Pub Date : 2020-10-15DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1835703
William J. Mushawemhuka, J. Fitchett, G. Hoogendoorn
ABSTRACT Climate and weather are key resources for tourism. For nature-based tourism, weather determines the timing and variety of activities, while longer-term climate affects the seasonality of both tourism arrivals and the natural environment tourists will experience. This influence is heightened in developing countries, where little adaptation has been implemented to ameliorate unfavourable climate and extreme weather events. The Tourism Climatic Index (TCI) is widely used in the global North to quantify the climate suitability of tourist destinations. Initial studies for South Africa, Lesotho and Namibia reveal the applicability of the index in the African context, despite challenges in data availability and quality. This study presents the first TCI calculations for Zimbabwe, a country relient on outdoor nature-based tourism for attracting tourists and foreign income. The mean annual TCI scores classify Zimbabwe as very good to excellent in climatic suitability for tourism, with scores spanning 75.5–83 (of a maximum 100) for the period 1989–2014. Monthly TCI scores categorize four locations in the Lowveld region as having a winter-peak suitability; the remaining stations have either summer-peak or bimodal shoulder-peaks. This reveals year-round climatic suitability for tourism in Zimbabwe, and highlights the importance of understanding seasonal variability per destination to maximize tourist satisfaction.
{"title":"Towards quantifying climate suitability for Zimbabwean nature-based tourism","authors":"William J. Mushawemhuka, J. Fitchett, G. Hoogendoorn","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1835703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1835703","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Climate and weather are key resources for tourism. For nature-based tourism, weather determines the timing and variety of activities, while longer-term climate affects the seasonality of both tourism arrivals and the natural environment tourists will experience. This influence is heightened in developing countries, where little adaptation has been implemented to ameliorate unfavourable climate and extreme weather events. The Tourism Climatic Index (TCI) is widely used in the global North to quantify the climate suitability of tourist destinations. Initial studies for South Africa, Lesotho and Namibia reveal the applicability of the index in the African context, despite challenges in data availability and quality. This study presents the first TCI calculations for Zimbabwe, a country relient on outdoor nature-based tourism for attracting tourists and foreign income. The mean annual TCI scores classify Zimbabwe as very good to excellent in climatic suitability for tourism, with scores spanning 75.5–83 (of a maximum 100) for the period 1989–2014. Monthly TCI scores categorize four locations in the Lowveld region as having a winter-peak suitability; the remaining stations have either summer-peak or bimodal shoulder-peaks. This reveals year-round climatic suitability for tourism in Zimbabwe, and highlights the importance of understanding seasonal variability per destination to maximize tourist satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"5 8","pages":"443 - 463"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03736245.2020.1835703","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72396914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1824805
Kathryn J Vickery, F. Eckardt
ABSTRACT This paper demonstrates the use of Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN®), an automated scanning microscopy technique, which combines scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), providing ultra-fast analysis of particle grains at a micron-scale resolution. We evaluate its application in aerosol studies by comparing surface and airborne samples from the Makgadikgadi Pan in Botswana. The playa is a major global dust emitter and its aerosols have a widespread effect on atmospheric, biological and terrestrial processes. Sampling was conducted at a carefully selected surface location and associated BSNE dust trap stack at 0.25, 0.5, 0.85 1.65 meters. The dominant minerals identified here are quartz, halite, thernadite, mica, calcite and feldspar. Surface sample results from QEMSCAN are in line with other forms of elemental and mineralogical analyses. When comparing surface samples with elevated trap samples, we noted a fining and fractionation during grain entrainment, resulting in a compositional shift with height. We also observed some ultra-fine fraction losses from the BSNE traps. Overall, the single location here establishes the link between fluvial playa basin inputs, sediment storage, evaporation products and aeolian losses and outputs from a dry lake surface, not unlike semi-arid evaporative dust sources elsewhere.
