Melbourne University Law Review最新文献

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Lange and Reynolds Qualified Privilege: Australian and English Defamation Law and Practice 《限定特权:澳大利亚和英国诽谤法律与实践》

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q2 LAW

Melbourne University Law Review

Pub Date : 2005-09-22 DOI: 10.4324/9781315254999-20

A. Kenyon

Australian and English case law has developed qualified privilege defences that are available to the media and appear to protect more political or public interest speech than traditional defamation law. This article draws on judicial decisions and qualitative research into defamation litigation to examine the defences' scope, strength and practicality in litigation. England's Reynolds privilege emerges as a well-supported, relatively strong, flexible and innovative defence, especially compared with Australia's narrower and weaker privileges under Lange and New South Wales legislation. The research strongly supports the further development of Australian privilege defences, as well as more careful consideration of judge and jury roles in each country. A closer understanding of Reynolds offers important benefits for protecting the publication of public interest news and commentary, and it is particularly useful in light of recent, and proposed, Australian law reforms.

澳大利亚和英国的判例法已经发展出合格的特权辩护，这些辩护适用于媒体，似乎比传统的诽谤法更能保护政治或公共利益言论。本文通过对诽谤诉讼的司法判决和定性研究来考察诉讼抗辩的范围、力度和实用性。与澳大利亚在兰格和新南威尔士州立法下的狭窄和较弱的特权相比，英格兰的雷诺兹特权成为一种有充分支持、相对强大、灵活和创新的辩护。该研究强烈支持澳大利亚特权辩护的进一步发展，以及对每个国家法官和陪审团角色的更仔细考虑。更深入地了解雷诺兹对保护公众利益新闻和评论的出版有重要的好处，而且考虑到最近提出的澳大利亚法律改革，它尤其有用。

引用次数: 6

What is Political Communication? The Rationale and Scope of the Implied Freedom of Political Communication 什么是政治传播?隐含政治传播自由的理论基础与范围

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q2 LAW

Melbourne University Law Review

Pub Date : 2004-03-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2631362

D. Meagher

The aim of this article is to identify what counts as ‘political communication’ for the purposes of the implied constitutional freedom of political communication. This is done for two reasons. The first is to delimit the scope of the implied freedom. The second is to clarify whether ‘racial vilification is ‘political communication’, which is the initial step that must be taken in order to assess the constitutionality or otherwise of current Australian racial vilification laws. It is, however, necessary and desirable to establish a sound theoretical basis for the implied freedom before these questions can be properly considered. To this end, it is argued that a minimalist model of judicially-protected popular sovereignty underpins the implied freedom and is the rationale that must guide its interpretation and application. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that a generous zone of ‘political communication’ must attract constitutional protection and that racial vilification will in certain circumstances amount to ‘political communication’.

本文的目的是为了隐含的政治传播的宪法自由的目的，确定什么是“政治传播”。这样做有两个原因。首先是划定隐含自由的范围。第二是澄清“种族诽谤”是否为“政治沟通”，这是评估澳大利亚现行种族诽谤法是否合宪性所必须采取的第一步。然而，在适当考虑这些问题之前，有必要为隐含自由建立一个健全的理论基础。为此，本文认为，司法保护的人民主权的极简主义模式是隐含自由的基础，是必须指导其解释和应用的基本原理。所进行的分析表明，一个慷慨的“政治交流”区域必须吸引宪法保护，种族诽谤在某些情况下将相当于“政治交流”。

引用次数: 9

A Hope Disillusioned, an Opportunity Lost? Reflections on Common Law Native Title and Ten Years of the Native Title Act 破灭的希望，失去的机会?对普通法土著地权和《土著地权法》十年的反思

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q2 LAW

Melbourne University Law Review

Pub Date : 2003-11-04 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.462220

