Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2021.1898767
M. Fazel, D. Newby
ABSTRACT The multiple layers of exclusion that can be experienced by a child at school and the relationship of this to mental well-being is the focus of this paper. The relationship between specific mental health problems and school exclusion is discussed. Data gathered from 1648 English school-aged students in 2019 who participated in the OxWell school mental health and well-being survey and responded to the school exclusion question will be presented. Ninety-three pupils who self-reported having experienced school exclusion were compared to 1555 pupils in years 8, 10 and 12 who did not report experiencing school exclusion. More males were present in the excluded sample but apart from that the children share similar vulnerabilities for risk of mental health difficulties and risk of exclusion. Of note, a significantly higher proportion of those who had been excluded from school had experienced being bullied at school and reported that they felt their school dealt badly with bullying. They reported relatively good access to mental health support with a higher proportion of those excluded having accessed mental health support than those not excluded. The difficulties identified by the pupils need to be addressed in a variety of ways by school and health systems, and would benefit from the active involvement of young people in generating solutions. The discourse needs to move away from thinking about individuals to broader systems-level approaches to address pupil, family, school and community differences, difficulties and overall challenges of inclusion and acceptance.
{"title":"Mental well-being and school exclusion: changing the discourse from vulnerability to acceptance","authors":"M. Fazel, D. Newby","doi":"10.1080/13632752.2021.1898767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2021.1898767","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The multiple layers of exclusion that can be experienced by a child at school and the relationship of this to mental well-being is the focus of this paper. The relationship between specific mental health problems and school exclusion is discussed. Data gathered from 1648 English school-aged students in 2019 who participated in the OxWell school mental health and well-being survey and responded to the school exclusion question will be presented. Ninety-three pupils who self-reported having experienced school exclusion were compared to 1555 pupils in years 8, 10 and 12 who did not report experiencing school exclusion. More males were present in the excluded sample but apart from that the children share similar vulnerabilities for risk of mental health difficulties and risk of exclusion. Of note, a significantly higher proportion of those who had been excluded from school had experienced being bullied at school and reported that they felt their school dealt badly with bullying. They reported relatively good access to mental health support with a higher proportion of those excluded having accessed mental health support than those not excluded. The difficulties identified by the pupils need to be addressed in a variety of ways by school and health systems, and would benefit from the active involvement of young people in generating solutions. The discourse needs to move away from thinking about individuals to broader systems-level approaches to address pupil, family, school and community differences, difficulties and overall challenges of inclusion and acceptance.","PeriodicalId":46308,"journal":{"name":"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES","volume":"122 1","pages":"78 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88254250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2020.1848985
Sarah Martin‐Denham
ABSTRACT The research aimed to investigate if drug misuse is an indicator and predictor of barriers to mainstream schooling and school exclusion. The objectives were to determine the extent of the barriers to mainstream schooling and to elicit and report the caregiver’s experiences of their child’s drug misuse and the impact it has had on them, their child and their child’s siblings. This research presents data drawn from face to face, semi-structured interviews with four caregivers of young people with multiple fixed-period and permanent exclusions from mainstream schools in England. The interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). IPA was chosen to understand how the homogenous sample made sense of their lived experiences. The study brings to the fore the complexities of families being able to access prompt support from education and health care professionals for their children and themselves as caregivers. The research includes critical messages for education and health professionals and policymakers, including the need to provide timely identification, assessment and response to underlying disabilities and mental health needs. The research also highlights the importance of training for education professionals, so they can understand, identify and respond to the multifaceted behaviours children present to enable the creation of inclusive and accessible learning environments and curriculum.
{"title":"Riding the rollercoaster of school exclusion coupled with drug misuse: the lived experience of caregivers","authors":"Sarah Martin‐Denham","doi":"10.1080/13632752.2020.1848985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2020.1848985","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The research aimed to investigate if drug misuse is an indicator and predictor of barriers to mainstream schooling and school exclusion. The objectives were to determine the extent of the barriers to mainstream schooling and to elicit and report the caregiver’s experiences of their child’s drug misuse and the impact it has had on them, their child and their child’s siblings. This research presents data drawn from face to face, semi-structured interviews with four caregivers of young people with multiple fixed-period and permanent exclusions from mainstream schools in England. The interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). IPA was chosen to understand how the homogenous sample made sense of their lived experiences. The study brings to the fore the complexities of families being able to access prompt support from education and health care professionals for their children and themselves as caregivers. The research includes critical messages for education and health professionals and policymakers, including the need to provide timely identification, assessment and response to underlying disabilities and mental health needs. The research also highlights the importance of training for education professionals, so they can understand, identify and respond to the multifaceted behaviours children present to enable the creation of inclusive and accessible learning environments and curriculum.","PeriodicalId":46308,"journal":{"name":"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES","volume":"29 1","pages":"244 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81376842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2020.1816055
F. Ruby
ABSTRACT The Boxall Profile is one of the most frequently used tools to measure the social, emotional, behavioural and/or mental health difficulties (SEMH) of children and young people in schools across the UK. However, limited evidence exists regarding the norms and psychometric properties of the tool. The current study used data from 487 primary school-aged children to carry out a re-standardisation and explore a range of psychometric properties of the Boxall Profile. Updated norms were established for 4- to 11-year-old children using a Receiver Operating Characteristic approach and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as gold standard measure for SEMH difficulties. Psychometric analyses indicated good internal consistency, concurrent validity and convergent validity but also highlighted the need for further research into the structural validity of the tool. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing substantial evidence for the reliability and validity of the Boxall Profile since its publication in 1984.