{"title":"A closer look at mineral aerosol emissions from the Makgadikgadi Pans, Botswana, using automated SEM-EDS (QEMSCAN®)","authors":"Kathryn J Vickery, F. Eckardt","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1824805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1824805","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper demonstrates the use of Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN®), an automated scanning microscopy technique, which combines scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), providing ultra-fast analysis of particle grains at a micron-scale resolution. We evaluate its application in aerosol studies by comparing surface and airborne samples from the Makgadikgadi Pan in Botswana. The playa is a major global dust emitter and its aerosols have a widespread effect on atmospheric, biological and terrestrial processes. Sampling was conducted at a carefully selected surface location and associated BSNE dust trap stack at 0.25, 0.5, 0.85 1.65 meters. The dominant minerals identified here are quartz, halite, thernadite, mica, calcite and feldspar. Surface sample results from QEMSCAN are in line with other forms of elemental and mineralogical analyses. When comparing surface samples with elevated trap samples, we noted a fining and fractionation during grain entrainment, resulting in a compositional shift with height. We also observed some ultra-fine fraction losses from the BSNE traps. Overall, the single location here establishes the link between fluvial playa basin inputs, sediment storage, evaporation products and aeolian losses and outputs from a dry lake surface, not unlike semi-arid evaporative dust sources elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"7 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82992051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-16DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1823875
M. Macheka, P. Maharaj, Divane Nzima
ABSTRACT Poor rural communities in Zimbabwe are increasingly becoming more reliant on the natural environment for their livelihoods. This is in direct response to the prolonged economic crisis facing the country. However, it is unclear how these livelihood strategies affect the natural environment. The purpose of this article is to identify the livelihood strategies used by people living in a rural district in Zimbabwe and investigate how this impacts the natural environment. Drawing on qualitative, semi-structured interviews with a number of key informants, the study found that poor people have resorted to a range of environmentally hazardous strategies as a means of securing their livelihoods. Illegal mining of gold and chrome, sand mining, brick moulding and traditional craft making are common among the rural poor. The interviews reveal that in the context of high levels of poverty, the need for survival outweighs concern for the environment. Additionally, there are gaps in environmental regulation and protection for sustainable livelihoods.
{"title":"Choosing between environmental conservation and survival: Exploring the link between livelihoods and the natural environment in rural Zimbabwe","authors":"M. Macheka, P. Maharaj, Divane Nzima","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1823875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1823875","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Poor rural communities in Zimbabwe are increasingly becoming more reliant on the natural environment for their livelihoods. This is in direct response to the prolonged economic crisis facing the country. However, it is unclear how these livelihood strategies affect the natural environment. The purpose of this article is to identify the livelihood strategies used by people living in a rural district in Zimbabwe and investigate how this impacts the natural environment. Drawing on qualitative, semi-structured interviews with a number of key informants, the study found that poor people have resorted to a range of environmentally hazardous strategies as a means of securing their livelihoods. Illegal mining of gold and chrome, sand mining, brick moulding and traditional craft making are common among the rural poor. The interviews reveal that in the context of high levels of poverty, the need for survival outweighs concern for the environment. Additionally, there are gaps in environmental regulation and protection for sustainable livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"124 1","pages":"358 - 373"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79216593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2019.1694970
Nina Botha
ABSTRACT Destructive agricultural practices are some of the leading causes of environmental degradation. The adoption of voluntary landscape scale conservation initiatives, such as the South African conservancy model, offers a possible solution. This article uses the Grootvadersbosch Conservancy as an example of how the gap between agricultural productivity and landscape conservation can be bridged. The objectives were to: investigate the conservancy’s historical context; discover the stakeholders’ motivations for joining the conservancy; identify the successes of the conservancy’s projects; and determine the effects of these on the landscape. Three methods were used: a literature study; semi-structured interviews with seven of the conservancy’s management staff who were identified using the snowball sampling technique; and a questionnaire survey distributed to the 21 members of the conservancy, of which 16 replied. The results showed the study area has a long history of environmental exploitation, which led to the establishment of the conservancy. The main reason why conservancy members joined was because of their conservation values. Their four successful landscape scale projects delivered several environmental, social and economic outcomes that positively affected the landscape. It is therefore recommended that farmers create conservancies using a similar model to reconcile the environmental demands of agriculture with the need to improve affected environmental assets and natural resources.