M. Tehan

It is 10 years since the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) was passed in response to the High Court's Mabo decision. Those years have been marked by an interplay between the common law and statute. Following the High Court's decision in Ward and Yorta Yorta, this interplay has been starkly enunciated and redefined. The Act is dominant and the common law has been almost relegated, at least for the moment, to a historical artefact. Noel Pearson described the process most dramatically: "Ten years in the sunshine of the Rule of Law was all that black Australians were fated to enjoy". How is it that such a determinate view of the state of native title could be made a mere 10 years after the promise engendered by the Mabo decision? While there is little doubt that the nature of the rights emerging from both the common law and the Act have been significantly diminished by both the Native Title Amendment Act 1998 (Cth) and the recent decisions in Ward, Yorta Yorta and Wilson v Anderson, it is indisputable that the recognition and protection of native title as a result of Mabo provided the underpinning for a realignment of relationships between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. Indigenous rights and interests in land can no longer be ignored or cast aside. This article argues that in spite of both legislation and the courts diminishing the concept of native title and the rights associated with it, the process of change unleashed by Mabo and the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) cannot be reversed. The question now is where this process of change will lead.

作为对高等法院马博案判决的回应，《1993年土著权利法案》(Cth)已经通过了10年。那些年的特点是普通法和成文法之间的相互作用。在高等法院对沃德和约塔约塔案的裁决之后，这种相互作用得到了明确的阐明和重新定义。该法案占主导地位，而普通法几乎被降级，至少在目前，成为历史的人工制品。诺埃尔·皮尔森(Noel Pearson)对这一过程的描述最为戏剧性:“在法治的阳光下度过的十年，是澳大利亚黑人注定要享受的。”在马博案判决做出承诺仅仅10年之后，如何就能对土著权利状况做出如此明确的看法?尽管《1998年土著权利修正案》(Cth)和最近的Ward, Yorta Yorta和Wilson v Anderson案的判决大大削弱了普通法和该法案中出现的权利的性质，但无可争议的是，马博案对土著权利的承认和保护为重新调整土著和非土著澳大利亚人之间的关系提供了基础。土著人民在土地上的权利和利益不能再被忽视或抛弃。本文认为，尽管立法和法院都削弱了土著所有权及其相关权利的概念，但马博和1993年《土著所有权法》(Cth)所引发的变革进程是不可逆转的。现在的问题是，这一变革进程将走向何方。

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引用次数: 46

'Since Time Immemorial': A Story of Common Law Jurisdiction, Native Title and the Case of Tanistry “自古以来”:一个关于普通法管辖权、土著所有权和Tanistry案例的故事

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q2 LAW

Melbourne University Law Review

Pub Date : 2002-09-15 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3037780

S. Dorsett

In the 10 th anniversary year of the decision in Mabo, this article offers one possible account of the relationship between native title and the common law The article provides a description of this relationship, based on an account of common law jurisdiction and the ways in which the common law historically used the concept of jurisdiction in order to supplant other sites of adjudication and authority. The article traces the jurisdictional story of the common law,from its origins as one of many decentralised legal spaces, through the important first colonial context of Ireland,to the new settlement of New South Wales, and the first encounters with 'the natives'. It then examines the decisions in Mabo, Wik and others, and concludes that in 'recognising 'and constructing the interest of native title, the common law relied on the same techniques which characterised its earlier encounters with the 'other' in the English domestic and Irish colonial contexts. It is only by understanding the way in which native title has come to be at common law that we can explore its possibilities and limitations as a vehicle for justice.

