Pub Date : 2020-12-22DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1863254
Anjali Mistry, M. Spocter
ABSTRACT Gated communities have evolved into providing unique residential offerings aimed at specific markets. Eco-estates and eco-friendly estates are examples of such niche estates which have witnessed increasing growth in their development throughout South Africa. This paper overviews the literature on the evolution of gated communities and provides a spatial articulation of the location of eco- and eco-friendly estates in South Africa towards creating a categorization of eco-developments. The study is positioned in the theoretical realms of eco-form and eco-urbanism which scaffold the global surge in eco-developments. A database of eco-developments in South Africa was created from several sources and surveys were conducted among developers and estate managers of such developments. The locational analysis shows most eco-developments being located in the Western Cape, Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal, while more than half of the proposed developments were destined for the remaining provinces. Eco-estates and eco-friendly estates show a predilection for sites on the urban edge, along the coast or with mountain views. Criteria based on eco-practices were selected as standards for a five-category continuum of eco-estates. When applied the categorization confirms that eco-developments display differing levels of eco-ness. While eco-developments do have positive ecological impacts and they do enhance sustainable living, they do not add to social connectivity as they are exclusive ecological islands surrounded by walls.
{"title":"A categorization of gated eco-developments in South Africa","authors":"Anjali Mistry, M. Spocter","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1863254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1863254","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Gated communities have evolved into providing unique residential offerings aimed at specific markets. Eco-estates and eco-friendly estates are examples of such niche estates which have witnessed increasing growth in their development throughout South Africa. This paper overviews the literature on the evolution of gated communities and provides a spatial articulation of the location of eco- and eco-friendly estates in South Africa towards creating a categorization of eco-developments. The study is positioned in the theoretical realms of eco-form and eco-urbanism which scaffold the global surge in eco-developments. A database of eco-developments in South Africa was created from several sources and surveys were conducted among developers and estate managers of such developments. The locational analysis shows most eco-developments being located in the Western Cape, Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal, while more than half of the proposed developments were destined for the remaining provinces. Eco-estates and eco-friendly estates show a predilection for sites on the urban edge, along the coast or with mountain views. Criteria based on eco-practices were selected as standards for a five-category continuum of eco-estates. When applied the categorization confirms that eco-developments display differing levels of eco-ness. While eco-developments do have positive ecological impacts and they do enhance sustainable living, they do not add to social connectivity as they are exclusive ecological islands surrounded by walls.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"16 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80478582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-20DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1854837
Mthembeni Mngadi, J. Odindi, Mbulisi Sibanda, K. Peerbhay, O. Mutanga
ABSTRACT The adoption of remotely sensed data in forest applications has grown significantly. Whereas high spatial resolution sensors have been successful in mapping and monitoring commercial forests, their cost, accessibility, and spatial coverage remain a critical challenge. Hence, it is was necessary to investigate the value of new and improved freely available sensors in forest species mapping using the Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). This study evaluated the performance of new freely available and improved raw and pan-sharpened Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery in discriminating seven key plantation forest species in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Accuracies achieved using the Landsat (OLI) imagery were benchmarked against the WorldView-2 imagery. Results show that raw and pan-sharpened bands successfully delineated commercial forest species, with overall classification accuracies of 79% and 77.8%, respectively. Although these accuracies were lower than the 86.5% achieved from the higher resolution Worldview-2 image data, our findings demonstrate that the Landsat 8 OLI’s lower spatial resolution (30 m) generated a plausible performance in discriminating forest species. Hence, Landsat 8 OLI could be useful in providing existing and historical preliminary forestry assessment due to its free availability, wide spatial coverage as well as its rich archive dating back to the 1970s.
