Pub Date : 1999-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03932729908456890
Fred Tanner
{"title":"Joint actions for peace‐building in the Mediterranean","authors":"Fred Tanner","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456890","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78130033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03932729908456885
Steven Everts
{"title":"Economic and Monetary Union: A test for US‐European relations","authors":"Steven Everts","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456885","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80237424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03932729908456888
A. Politi
{"title":"The new dimensions of organized crime in Southeastern Europe","authors":"A. Politi","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456888","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73168070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-10-01DOI: 10.1080/03932729908456887
Loukas Tsoukalis
{"title":"Economic aspects of European and Balkan regional integration","authors":"Loukas Tsoukalis","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456887","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77328882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.1080/03932729908456875
N. Ronzitti
Under the UN Charter, the threat and use of force is prohibited by Article 2.4, which most writers consider a peremptory norm of international law. The use of force by individual states (acting alone or in a military alliance) is permitted only in self-defence under article 51 or against “enemy states”, according to Articles 107 and 53 (the action may be taken by individual states or by a regional organisation). The practice shows that states are lawfully permitted to resort to force, if they are authorised by the UN Security Council (SC), acting under Chapter VII, that is, if the SC determines that there is a threat to peace or a breach of peace or that an act of aggression have taken place. This point is no longer object of controversy, even though writers are questioning whether this permissive rule is the consequence of a custom within the Charter or can simply be derived from Article 48, which states that actions required to carry out decisions of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security shall be taken by all UN members “or by some of them”. 1
{"title":"Lessons of international law from NATO's armed intervention against the federal republic of Yugoslavia","authors":"N. Ronzitti","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456875","url":null,"abstract":"Under the UN Charter, the threat and use of force is prohibited by Article 2.4, which most writers consider a peremptory norm of international law. The use of force by individual states (acting alone or in a military alliance) is permitted only in self-defence under article 51 or against “enemy states”, according to Articles 107 and 53 (the action may be taken by individual states or by a regional organisation). The practice shows that states are lawfully permitted to resort to force, if they are authorised by the UN Security Council (SC), acting under Chapter VII, that is, if the SC determines that there is a threat to peace or a breach of peace or that an act of aggression have taken place. This point is no longer object of controversy, even though writers are questioning whether this permissive rule is the consequence of a custom within the Charter or can simply be derived from Article 48, which states that actions required to carry out decisions of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security shall be taken by all UN members “or by some of them”. 1","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88763187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.1080/03932729908456872
S. Silvestri
{"title":"Atlantic and European defence after Kosovo","authors":"S. Silvestri","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456872","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74244048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.1080/03932729908456877
R. Balfour, R. Menotti, G. D. Biase
{"title":"Italy's crisis diplomacy in Kosovo, March‐June 1999","authors":"R. Balfour, R. Menotti, G. D. Biase","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456877","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03932729908456877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72533753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.1080/03932729908456871
Lahouari Addi
{"title":"The new Algerian president between the army and the Islamists","authors":"Lahouari Addi","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456871","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72963323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-07-01DOI: 10.1080/03932729908456878
Paulo S. Wrobel
{"title":"Mercosur after the Brazilian financial turmoil","authors":"Paulo S. Wrobel","doi":"10.1080/03932729908456878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456878","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46246,"journal":{"name":"International Spectator","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77688344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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