在马博案判决10周年之际，本文提供了一种可能的解释土著所有权与普通法之间关系的方法。本文基于对普通法管辖权的描述以及普通法在历史上使用管辖权概念以取代其他裁决和权威场所的方式，对这种关系进行了描述。这篇文章追溯了普通法的管辖权故事，从它作为许多分散的法律空间之一的起源，通过爱尔兰重要的第一个殖民背景，到新南威尔士的新定居点，以及与“当地人”的第一次接触。然后考察了Mabo, Wik和其他案件的判决，并得出结论，在“承认”和构建土著所有权利益方面，普通法依赖于其早期在英国国内和爱尔兰殖民背景下与“他者”相遇的相同技术。只有通过理解土著所有权在普通法中形成的方式，我们才能探索其作为司法工具的可能性和局限性。

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引用次数: 23

The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth): A Three-Dimensional Approach to Operationalising Human Rights 1992年《残疾歧视法》(联邦):落实人权的三维方法

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q2 LAW

Melbourne University Law Review

Pub Date : 2002-08-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315257747-19

Lee Ann. Basser, Melinda Jones

引用次数: 19

Redefining family: should lesbians have access to assisted reproduction? 重新定义家庭:女同性恋者应该获得辅助生殖吗?

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q2 LAW

Melbourne University Law Review

Pub Date : 2001-08-01

T Dower

The recent Federal Court decision in McBain v. Victoria, which rendered inoperative a Victorian law that restricted assisted reproductive technology to married or heterosexual de facto couples, has raised the issue of whether lesbians should have access to such technology. This article provides an overview of State laws currently regulating lesbian access to assisted reproduction in Australia. It then explores the growing body of empirical research indicating that the welfare of children raised in lesbian households does not differ in any significant respect from the welfare of children raised in comparable circumstances by heterosexual parents. This research undermines the view that children suffer social stigma or experience hardship caused by the lack of a 'father figure.' The 'welfare of child' rhetoric has in fact been used to mask marginalisation of 'alternative' family forms, and the reluctance to extend assisted reproductive technology to lesbians is underpinned by a deep-rooted fear of undermining the traditional heterosexual nuclear family.

最近，联邦法院在麦克贝恩诉维多利亚一案(McBain v. Victoria)中做出的判决，使维多利亚一项限制已婚或事实上的异性恋夫妇使用辅助生殖技术的法律失效，这引发了女同性恋是否应该获得此类技术的问题。这篇文章概述了目前在澳大利亚规范女同性恋获得辅助生殖的国家法律。然后，它探讨了越来越多的实证研究，这些研究表明，在女同性恋家庭中长大的孩子的福利与在类似环境中由异性恋父母长大的孩子的福利在任何重要方面都没有区别。这项研究打破了孩子们因缺乏“父亲形象”而遭受社会耻辱或经历困难的观点。“儿童福利”的修辞实际上被用来掩盖“另类”家庭形式的边缘化，而不愿将辅助生殖技术推广到女同性恋者身上，是由于人们对破坏传统异性恋核心家庭的根深蒂固的恐惧。

引用次数: 0

Law Reform by Frozen Chook: Family Law Reform for the New Millennium? 《冷冻鸡》的法律改革:新千年的家庭法改革?

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q2 LAW

Melbourne University Law Review

Pub Date : 2000-12-01 DOI: 10.5040/9781472562746.ch-023

R. Graycar

This article considers some of the barriers to effective policy development in areas of law impacting on family relationships. First, the article draws attention to the narrow way in which the notion of 'family law' has been understood as involving only the law affecting marriage and divorce, whereas the law impacts on familial relationships in a much broader variety of ways. Next, it points out that powerful gendered discourses constrain how family law policies are debated and progressed. Despite that, the article draws a contrast between the significant progress that has been made in Australia in recognising gay and lesbian families, albeit in a functional rather than symbolic way. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about heterosexual family law debates where important policy decisions have all too often been made on the basis of anecdotal information (such as stories about frozen 'chooks' (ie, chickens) rather than on the basis of evidence-based research.