{"title":"Testing the value of freely available Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and OLI pan-sharpened imagery in discriminating commercial forest species","authors":"Mthembeni Mngadi, J. Odindi, Mbulisi Sibanda, K. Peerbhay, O. Mutanga","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1854837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1854837","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The adoption of remotely sensed data in forest applications has grown significantly. Whereas high spatial resolution sensors have been successful in mapping and monitoring commercial forests, their cost, accessibility, and spatial coverage remain a critical challenge. Hence, it is was necessary to investigate the value of new and improved freely available sensors in forest species mapping using the Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). This study evaluated the performance of new freely available and improved raw and pan-sharpened Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery in discriminating seven key plantation forest species in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Accuracies achieved using the Landsat (OLI) imagery were benchmarked against the WorldView-2 imagery. Results show that raw and pan-sharpened bands successfully delineated commercial forest species, with overall classification accuracies of 79% and 77.8%, respectively. Although these accuracies were lower than the 86.5% achieved from the higher resolution Worldview-2 image data, our findings demonstrate that the Landsat 8 OLI’s lower spatial resolution (30 m) generated a plausible performance in discriminating forest species. Hence, Landsat 8 OLI could be useful in providing existing and historical preliminary forestry assessment due to its free availability, wide spatial coverage as well as its rich archive dating back to the 1970s.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"501 - 518"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80150441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1854838
S. Zantsi
ABSTRACT The South African land redistribution is stalling, and frustration in both citizens and politicians has gained momentum in recent years. Among its numerous recommendations, the Advisory Panel on Land Reform and Agriculture, appointed by the presidency to ease the frustration, has recommended research to better understand the beneficiaries of land redistribution. Using a sample of 469 potential emerging farmers randomly selected and surveyed from three provinces, this article endeavours to understand factors affecting land size demand of commercial-oriented smallholders, who are the prime beneficiaries of land redistribution. Existing studies report a small land size demand from smallholders and have advocated that land reform farms should be subdivided to meet this demand despite the Land Subdivision Act of 1970, which prohibits subdivision of farmland. This repeated request implies that the government has done little so far to subdivide land reform farms. Results from the ordinary least squares regression of the present study show that mostly socio-economic variables, followed by ‘currently owned arable land’ and ‘risk attitude’, statistically explain land demand of potential land reform beneficiaries. Considering the farm subdivision debate, the results of this study substantiate the argument of subdividing farms because smallholders demand a land size that meets their working capabilities and their willingness to accept the associated risk.
南非的土地再分配停滞不前，近年来公民和政治家的挫折感都有所增加。在众多建议中，由总统任命的土地改革和农业咨询小组(Advisory Panel on Land Reform and Agriculture)建议进行研究，以更好地了解土地再分配的受益者。本文从三个省份随机抽取了469名潜在新兴农民作为样本，试图了解影响以商业为导向的小农土地规模需求的因素，他们是土地再分配的主要受益者。现有的研究报告显示，小农对土地的需求很小，尽管1970年的《土地分割法》禁止对农田进行再分割，但土地改革农场应该再分割以满足这一需求。这一反复的要求意味着，到目前为止，政府在细分土地改革农场方面做得很少。本研究的普通最小二乘回归结果表明，在统计上解释土地改革潜在受益者的土地需求的主要是社会经济变量，其次是“目前拥有的耕地”和“风险态度”。考虑到农场细分的争论，本研究的结果证实了细分农场的论点，因为小农需要满足他们的工作能力和接受相关风险的意愿的土地规模。
{"title":"Explaining land size demand among potential emerging farmers in South Africa: what does it mean for land redistribution policy?","authors":"S. Zantsi","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1854838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1854838","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The South African land redistribution is stalling, and frustration in both citizens and politicians has gained momentum in recent years. Among its numerous recommendations, the Advisory Panel on Land Reform and Agriculture, appointed by the presidency to ease the frustration, has recommended research to better understand the beneficiaries of land redistribution. Using a sample of 469 potential emerging farmers randomly selected and surveyed from three provinces, this article endeavours to understand factors affecting land size demand of commercial-oriented smallholders, who are the prime beneficiaries of land redistribution. Existing studies report a small land size demand from smallholders and have advocated that land reform farms should be subdivided to meet this demand despite the Land Subdivision Act of 1970, which prohibits subdivision of farmland. This repeated request implies that the government has done little so far to subdivide land reform farms. Results from the ordinary least squares regression of the present study show that mostly socio-economic variables, followed by ‘currently owned arable land’ and ‘risk attitude’, statistically explain land demand of potential land reform beneficiaries. Considering the farm subdivision debate, the results of this study substantiate the argument of subdividing farms because smallholders demand a land size that meets their working capabilities and their willingness to accept the associated risk.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"519 - 539"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73036702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-15DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1859406