{"title":"British norms and psychometric properties of the Boxall Profile for primary school-aged children","authors":"F. Ruby","doi":"10.1080/13632752.2020.1816055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2020.1816055","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Boxall Profile is one of the most frequently used tools to measure the social, emotional, behavioural and/or mental health difficulties (SEMH) of children and young people in schools across the UK. However, limited evidence exists regarding the norms and psychometric properties of the tool. The current study used data from 487 primary school-aged children to carry out a re-standardisation and explore a range of psychometric properties of the Boxall Profile. Updated norms were established for 4- to 11-year-old children using a Receiver Operating Characteristic approach and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as gold standard measure for SEMH difficulties. Psychometric analyses indicated good internal consistency, concurrent validity and convergent validity but also highlighted the need for further research into the structural validity of the tool. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing substantial evidence for the reliability and validity of the Boxall Profile since its publication in 1984.","PeriodicalId":46308,"journal":{"name":"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES","volume":"3 1","pages":"215 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91328642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2020.1861853
S. Brett, S. Reynolds, J. Totman, Laura Pass
ABSTRACT Symptoms of depression are common in adolescents and have negative impacts on academic engagement and achievement, as well as on future mental health and functioning. A number of psychological therapies are effective for the treatment of adolescent depression but there are barriers to young people accessing treatment promptly. Providing treatment in school may help improve access to mental health care; school-based mental health care is routinely provided in some parts of the world and is currently a policy priority in the UK. However, introducing mental health services into schools will require services to adapt. This paper illustrates how a short-term psychological therapy can be delivered successfully in schools. It describes the treatment and outcomes for two young people with symptoms of depression. Both received Brief Behavioural Activation (Brief BA) which has been adapted specifically for adolescents. Brief BA focuses on helping young people engage with valued activities in different areas of their life, thus increasing rewards and reducing symptoms of depression. The two cases highlight a range of educational and clinical benefits of Brief BA for young people with depression symptoms and illustrate how the treatment and service delivery were adapted for schools.
{"title":"Brief behavioural activation therapy for adolescent depression in schools: two case examples","authors":"S. Brett, S. Reynolds, J. Totman, Laura Pass","doi":"10.1080/13632752.2020.1861853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2020.1861853","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Symptoms of depression are common in adolescents and have negative impacts on academic engagement and achievement, as well as on future mental health and functioning. A number of psychological therapies are effective for the treatment of adolescent depression but there are barriers to young people accessing treatment promptly. Providing treatment in school may help improve access to mental health care; school-based mental health care is routinely provided in some parts of the world and is currently a policy priority in the UK. However, introducing mental health services into schools will require services to adapt. This paper illustrates how a short-term psychological therapy can be delivered successfully in schools. It describes the treatment and outcomes for two young people with symptoms of depression. Both received Brief Behavioural Activation (Brief BA) which has been adapted specifically for adolescents. Brief BA focuses on helping young people engage with valued activities in different areas of their life, thus increasing rewards and reducing symptoms of depression. The two cases highlight a range of educational and clinical benefits of Brief BA for young people with depression symptoms and illustrate how the treatment and service delivery were adapted for schools.","PeriodicalId":46308,"journal":{"name":"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES","volume":"112 1","pages":"291 - 303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77370852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2020.1858259
C. Hoogendijk, N. Tick, J. G. Holland, W. Hofman, S. Severiens, P. Vuijk, A.F.D. van Veen
ABSTRACT Teaching students with externalising problem behaviours is difficult for teachers, as it challenges the relationship that teachers engage in with their students. In this study, effects of Key2Teach on externalising and social-emotional problem behaviours and the mediating role of conflict in the teacher-student relationship were studied using a randomised controlled trial (RCT)-design. In two cohorts, 103 teacher-student dyads and peer-students (n = 1643) were assessed two times during a school year. Fifty-three dyads received the intervention (experimental group), whereas 50 dyads received no intervention (control group). Data were collected on teacher-reported externalising and social-emotional problem behaviours in students, and on teacher-student conflict. For dyad-students, results showed a direct effect of Key2Teach on conduct problems and an indirect effect, via teacher-student conflict, for hyperactivity problems. No effects on social-emotional problems were established. For peer-students, results showed indirect effects on externalising problems and direct effects on social-emotional problems. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