本文考虑了在影响家庭关系的法律领域有效制定政策的一些障碍。首先，本文提请注意“家庭法”的概念被理解为只涉及影响婚姻和离婚的法律的狭隘方式，而法律以更广泛的方式影响家庭关系。其次，它指出强大的性别话语限制了家庭法政策的辩论和进展。尽管如此，这篇文章还是对比了澳大利亚在承认同性恋家庭方面取得的重大进展，尽管这是一种功能上的而不是象征性的进展。不幸的是，在异性恋家庭法的辩论中，情况并非如此，因为重要的政策决定往往是基于轶事信息(比如关于冷冻“母鸡”(即鸡)的故事)，而不是基于基于证据的研究。

引用次数: 32

Three Positive Theories of International Jurisdiction 国际管辖权的三个实证理论

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q2 LAW

Melbourne University Law Review

Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.254137

M. Whincop

What are the justifications for a state to allow its courts to exercise jurisdiction over cases with international characteristics? In this paper, I explore three different positive theories of private law jurisdiction. The first is a utilitarian theory. However, a utilitarian theory requires the additional specification of the "number", whose greatest good is sought. I contrast a very narrow theory which purports to minimise the costs of judicial administration, a pro-forum theory which seeks to maximise the value of local interests, and a broad theory which is wealth-maximising irrespective of the locus of plaintiffs and defendants. Second, I develop a justice-based theory of contractarian derivation, with a brief contrast of what a corrective justice theory might require. Third, I explore a public choice theory of jurisdiction, which asserts that jurisdictional principle might be expected to favour influential interest groups. I compare these to a range of developments in jurisdictional doctrine in the common law world. I develop an argument that the data support a case of a substantial similarity in the law on jurisdiction that would be endorsed by a broad measure of social welfare and a contractarian justice theory, and show why this should be unsurprising from a theoretical perspective. I then explore the limits on this convergence thesis.

一个国家允许其法院对具有国际特征的案件行使管辖权的理由是什么?本文探讨了三种不同的实证私法管辖权理论。第一种是功利主义理论。然而，功利主义理论要求对“数”进行额外的说明，以寻求其最大利益。我对比了一个非常狭隘的理论，它声称最小化司法行政的成本，一个支持论坛的理论，寻求最大化地方利益的价值，和一个广泛的理论，无论原告和被告的所在地，都是财富最大化的。其次，我发展了一个基于正义的契约主义衍生理论，并简要对比了纠正性正义理论可能需要的条件。第三，我探讨了司法管辖权的公共选择理论，该理论断言，司法原则可能会有利于有影响力的利益集团。我将这些与普通法世界中管辖权原则的一系列发展进行比较。我提出了一个论点，即这些数据支持了司法权法律中实质性相似的案例，这将得到广泛的社会福利衡量标准和契约正义理论的支持，并说明了为什么从理论角度来看这应该是不足为奇的。然后，我将探讨这一收敛论点的局限性。

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引用次数: 2

Reading the race power: a hermeneutic analysis 解读种族权力:解释学分析

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q2 LAW

Melbourne University Law Review

Pub Date : 1999-08-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315093765-8

A. Reilly

引用次数: 5

Posthumous reproduction and the meanings of autonomy. 死后生殖和自主的意义。

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q2 LAW

Melbourne University Law Review

Pub Date : 1999-08-01

B Bennett

In recent years there has been considerable debate over the legal and ethical issues associated with posthumous reproduction. This article analyses recent cases and legal regulation of reproductive technologies in Australia. The issues associated with posthumous reproduction are explored through a consideration of the nature of an individual's interest in their reproductive material. The suitability of a property-based model as a means of conceptualising interests in reproductive material is explored. The article concludes that the issues in this area need to be analysed in terms of autonomy interests that are understood relationally.

近年来，关于死后生育的法律和伦理问题一直存在相当大的争论。本文分析了澳大利亚生殖技术的最新案例和法律法规。与死后生殖有关的问题是通过考虑个人对其生殖材料的兴趣的性质来探讨的。探讨了基于属性的模型作为概念化生殖材料利益的一种手段的适用性。本文的结论是，这一领域的问题需要从相互理解的自治利益的角度来分析。

引用次数: 0

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