{"title":"Agriculture vs. conservation: how Grootvadersbosch Conservancy finds the common ground","authors":"Nina Botha","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2019.1694970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2019.1694970","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Destructive agricultural practices are some of the leading causes of environmental degradation. The adoption of voluntary landscape scale conservation initiatives, such as the South African conservancy model, offers a possible solution. This article uses the Grootvadersbosch Conservancy as an example of how the gap between agricultural productivity and landscape conservation can be bridged. The objectives were to: investigate the conservancy’s historical context; discover the stakeholders’ motivations for joining the conservancy; identify the successes of the conservancy’s projects; and determine the effects of these on the landscape. Three methods were used: a literature study; semi-structured interviews with seven of the conservancy’s management staff who were identified using the snowball sampling technique; and a questionnaire survey distributed to the 21 members of the conservancy, of which 16 replied. The results showed the study area has a long history of environmental exploitation, which led to the establishment of the conservancy. The main reason why conservancy members joined was because of their conservation values. Their four successful landscape scale projects delivered several environmental, social and economic outcomes that positively affected the landscape. It is therefore recommended that farmers create conservancies using a similar model to reconcile the environmental demands of agriculture with the need to improve affected environmental assets and natural resources.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"149 1","pages":"372 - 388"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79397887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2019.1698450
A. Salom, S. Kivinen
ABSTRACT Environmental problems during the post-mining phase have generally been given less attention than those during the operational phase of a mine. We reviewed the existing knowledge of the threats posed by closed and abandoned mines to natural and human environments in Namibia and identified current limitations and constraints to mine rehabilitation. The exposure of ecosystems and communities to more than 250 abandoned mines is a significant hazard throughout the country. At the same time, mining is one of the largest sectors contributing to Namibia’s economy. The legal framework related to mine rehabilitation is fragmented and incomprehensive and has failed to protect the environment from adverse impacts of mining. Other constraints to successful planning and implementation of mine rehabilitation include lack of knowledge, skills, cooperation, and funding. A more holistic approach is needed to address complex challenges related to the abandoned mines. Improving the current situation would require better integration of mining and environmental legislation, training and recruitment of mine rehabilitation experts, monitoring the long-term effects of mining, international collaboration, and implementing a binding financing mechanism for mine rehabilitation.
{"title":"Closed and abandoned mines in Namibia: a critical review of environmental impacts and constraints to rehabilitation","authors":"A. Salom, S. Kivinen","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2019.1698450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2019.1698450","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Environmental problems during the post-mining phase have generally been given less attention than those during the operational phase of a mine. We reviewed the existing knowledge of the threats posed by closed and abandoned mines to natural and human environments in Namibia and identified current limitations and constraints to mine rehabilitation. The exposure of ecosystems and communities to more than 250 abandoned mines is a significant hazard throughout the country. At the same time, mining is one of the largest sectors contributing to Namibia’s economy. The legal framework related to mine rehabilitation is fragmented and incomprehensive and has failed to protect the environment from adverse impacts of mining. Other constraints to successful planning and implementation of mine rehabilitation include lack of knowledge, skills, cooperation, and funding. A more holistic approach is needed to address complex challenges related to the abandoned mines. Improving the current situation would require better integration of mining and environmental legislation, training and recruitment of mine rehabilitation experts, monitoring the long-term effects of mining, international collaboration, and implementing a binding financing mechanism for mine rehabilitation.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"389 - 405"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80713036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2019.1691046
Gondo Reniko, Oluwatoyin Dare Kolawole
ABSTRACT City and town administrators in Zimbabwe continue to push for the installation of prepaid water meters (PWMs). This is despite the residents' objections to the proposal. The merits and demerits of PWMs continue to be debated, and more empirical information will help chart a new course especially in smaller cities in poor countries. The paper adopts a qualitative research design and case study approach in eliciting information from respondents. Water governance institutions and 35 residents in Karoi town were purposively sampled to understand how they viewed the impact of PWMs installation in the water supply chain. Data collection tools included questionnaires, documents, observations and focus group discussions (FGDs). Findings revealed that respondents perceived water is an indispensable commodity, a right and one that should be enjoyed by every citizen regardless of their social or economic status. The installation of PWMs also runs contrary to the Zimbabwean Constitution as it deprives low-income citizens of water if they could not afford to pay. Instead, a more appropriate delivery mechanism is the traditional post-paid system, which allows consumers to access water based on affordability.
{"title":"‘They don’t read metres, they only bring bills’: Issues surrounding the installation of prepaid water metres in Karoi town, Zimbabwe","authors":"Gondo Reniko, Oluwatoyin Dare Kolawole","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2019.1691046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2019.1691046","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT City and town administrators in Zimbabwe continue to push for the installation of prepaid water meters (PWMs). This is despite the residents' objections to the proposal. The merits and demerits of PWMs continue to be debated, and more empirical information will help chart a new course especially in smaller cities in poor countries. The paper adopts a qualitative research design and case study approach in eliciting information from respondents. Water governance institutions and 35 residents in Karoi town were purposively sampled to understand how they viewed the impact of PWMs installation in the water supply chain. Data collection tools included questionnaires, documents, observations and focus group discussions (FGDs). Findings revealed that respondents perceived water is an indispensable commodity, a right and one that should be enjoyed by every citizen regardless of their social or economic status. The installation of PWMs also runs contrary to the Zimbabwean Constitution as it deprives low-income citizens of water if they could not afford to pay. Instead, a more appropriate delivery mechanism is the traditional post-paid system, which allows consumers to access water based on affordability.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"356 - 371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81956550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2019.1685405
T. Ngulani, C. Shackleton
ABSTRACT Urban greenery provide a variety of goods and services to city dwellers. A core one is amelioration of the urban heat island effect. However, the many estimates from temperate regions cannot be extrapolated to the tropics, where more empirical studies are required to guide urban planning and optimization of green infrastructure design and distribution. This study reports on the temperature differentials in fortnightly readings, in winter and summer, between 12 urban green spaces and the surrounding built-up urban matrix at increasing distances from each green space. Additionally, the value of energy costs saved for air conditioning by urban greenery was calculated. The mean difference in temperature between green spaces and neighbouring built-up areas was 3.6°C, and in summer ranged from 0.9°C to 6.1°C and in winter 0.9°C to 5.7°C. The cooling effects extended up to 1.7 km beyond the centre of green spaces. The magnitude of cooling increased slightly with increasing green space size. These cooling effects translated into a cost on energy saving of approximately US$532/household/yr. Given the weak economy and incomes in Zimbabwe, this saving is considerable and can contribute to the multiple motivations for more green spaces in the city.