{"title":"Effects of Key2Teach on students’ externalising and social-emotional problem behaviours, mediated by the teacher-student relationship","authors":"C. Hoogendijk, N. Tick, J. G. Holland, W. Hofman, S. Severiens, P. Vuijk, A.F.D. van Veen","doi":"10.1080/13632752.2020.1858259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2020.1858259","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Teaching students with externalising problem behaviours is difficult for teachers, as it challenges the relationship that teachers engage in with their students. In this study, effects of Key2Teach on externalising and social-emotional problem behaviours and the mediating role of conflict in the teacher-student relationship were studied using a randomised controlled trial (RCT)-design. In two cohorts, 103 teacher-student dyads and peer-students (n = 1643) were assessed two times during a school year. Fifty-three dyads received the intervention (experimental group), whereas 50 dyads received no intervention (control group). Data were collected on teacher-reported externalising and social-emotional problem behaviours in students, and on teacher-student conflict. For dyad-students, results showed a direct effect of Key2Teach on conduct problems and an indirect effect, via teacher-student conflict, for hyperactivity problems. No effects on social-emotional problems were established. For peer-students, results showed indirect effects on externalising problems and direct effects on social-emotional problems. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":46308,"journal":{"name":"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES","volume":"35 1","pages":"304 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86596472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2020.1854514
Mari Markussen Lunder, K. Tharaldsen
ABSTRACT Being exposed to bullying increases the risk of severe negative consequences related to mental health problems and school performance. However, there is a lack of research regarding how school’s follow-up with children and adolescents who were previously exposed to bullying to prevent or reduce this risk. This study explored key aspects regarding how schools can follow-up with bullied children and adolescents. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with young adults previously exposed to bullying. Four men and six women aged 18–29 years old. Transcribed interview data were analysed by qualitative content analysis. Findings indicated a need for planned follow-up work in schools at both individual and organisational levels. Core components for such work are suggested to be knowledge, authoritative classroom management, communication and collaboration inside and outside of the school. Implications for further research are studies of how schools can effectively detect and support these pupils through systematic efforts in schools.
{"title":"Following up with bullied pupils: perceptions from young adults in Norway who were previously exposed to bullying","authors":"Mari Markussen Lunder, K. Tharaldsen","doi":"10.1080/13632752.2020.1854514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2020.1854514","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Being exposed to bullying increases the risk of severe negative consequences related to mental health problems and school performance. However, there is a lack of research regarding how school’s follow-up with children and adolescents who were previously exposed to bullying to prevent or reduce this risk. This study explored key aspects regarding how schools can follow-up with bullied children and adolescents. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with young adults previously exposed to bullying. Four men and six women aged 18–29 years old. Transcribed interview data were analysed by qualitative content analysis. Findings indicated a need for planned follow-up work in schools at both individual and organisational levels. Core components for such work are suggested to be knowledge, authoritative classroom management, communication and collaboration inside and outside of the school. Implications for further research are studies of how schools can effectively detect and support these pupils through systematic efforts in schools.","PeriodicalId":46308,"journal":{"name":"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES","volume":"30 1","pages":"264 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81800340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2020.1861852
Amanda Krause, Briana J. Goldberg, B. D’Agostino, Amy Klan, Maria A. Rogers, J. D. Smith, J. Whitley, Michael J. G. Hone, Natasha McBrearty
ABSTRACT Problematic and disruptive behaviours continue to be a pervasive problem in elementary school classrooms across the globe, with recent reports indicating rising trends. The present study seeks to describe a unique sample of children who are seeking mental health services and present with specific problematic school behaviours. Preliminary analyses were conducted to provide a descriptive understanding of the demographic characteristics of the sample of children. Comparative analyses were conducted to investigate the social and emotional functioning of children who engage in minimal problematic school behaviours and children who engage in more severe and frequent problematic school behaviours. Findings indicate significant between-group differences for conduct problems, hyperactivity-inattention, and peer relationship problems. Implications and possible suggestions are discussed regarding how key stakeholders can make use of these findings within their school contexts.
