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Technology to the Rescue: Shifting to a Predict–Prevent Model for Sustainable Healthcare 技术拯救生命:转向可持续医疗保健的预测-预防模式
IF 1 4区 经济学 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-05-12 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8462.12555
Clair M. Sullivan

The traditional break–fix model of healthcare, characterised by reactive interventions after the onset of diseases, is undergoing a significant transformation globally, including in Australia. This is occurring at the same time that revolutionary technologies such as artificial intelligence and precision prevention of disease are emerging. This article explores the imperative to transition from our current break–fix model of health care towards a predict–prevent model, emphasising proactive healthcare strategies underpinned by technology.

传统的 "修修补补 "式医疗保健模式以疾病发生后的被动干预为特征,而包括澳大利亚在内的全球各地正在经历一场重大变革。与此同时,人工智能和疾病精准预防等革命性技术也在不断涌现。本文探讨了从当前的 "修补 "型医疗保健模式向 "预测-预防 "型医疗保健模式转型的必要性,强调了以技术为支撑的前瞻性医疗保健战略。
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引用次数: 0
Australian Pioneers in Health Economics: The Origins of Medicare 澳大利亚卫生经济学先驱:医疗保险的起源
IF 1 4区 经济学 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-05-12 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8462.12552
Ross Williams

Medicare is now 40 years old, but the blueprint was developed in the 1960s by John Deeble and Richard Scotton working at the Melbourne Institute. Starting with a desire to understand the Australian health system of the early1960s, Deeble and Scotton collected much information and data on the provision of health services and their financing. This led them to be highly critical of the health system and, in response to a challenge from the Labor leader, Gough Whitlam, the development of a new system which we now know as Medicare.

医疗保险"(Medicare)至今已有 40 年历史,但其蓝图却是由约翰-迪布尔(John Deeble)和理查德-斯科特恩(Richard Scotton)于 20 世纪 60 年代在墨尔本研究所制定的。迪布尔和斯科特恩从了解 20 世纪 60 年代初澳大利亚医疗体系的愿望出发,收集了大量有关医疗服务提供及其筹资的信息和数据。这使他们对医疗体系提出了严厉批评,并在工党领袖戈夫-惠特拉姆的挑战下,制定了新的体系,也就是我们现在所熟知的医疗保险体系。
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引用次数: 0
A Proposal to Extend Universal Insurance to Dental Care in Australia 将全民保险扩展到澳大利亚牙科保健的建议
IF 1 4区 经济学 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-05-12 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8462.12556
Philip Clarke, Henry Cutler

The debate over universal dental insurance in Australia has persisted since the mid-1970s, as dental care was excluded from Medibank (the predecessor of Medicare) for political and economic reasons. Importantly, dental care expenses are often more predictable than other types of medical care, making insurance design more challenging. We provide an overview of proposals for public dental insurance in Australia, arguing that income-contingent loans to fund higher dental costs may provide a mechanism for expanding insurance while limiting government expenditure. Finally, we argue that a randomised controlled experiment could offer insights into the effectiveness and sustainability of various insurance models for dental care.

由于政治和经济原因,牙科医疗被排除在 Medibank(医疗保险的前身)之外,因此自 20 世纪 70 年代中期以来,关于澳大利亚全民牙科保险的争论就一直没有停止过。重要的是,牙科医疗费用通常比其他类型的医疗费用更容易预测,这使得保险设计更具挑战性。我们概述了澳大利亚公共牙科保险的建议,认为以收入为条件的贷款可以为较高的牙科费用提供资金,从而在限制政府支出的同时扩大保险范围。最后,我们认为随机对照实验可以帮助我们深入了解各种牙科医疗保险模式的有效性和可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Dilemmas in Regulation 监管困境
IF 1 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8462.12551
Matthew Butlin, Christopher Findlay

Four topics related to the operation of regulatory systems are considered. These concern the matters of dealing with globally sub-optimal decisions made by regulators, the problem of specifying boundaries between groups of regulated entities in the application of regulation, dealing with a situation in which there are multiple regulators, and the alignment of regulation across jurisdictional borders. It is argued that current responses to these dilemmas tend to add to levels of inefficiency in the economy, with consequences for growth. Options for resolving them are considered, including new approaches to the design of regulation.

本报告审议了与监管体系运作有关的四个专题。这些问题涉及如何处理监管机构做出的全球次优决策、在实施监管时明确受监管实体群体之间的界限问题、如何处理存在多个监管机构的情况以及跨管辖边界的监管协调问题。本文认为,目前对这些难题的应对措施往往会增加经济中的低效率水平,从而影响经济增长。本文考虑了解决这些问题的备选方案,包括设计监管的新方法。
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引用次数: 0
‘Safe as Houses’: Recalibrating Homeownership in Australian Retirement Planning 安全如家":重新调整澳大利亚退休规划中的房屋所有权
IF 1 4区 经济学 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8462.12549
Jane Chen, Long Tran, Sarah Sinclair, Jonathan Boymal

Australia's longstanding culture of homeownership, symbolising stability and achievement, also impacts positive ageing outcomes across multiple domains. Recently, demographic and economic factors, such as housing affordability issues, insufficient income and barriers to the housing market, pose challenges to homeownership, with implications for retirement planning as the use of home equity to support ageing evolves. Secure housing and financial security are critical for successful ageing, necessitating flexible solutions and innovative financing models like fractional ownership. We raise awareness of the changing dynamics of retirement planning and accentuate the increasing significance of innovative housing solutions in supporting health during retirement.