P. Sumner, W. Nel
Studies on the geomorphology of southern African have a long history extending back to the pioneering work in the early parts of the 20 Century by Dixey, Wellington and King, amongst others (see Beckedahl et al., 2002). However, it took several decades before a coordinated effort was launched to organize and formalize geomorphology locally. Following the initiatives of the First International Conference on Geomorphology at the University of Manchester in 1985, a Symposium on the Geomorphology of Southern Africa was held in the Eastern Cape at the University of Transkei (now Walter Sisulu University) in Umtata (Mthata) in 1988. The Symposium was preceded by an excursion through the then Transkei, and was followed by a two-week excursion through southern Africa. Two important publications stemmed from this meeting. The first was the symposium proceedings, entitled Geomorphological Studies in Southern Africa (Dardis & Moon, 1988) and the second, a textbook, The Geomorphology of Southern Africa (Moon & Dardis, 1988) that served for many decades as the seminal texts of southern African geomorphology. Targeting the imminent inauguration of the International Association of Geomorphology (IAG) planned for The Second International Geomorphology Conference in 1992 in Canada, the 1988 local geomorphology symposium in Mthata provided the platform to launch the Southern African Association of Geomorphologists (SAAG). In 1990 at the University of Bophuthatswana in Mafikeng (now part of the North-West University), the SAAG was launched through the acceptance of a constitution and the election of its first President, Heinz Beckedahl. After the official inauguration of the IAG in 1992, the SAAG became an affiliate member to the international association.
{"title":"Commemorating three decades of the Southern African association of geomorphologists","authors":"P. Sumner, W. Nel","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1859406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1859406","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on the geomorphology of southern African have a long history extending back to the pioneering work in the early parts of the 20 Century by Dixey, Wellington and King, amongst others (see Beckedahl et al., 2002). However, it took several decades before a coordinated effort was launched to organize and formalize geomorphology locally. Following the initiatives of the First International Conference on Geomorphology at the University of Manchester in 1985, a Symposium on the Geomorphology of Southern Africa was held in the Eastern Cape at the University of Transkei (now Walter Sisulu University) in Umtata (Mthata) in 1988. The Symposium was preceded by an excursion through the then Transkei, and was followed by a two-week excursion through southern Africa. Two important publications stemmed from this meeting. The first was the symposium proceedings, entitled Geomorphological Studies in Southern Africa (Dardis & Moon, 1988) and the second, a textbook, The Geomorphology of Southern Africa (Moon & Dardis, 1988) that served for many decades as the seminal texts of southern African geomorphology. Targeting the imminent inauguration of the International Association of Geomorphology (IAG) planned for The Second International Geomorphology Conference in 1992 in Canada, the 1988 local geomorphology symposium in Mthata provided the platform to launch the Southern African Association of Geomorphologists (SAAG). In 1990 at the University of Bophuthatswana in Mafikeng (now part of the North-West University), the SAAG was launched through the acceptance of a constitution and the election of its first President, Heinz Beckedahl. After the official inauguration of the IAG in 1992, the SAAG became an affiliate member to the international association.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83453351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-10DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1851294
R.E. Grundling, D. Turner, P. Grundling, H. Beckedahl, N. S. Haussmann
ABSTRACT Wetlands form part of a diverse range of habitats and play an important role in the ecology and hydrological cycle but are amongst the most threatened ecological systems. It is therefore critical to understand the hydrology of wetlands, and their contributing water sources in particular, to ensure appropriate management of these systems. Land use activities not only alter the runoff characteristics of catchments, but also often result in modified flow regimes in watercourses. Wetlands often develop accidentally in anthropogenic landscapes and are not uncommon. However, these wetlands are poorly documented and researched. An accidental wetland formed in the Kgaswane Mountain Reserve, Rustenburg, due to leaking water infrastructure. The aim of this project was to categorise the wetland and confirm its origin, focussing on the role of the leakage. Methods included hydrogeomorphic classification, water ion composition analysis, as well as infield temperature and electrical conductivity measurements. Historical satellite imagery was used to study the evolution of the wetland over time. The electrical conductivity and ionic composition results suggest an unnatural water source, providing support that a leaking pipe caused the wetland to form. Management of accidental wetlands is discussed and the potential for future, related research is contemplated.