{"title":"The association between problematic school behaviours and social and emotional development in children seeking mental health treatment","authors":"Amanda Krause, Briana J. Goldberg, B. D’Agostino, Amy Klan, Maria A. Rogers, J. D. Smith, J. Whitley, Michael J. G. Hone, Natasha McBrearty","doi":"10.1080/13632752.2020.1861852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2020.1861852","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Problematic and disruptive behaviours continue to be a pervasive problem in elementary school classrooms across the globe, with recent reports indicating rising trends. The present study seeks to describe a unique sample of children who are seeking mental health services and present with specific problematic school behaviours. Preliminary analyses were conducted to provide a descriptive understanding of the demographic characteristics of the sample of children. Comparative analyses were conducted to investigate the social and emotional functioning of children who engage in minimal problematic school behaviours and children who engage in more severe and frequent problematic school behaviours. Findings indicate significant between-group differences for conduct problems, hyperactivity-inattention, and peer relationship problems. Implications and possible suggestions are discussed regarding how key stakeholders can make use of these findings within their school contexts.","PeriodicalId":46308,"journal":{"name":"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES","volume":"33 1","pages":"278 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85379572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2020.1861849
Peter Wood
ABSTRACT The facilitation of children’s emotional intelligence (EI) through social and emotional learning (SEL) and wider pastoral support schemes is common practice in schools. Although the benefits of enhanced EI have been widely reported, little is known about its ‘dark side’: emotional manipulation, or how this may manifest in school settings. Focus group and individual interview data gathered from staff members working across case study schools located in a town in the North West of England inform the points raised in this paper. The article explores the extent to which emotional manipulation takes place in the strategies and forms of support utilised by schools to enhance children’s social, emotional and behavioural skills. The ramifications of emotionally manipulative behaviours are discussed and recommendations for future directives are made.
{"title":"Emotional manipulation in social and emotional learning and pastoral support: the ‘dark side’ of emotional intelligence and its consequences for schools","authors":"Peter Wood","doi":"10.1080/13632752.2020.1861849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2020.1861849","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The facilitation of children’s emotional intelligence (EI) through social and emotional learning (SEL) and wider pastoral support schemes is common practice in schools. Although the benefits of enhanced EI have been widely reported, little is known about its ‘dark side’: emotional manipulation, or how this may manifest in school settings. Focus group and individual interview data gathered from staff members working across case study schools located in a town in the North West of England inform the points raised in this paper. The article explores the extent to which emotional manipulation takes place in the strategies and forms of support utilised by schools to enhance children’s social, emotional and behavioural skills. The ramifications of emotionally manipulative behaviours are discussed and recommendations for future directives are made.","PeriodicalId":46308,"journal":{"name":"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES","volume":"81 1","pages":"321 - 333"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87602489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-12DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2020.1816651
Suzanne Cogswell, Amanda Carr, N. Abbott, C. Monks
ABSTRACT Low-level classroom disruption (LLCD) is characterised by pupils swinging on chairs, whispering or fidgeting in class. This paper provides initial data on the development and validation of the teacher-rated Low-Level Classroom Disruption Scale (LLCD-S), with two samples of primary school pupils. Exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 (N= 120) revealed one factor accounting for 61% of the variance; supported by confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 (N= 274), with one factor accounting for 63% of the variance. Both studies reported high Cronbach’s alpha values of.82 and.93 respectively. The evidence supports LLCD being a unidimensional construct, measured by the eight item LLCD-S. Weak convergence validity was found between the LLCD-S and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire’s (SDQ) externalising behaviours: conduct problems and hyperactivity. This preliminary evidence indicates that LLCD-S is a valid and reliable measure of low-level classroom disruption. Further research is needed to test the utility of the LLCD-S across different levels of education, cultures and as a pupil-reported measure.
{"title":"The development and validation of a teacher-reported low-level classroom disruption scale (LLCD-S)","authors":"Suzanne Cogswell, Amanda Carr, N. Abbott, C. Monks","doi":"10.1080/13632752.2020.1816651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2020.1816651","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Low-level classroom disruption (LLCD) is characterised by pupils swinging on chairs, whispering or fidgeting in class. This paper provides initial data on the development and validation of the teacher-rated Low-Level Classroom Disruption Scale (LLCD-S), with two samples of primary school pupils. Exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 (N= 120) revealed one factor accounting for 61% of the variance; supported by confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 (N= 274), with one factor accounting for 63% of the variance. Both studies reported high Cronbach’s alpha values of.82 and.93 respectively. The evidence supports LLCD being a unidimensional construct, measured by the eight item LLCD-S. Weak convergence validity was found between the LLCD-S and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire’s (SDQ) externalising behaviours: conduct problems and hyperactivity. This preliminary evidence indicates that LLCD-S is a valid and reliable measure of low-level classroom disruption. Further research is needed to test the utility of the LLCD-S across different levels of education, cultures and as a pupil-reported measure.","PeriodicalId":46308,"journal":{"name":"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES","volume":"51 1","pages":"230 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77126814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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