{"title":"The degree, extent and value of air temperature amelioration by urban green spaces in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe","authors":"T. Ngulani, C. Shackleton","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2019.1685405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2019.1685405","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Urban greenery provide a variety of goods and services to city dwellers. A core one is amelioration of the urban heat island effect. However, the many estimates from temperate regions cannot be extrapolated to the tropics, where more empirical studies are required to guide urban planning and optimization of green infrastructure design and distribution. This study reports on the temperature differentials in fortnightly readings, in winter and summer, between 12 urban green spaces and the surrounding built-up urban matrix at increasing distances from each green space. Additionally, the value of energy costs saved for air conditioning by urban greenery was calculated. The mean difference in temperature between green spaces and neighbouring built-up areas was 3.6°C, and in summer ranged from 0.9°C to 6.1°C and in winter 0.9°C to 5.7°C. The cooling effects extended up to 1.7 km beyond the centre of green spaces. The magnitude of cooling increased slightly with increasing green space size. These cooling effects translated into a cost on energy saving of approximately US$532/household/yr. Given the weak economy and incomes in Zimbabwe, this saving is considerable and can contribute to the multiple motivations for more green spaces in the city.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"35 5 1","pages":"344 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82797900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1807398
L. Pijper, G. Breetzke, I. Edelstein
ABSTRACT South Africa is crippled with high rates of crime. Examining factors that may build neighbourhood-level resilience to crime is central to reducing the poverty gap and lowering inequality particularly in impoverished communities. By drawing on theories from environmental criminology in this study we quantify and spatially locate resilient neighbourhoods in the township of Khayelitsha located on the urban periphery of Cape Town in South Africa. We then examine the extent to which access to various built environment factors in the township is stratified based on neighbourhood-level resiliency. Contrary to expectations we found that the most resilient neighbourhoods in Khayelitsha most often experience a decrease in access to a range of built environment factors. Explanations for these findings are provided in the context of a uniquely South African township setting.
{"title":"Building neighbourhood-level resilience to crime: the case of Khayelitsha, South Africa","authors":"L. Pijper, G. Breetzke, I. Edelstein","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1807398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1807398","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT South Africa is crippled with high rates of crime. Examining factors that may build neighbourhood-level resilience to crime is central to reducing the poverty gap and lowering inequality particularly in impoverished communities. By drawing on theories from environmental criminology in this study we quantify and spatially locate resilient neighbourhoods in the township of Khayelitsha located on the urban periphery of Cape Town in South Africa. We then examine the extent to which access to various built environment factors in the township is stratified based on neighbourhood-level resiliency. Contrary to expectations we found that the most resilient neighbourhoods in Khayelitsha most often experience a decrease in access to a range of built environment factors. Explanations for these findings are provided in the context of a uniquely South African township setting.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"342 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85212552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-02DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1786443
Lorato Mokwena
ABSTRACT Oral semiotic resources used by individuals for wayfinding purposes have not received sufficient attention in linguistic landscape (LL) studies. In a bid to contribute to this neglected area, this paper explores oral route directions and the invention of street names in two rural places – Ulco and Delportshoop. Drawing on conceptual frameworks from cognitive geography, this paper uses linguistic landscape photographic material, interview data and oral narrations of place to explore the range of semiotic resources individuals draw on in the navigation of space. The paper focuses on how residents in rural environments draw on a hybrid repertoire of rural and urban spatial markers and strategies in producing oral route directions and inventing oral street names. In so doing, it illustrates the complex interplay between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ spatial navigation practices and while simultaneously highlighting way-finding practices deemed unique to rural areas. One such unique practice is the repurposing of the word ‘straight’ as a distance indicator.