{"title":"Accidental wetlands - A southern African case study from the Kgaswane Mountain Reserve, Rustenburg","authors":"R.E. Grundling, D. Turner, P. Grundling, H. Beckedahl, N. S. Haussmann","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1851294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1851294","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Wetlands form part of a diverse range of habitats and play an important role in the ecology and hydrological cycle but are amongst the most threatened ecological systems. It is therefore critical to understand the hydrology of wetlands, and their contributing water sources in particular, to ensure appropriate management of these systems. Land use activities not only alter the runoff characteristics of catchments, but also often result in modified flow regimes in watercourses. Wetlands often develop accidentally in anthropogenic landscapes and are not uncommon. However, these wetlands are poorly documented and researched. An accidental wetland formed in the Kgaswane Mountain Reserve, Rustenburg, due to leaking water infrastructure. The aim of this project was to categorise the wetland and confirm its origin, focussing on the role of the leakage. Methods included hydrogeomorphic classification, water ion composition analysis, as well as infield temperature and electrical conductivity measurements. Historical satellite imagery was used to study the evolution of the wetland over time. The electrical conductivity and ionic composition results suggest an unnatural water source, providing support that a leaking pipe caused the wetland to form. Management of accidental wetlands is discussed and the potential for future, related research is contemplated.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"484 - 500"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89979491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-29DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1842238
Ivan Henrico, H. Smit, Susan Henrico
ABSTRACT The importance of Military Geography in the curricula of military academies cannot be overemphasized, because geography plays a significant role during military operations of any nature. Military Geography encompasses various social science sub-fields, among others political science, military history, military strategy and military intelligence. It should therefore be recognized as a force multiplier in terms of educating military students and as a research avenue by both military academic and military training professionals. Military Geography as a subject should not focus exclusively on the theory of geography with potential military operational application. It should much rather train soldier-academics to conform to a country’s military doctrine for using geospatial information. This study evaluated the geography curricula of two military academies, abroad and in Africa, and one extra-continental civilian tertiary institution to identify generic elements needed in a fit for purpose Military Geography curriculum. The undergraduate Military Geography curriculum at the South African Military Academy was then assessed against their addressing these generic elements. Three limitations in the Military Geography curriculum were identified, namely inadequate Urban Geography coverage, lack of practical GIS and remote sensing application, and lack of accreditation credits to professional GIS bodies. Solutions were proposed to address the limitations.
