RE4-artocarpin and 5RE4-artoindonesianin V complexes was fairly stable throughout a 50 ns MD simulation run. The findings conclude that artocarpin and artoindonesianin V are good potential SARS-CoV family receptor inhibitors.","PeriodicalId":46234,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77459626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Puteri Nurain Megat Ahmad Azman, R. Shamsudin, H. Che Man, M. E. Ya’acob
Pepper processing is one of the largest productions that significantly contribute (98%) to Sarawak, Malaysia’s economic and agricultural sectors. The prolonged retting process of pepper berries would cause undesirable dark colour and acidic wastewater. This study aims to evaluate the performance of an electrocoagulation treatment using nickel and copper electrodes for the changes in turbidity and pH of pepper wastewater. Some analyses (correlation studies and kinetic modelling) were studied. The electrocoagulation treatment was conducted by having two conditions nickel and copper electrodes immersed in 400 mL of pepper wastewater for 30 minutes. Every 5 minutes, it was monitored, and the sample was taken for further analysis. The results indicated a significant decrease in the turbidity of pepper wastewater for nickel (98.25%) and copper electrodes (86.32%) was noticed with the increase in the electrocoagulation treatment time. At the same time, the pH values for nickel and copper electrodes were increased by 27.43% and 31%, respectively. The results were evaluated by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA describes the correlation between the wastewater qualities in this study within less time. Among four models (zero, first and second-order) applied in this study, the turbidity for nickel and copper electrodes had the highest R2 values (0.9457 and 0.9899) in the zero-order model. For pH, the second-order model had the highest R2 values (0.9508 and 0.9657) for nickel and copper electrodes. Electrocoagulation using nickel and process electrodes is a practical method to treat pepper wastewater.
{"title":"Correlation Studies and Kinetic Modelling of Electrocoagulation Treatment of Pepper Wastewater","authors":"Puteri Nurain Megat Ahmad Azman, R. Shamsudin, H. Che Man, M. E. Ya’acob","doi":"10.47836/pjst.31.5.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.5.09","url":null,"abstract":"Pepper processing is one of the largest productions that significantly contribute (98%) to Sarawak, Malaysia’s economic and agricultural sectors. The prolonged retting process of pepper berries would cause undesirable dark colour and acidic wastewater. This study aims to evaluate the performance of an electrocoagulation treatment using nickel and copper electrodes for the changes in turbidity and pH of pepper wastewater. Some analyses (correlation studies and kinetic modelling) were studied. The electrocoagulation treatment was conducted by having two conditions nickel and copper electrodes immersed in 400 mL of pepper wastewater for 30 minutes. Every 5 minutes, it was monitored, and the sample was taken for further analysis. The results indicated a significant decrease in the turbidity of pepper wastewater for nickel (98.25%) and copper electrodes (86.32%) was noticed with the increase in the electrocoagulation treatment time. At the same time, the pH values for nickel and copper electrodes were increased by 27.43% and 31%, respectively. The results were evaluated by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA describes the correlation between the wastewater qualities in this study within less time. Among four models (zero, first and second-order) applied in this study, the turbidity for nickel and copper electrodes had the highest R2 values (0.9457 and 0.9899) in the zero-order model. For pH, the second-order model had the highest R2 values (0.9508 and 0.9657) for nickel and copper electrodes. Electrocoagulation using nickel and process electrodes is a practical method to treat pepper wastewater.","PeriodicalId":46234,"journal":{"name":"Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76641477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. A. Md Zaki, J. Jai, Mohd Hakim Syuwari Hasan, Nur Qistina Mohamad Kamarul Azman, S. A. Hashib, Nozieana Khairuddin, Norashikin Mat Zain, N. Samsulrizal
Clitoria ternatea, also famously known as the blue pea flower (local name: bunga telang), has attracted interest among researchers due to its plethora of biological and pharmacological properties. It is rich in anthocyanin and widely used as a natural food colourant. However, the poor stability of active compounds may affect the therapeutic benefits and limit their application in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Hence, this work aims to study the effects of microwave encapsulation on the anthocyanins, antioxidants, and total phenolic content of Clitoria ternatea flower extract (CTFE). Microwave-assisted encapsulation (MAEC) was carried out at three different powers (300, 450, and 600 W) with different formulations of Gum Arabic (GA) and Maltodextrin Dextrose (MD) as carrier materials from 40% to 70% w/v. The total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and anthocyanins in encapsulates were analysed for the formulations. The findings showed that increased microwave power increased TPC and antioxidant activity (P<0.05). However, adding carrier materials concentration above 60% reduced TPC and the antioxidant activity of microwave-encapsulated anthocyanin from CTFE. The best microwave-assisted encapsulation conditions of CTFE were found at 600 W microwave power with 50% w/v carrier materials GA/MD (ratio 1:1) concentration. The retention of anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, and TPC increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased microwave power and lower concentration of carrier materials. The MAEC approach to enhance the stability of anthocyanin in CTFE presents a high potential to expand its application as a high-value-added natural colourant.
阴蒂，也被称为蓝豌豆花(当地名称:bunga telang)，由于其大量的生物学和药理特性而引起了研究人员的兴趣。它富含花青素，被广泛用作天然食用色素。然而，活性化合物稳定性差可能会影响其治疗效果并限制其在制药和食品工业中的应用。因此，本研究旨在研究微波包封对阴蒂花提取物花青素、抗氧化剂和总酚含量的影响。以不同配方的阿拉伯胶(GA)和麦芽糖糊精葡萄糖(MD)为载体材料，在40% ~ 70% W /v的微波功率下(300、450、600 W)进行微波辅助包封(MAEC)。分析了制剂中总酚含量(TPC)、抗氧化活性和花青素含量。结果表明，增加微波功率可提高TPC和抗氧化活性(P<0.05)。而加入浓度在60%以上的载体材料，则降低了微波包封花青素的TPC和抗氧化活性。微波辅助CTFE包封的最佳条件为:微波功率为600 W，载流子GA/MD浓度为50% W /v(比例为1:1)。随着微波功率的增大和载体物质浓度的降低，花青素保留率、抗氧化活性和TPC显著增加(P<0.05)。MAEC方法提高CTFE中花青素的稳定性，在扩大其作为高附加值天然着色剂的应用方面具有很大的潜力。
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