{"title":"Blurring the boundaries between ‘urban’ and ‘rural’: oral route directions and the invention of street names in Ulco and Delportshoop","authors":"Lorato Mokwena","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1786443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1786443","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Oral semiotic resources used by individuals for wayfinding purposes have not received sufficient attention in linguistic landscape (LL) studies. In a bid to contribute to this neglected area, this paper explores oral route directions and the invention of street names in two rural places – Ulco and Delportshoop. Drawing on conceptual frameworks from cognitive geography, this paper uses linguistic landscape photographic material, interview data and oral narrations of place to explore the range of semiotic resources individuals draw on in the navigation of space. The paper focuses on how residents in rural environments draw on a hybrid repertoire of rural and urban spatial markers and strategies in producing oral route directions and inventing oral street names. In so doing, it illustrates the complex interplay between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ spatial navigation practices and while simultaneously highlighting way-finding practices deemed unique to rural areas. One such unique practice is the repurposing of the word ‘straight’ as a distance indicator.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"303 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84233650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-27DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1795914
S. Lottering, P. Mafongoya, R. Lottering
ABSTRACT Drought frequency is expected to increase in the coming decades due to climate change. Droughts are one of the most devastating natural disasters affecting food production, water resources and causing widespread human and animal mortalities. Sub-Saharan Africa is considered the most vulnerable region to climate change, due to low rainfall, long dry seasons and high levels of poverty. A systematic approach was used to search for published literature from 2008 to 2018 on the impacts of droughts on small-scale farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa from Ebscohost, Google Scholar and Web of Science internet search engines. To acquire relevant studies, the following keywords and Boolean operation combinations were used: GIS AND Remote Sensing OR drought OR small-scale farmers OR sub-Saharan Africa and only studies from 2008 to 2018 were selected. The impacts of droughts are far-reaching and affect the environment, societies and the economy of a country. There is limited reliable and comprehensive information on the impacts of droughts, which calls for research aimed at explaining the impacts of effect and how they can be predicted and mitigated. Improving drought preparedness and mitigation is an important precondition reducing the vulnerability of small-scale farmers and rural communities to the impacts of droughts.
由于气候变化，预计未来几十年干旱频率将增加。干旱是影响粮食生产、水资源和造成广泛人畜死亡的最具破坏性的自然灾害之一。由于降雨量少、旱季长、贫困程度高，撒哈拉以南非洲被认为是最容易受到气候变化影响的地区。通过Ebscohost、b谷歌Scholar和Web of Science互联网搜索引擎，采用系统方法检索了2008年至2018年发表的关于干旱对撒哈拉以南非洲小农影响的文献。为了获取相关研究，我们使用了以下关键词和布尔运算组合:GIS and Remote Sensing OR drought OR小规模农户OR撒哈拉以南非洲，并且只选取了2008 - 2018年的研究。干旱的影响是深远的，影响到一个国家的环境、社会和经济。关于干旱影响的可靠和全面的信息有限，因此需要进行旨在解释影响的影响以及如何预测和减轻这些影响的研究。改善抗旱备灾和缓解措施是减少小农和农村社区对干旱影响的脆弱性的一个重要先决条件。
{"title":"Drought and its impacts on small-scale farmers in sub-Saharan Africa: a review","authors":"S. Lottering, P. Mafongoya, R. Lottering","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1795914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1795914","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drought frequency is expected to increase in the coming decades due to climate change. Droughts are one of the most devastating natural disasters affecting food production, water resources and causing widespread human and animal mortalities. Sub-Saharan Africa is considered the most vulnerable region to climate change, due to low rainfall, long dry seasons and high levels of poverty. A systematic approach was used to search for published literature from 2008 to 2018 on the impacts of droughts on small-scale farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa from Ebscohost, Google Scholar and Web of Science internet search engines. To acquire relevant studies, the following keywords and Boolean operation combinations were used: GIS AND Remote Sensing OR drought OR small-scale farmers OR sub-Saharan Africa and only studies from 2008 to 2018 were selected. The impacts of droughts are far-reaching and affect the environment, societies and the economy of a country. There is limited reliable and comprehensive information on the impacts of droughts, which calls for research aimed at explaining the impacts of effect and how they can be predicted and mitigated. Improving drought preparedness and mitigation is an important precondition reducing the vulnerability of small-scale farmers and rural communities to the impacts of droughts.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"239 1","pages":"319 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76272790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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