{"title":"Curriculum alignment at undergraduate level: military geography at the South African Military Academy","authors":"Ivan Henrico, H. Smit, Susan Henrico","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1842238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1842238","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The importance of Military Geography in the curricula of military academies cannot be overemphasized, because geography plays a significant role during military operations of any nature. Military Geography encompasses various social science sub-fields, among others political science, military history, military strategy and military intelligence. It should therefore be recognized as a force multiplier in terms of educating military students and as a research avenue by both military academic and military training professionals. Military Geography as a subject should not focus exclusively on the theory of geography with potential military operational application. It should much rather train soldier-academics to conform to a country’s military doctrine for using geospatial information. This study evaluated the geography curricula of two military academies, abroad and in Africa, and one extra-continental civilian tertiary institution to identify generic elements needed in a fit for purpose Military Geography curriculum. The undergraduate Military Geography curriculum at the South African Military Academy was then assessed against their addressing these generic elements. Three limitations in the Military Geography curriculum were identified, namely inadequate Urban Geography coverage, lack of practical GIS and remote sensing application, and lack of accreditation credits to professional GIS bodies. Solutions were proposed to address the limitations.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"464 - 483"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75537037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1835701
William Muzorewa, Munyaradzi Chitakira
ABSTRACT Implementation of climate-smart livelihood strategies in communities is central to reducing impacts of climate shocks. Although the communities are vulnerable to climate variability, the magnitude of vulnerability depends on the choice of livelihood strategies being implemented. This paper applied a realist synthesis method to evaluate peer-reviewed literature on climate-smart livelihood strategies pursued in southern Africa in general and eastern Zimbabwe in particular. A holistic analysis of all climate variables was applied to adequately assess rural and urban communities’ adaptive strategies at micro-level. Accordingly, this review gave a nuanced analysis of vulnerability that frames the context in which communities’ livelihoods are affected by the increasing climate variability and extreme events. The review highlighted agriculture that involves forestry, crop and livestock farming as the predominant livelihoods in rural communities while crop farming and petty business dominates the informal economy as the core livelihoods in urban communities. Literature established the transformation of agriculture to climate smart practices that increase productivity and enhance the resilience of livelihoods. However, climate smart agriculture practices are not entirely new concepts. Most communities have always engaged in a variety of unorthodox farming methods to combat the impacts of climate variability and induced food insecurity. Given the right financial, technical and policy support, the communities are capable of constructing climate-smart livelihood strategies that are context specific. Fundamentally, the paper recommends that public and private institutions should develop capabilities to assess the impacts of climate related scenarios on vulnerable social groups to empower them to formulate bankable livelihood projects.
{"title":"Climate-smart livelihood strategies in rural and urban communities in eastern Zimbabwe: an in-depth literature study","authors":"William Muzorewa, Munyaradzi Chitakira","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1835701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1835701","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Implementation of climate-smart livelihood strategies in communities is central to reducing impacts of climate shocks. Although the communities are vulnerable to climate variability, the magnitude of vulnerability depends on the choice of livelihood strategies being implemented. This paper applied a realist synthesis method to evaluate peer-reviewed literature on climate-smart livelihood strategies pursued in southern Africa in general and eastern Zimbabwe in particular. A holistic analysis of all climate variables was applied to adequately assess rural and urban communities’ adaptive strategies at micro-level. Accordingly, this review gave a nuanced analysis of vulnerability that frames the context in which communities’ livelihoods are affected by the increasing climate variability and extreme events. The review highlighted agriculture that involves forestry, crop and livestock farming as the predominant livelihoods in rural communities while crop farming and petty business dominates the informal economy as the core livelihoods in urban communities. Literature established the transformation of agriculture to climate smart practices that increase productivity and enhance the resilience of livelihoods. However, climate smart agriculture practices are not entirely new concepts. Most communities have always engaged in a variety of unorthodox farming methods to combat the impacts of climate variability and induced food insecurity. Given the right financial, technical and policy support, the communities are capable of constructing climate-smart livelihood strategies that are context specific. Fundamentally, the paper recommends that public and private institutions should develop capabilities to assess the impacts of climate related scenarios on vulnerable social groups to empower them to formulate bankable livelihood projects.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"395 - 410"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88630407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1835702
B. Benson
ABSTRACT Countries such as Latin America, Asia and Africa in the Global South are characterized by the prevalence of informal settlements, where policing is very challenging. Empirical research in an informal settlement in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) highlighted these challenges which included a lack of infrastructure and roads. Accurate geospatial data are required to timeously identify crime hotspots and, when three (03) elements of the Routine Activities Theory are applied to these locations, effective crime prevention is possible. By capturing crime-scene data with handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) instruments, police data will be more accurate in terms of temporal and spatial information. Not only will this enhance crime-prevention activities, it will also have a positive impact on police service delivery within these areas.
{"title":"The use of the routine activities theory on policing informal settlements in the Global South","authors":"B. Benson","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1835702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1835702","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Countries such as Latin America, Asia and Africa in the Global South are characterized by the prevalence of informal settlements, where policing is very challenging. Empirical research in an informal settlement in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) highlighted these challenges which included a lack of infrastructure and roads. Accurate geospatial data are required to timeously identify crime hotspots and, when three (03) elements of the Routine Activities Theory are applied to these locations, effective crime prevention is possible. By capturing crime-scene data with handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) instruments, police data will be more accurate in terms of temporal and spatial information. Not only will this enhance crime-prevention activities, it will also have a positive impact on police service delivery within these areas.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"425 - 442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77173321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1835700
M. Bruin, P. Schmitz
ABSTRACT South Africa experienced since 2008 high escalations in rhinoceros poaching. It is essential to protect southern Africa’s heritage by developing/adapting new research methods and techniques that can assist prosecutors to improve their successes in achieving convictions. The paper aimed to investigate the use of forensic geomorphology in the context of a poached rhino to assist in the prosecution of suspected poachers in the absence of any DNA linkages. Two experimental study sites mimicked the aspects of the landscape in which rhinoceros normally occur. Trace evidence was removed from the suspects that moved through the landscape in order to verify if any significant similarities could be identified against control samples collected at poaching sites and at locations based on the terrain utilized by the poachers during the simulated poaching incident. The paper concluded that a linkage could be recognized between the selected landscape and the collected trace evidence. The results indicate that the first experimental study site illustrated a definite linkage between the suspects and the poaching site, whereas the second experimental study site suggested that there was a possibility that a linkage could be made. This study only used inorganic material such as sand grains to link suspects to scenes.
{"title":"The application of forensic geomorphology in rhinoceros poaching investigations in Africa","authors":"M. Bruin, P. Schmitz","doi":"10.1080/03736245.2020.1835700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1835700","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT South Africa experienced since 2008 high escalations in rhinoceros poaching. It is essential to protect southern Africa’s heritage by developing/adapting new research methods and techniques that can assist prosecutors to improve their successes in achieving convictions. The paper aimed to investigate the use of forensic geomorphology in the context of a poached rhino to assist in the prosecution of suspected poachers in the absence of any DNA linkages. Two experimental study sites mimicked the aspects of the landscape in which rhinoceros normally occur. Trace evidence was removed from the suspects that moved through the landscape in order to verify if any significant similarities could be identified against control samples collected at poaching sites and at locations based on the terrain utilized by the poachers during the simulated poaching incident. The paper concluded that a linkage could be recognized between the selected landscape and the collected trace evidence. The results indicate that the first experimental study site illustrated a definite linkage between the suspects and the poaching site, whereas the second experimental study site suggested that there was a possibility that a linkage could be made. This study only used inorganic material such as sand grains to link suspects to scenes.","PeriodicalId":46279,"journal":{"name":"South African Geographical Journal","volume":"426 1","pages":"43 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76662679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2020.1835699
K. Elzopy, K. Ashish, Chaturvedia, K. Madhava, Chandrana, G. Gopinath, U., Surendrana
ABSTRACT Trend analysis for the long-term average temperature and rainfall of Ethiopia during 1901 to 2015 has been performed to understand the pattern of these important meteorological features under climate change. The rainfall characterizations viz., precipitation concentration index (PCI), seasonality index (SI), rainfall anomaly index (RAI) and departure analysis of rainfall (DAR) have been calculated and interpreted. The annual rainfall recorded for the whole period was 816.3 ± 90.82 mm/year. During kiremt (long rainy) season, maximum seasonal rainfall of 453.2 mm were recorded while, its minimum value (39.6 mm) were received in bega (dry) season, respectively. The analysis of probability distribution for the time series data showed slightly positive skewness and kurtosis in monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall from the normal distribution. The results of Modified Mann–Kendall trend analysis for average temperature revealed a significant increasing trend from 1961 to 2015. Conversely, dry season (bega) rainfall, showed an increasing trend while kiremt season rainfall with decreasing trend for the period of 1901–2015. However, annual and other seasonal rainfall did not show any statistically significant trend. Study concludes that there is an increase in the average temperature in Ethiopia but, it constitutes a high degree of stability in rainfall rate and distribution.
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