澳大利亚悠久的居者有其屋文化象征着稳定和成就,同时也在多个领域影响着积极的老龄化成果。近来,人口和经济因素,如住房负担能力问题、收入不足和住房市场障碍等,给自置居所带来了挑战,并随着利用住房资产支持老龄化的发展,对退休规划产生了影响。安全的住房和财务保障是成功迈入老年的关键,这就需要灵活的解决方案和创新的融资模式,如部分所有权。我们提高了人们对不断变化的退休规划动态的认识,并强调了创新性住房解决方案在支持退休期间健康方面日益重要的意义。
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引用次数: 0
A Comment on the Financial Literacy, Financial Risks and Financial Challenges Facing Older Australians 对《澳大利亚老年人面临的金融知识、金融风险和金融挑战》的评论
IF 1 4区 经济学 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8462.12546
Siobhan Austen, Alison Preston

Drawing on data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey and from qualitative data from in-depth interviews with older Australians in mixed sex couple households, this article highlights the risks and vulnerabilities that older Australians face in saving for retirement and, importantly, in drawing down assets in retirement. The article also provides data on financial literacy and risk-taking among older Australians.

本文利用澳大利亚家庭、收入和劳动力动态调查(HILDA)的数据,以及对澳大利亚老年夫妇混居家庭进行深入访谈所获得的定性数据,重点阐述了澳大利亚老年人在为退休储蓄时所面临的风险和脆弱性,以及在退休后提取资产时所面临的重要风险和脆弱性。文章还提供了有关澳大利亚老年人金融知识和风险承担的数据。
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引用次数: 0
Co-contribution Opportunities for Superannuation Funds and Policy-Makers 养老基金和决策者的共同出资机会
IF 1 4区 经济学 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8462.12548
Rohan Best

This article explores enhancement opportunities for Australian Government co-contributions to superannuation accounts. The article's empirical foundation includes the distributions for variables related to saving, investment and risk perceptions in the 2022 wave of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. As income or wealth increase, there are increases in the probabilities of individuals making additional superannuation contributions, having a saving horizon of at least five years, and being prepared to take more than average investment risks. Four policy changes are suggested in the article, with the potential for superannuation funds to independently implement some of these changes.

本文探讨了澳大利亚政府向养老金账户共同缴费的改进机会。文章的实证基础包括 2022 年澳大利亚家庭、收入和劳动力动态调查(HILDA)中与储蓄、投资和风险认知相关的变量分布。随着收入或财富的增加,个人额外缴纳养老金、拥有至少五年的储蓄期限以及准备承担高于平均水平的投资风险的概率也会增加。文章提出了四项政策变革建议,其中一些变革有可能由养老金基金独立实施。
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引用次数: 0
Contradictory Results: Reassessing the Impact of Loan-to-Value Restrictions on House Price Inflation 矛盾的结果:重新评估贷款价值比限制对房价通胀的影响
IF 1 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8462.12547
Antony Andrews

Using Bayesian Structural Time Series analysis, this study examines the causal impact of loan-to-value (LTV) restrictions imposed by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand in October 2013. By incorporating state-space components, such as local linear trend, seasonality and regression, counterfactual values of house price indices are predicted. Surprisingly, the study reveals that the implementation of LTV restrictions had no significant effect on national house price indices, contradicting prior Central Bank studies that reported a nearly 3 percentage-point decrease in housing cost inflation. This contradictory evidence challenges existing perceptions of the effectiveness of LTV restrictions in curbing house price inflation.

本研究采用贝叶斯结构时间序列分析法,考察了新西兰储备银行于 2013 年 10 月实施的贷款价值比(LTV)限制的因果影响。通过纳入当地线性趋势、季节性和回归等状态空间成分,预测了房价指数的反事实值。令人惊讶的是,研究显示,LTV 限制的实施对全国房价指数没有显著影响,这与此前中央银行的研究报告相矛盾,后者报告称住房成本通胀率下降了近 3 个百分点。这一自相矛盾的证据挑战了现有的关于 "LTV 限制 "在抑制房价上涨方面有效性的看法。
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引用次数: 0
Replicable Patent Indicators Using the Google Patents Public Datasets 使用谷歌专利公共数据集的可复制专利指标
IF 1 4区 经济学 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-03-10 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8462.12545
George Abi Younes, Gaétan de Rassenfosse

Recognising the increasing accessibility and importance of patent data, the article underscores the need for standardised and transparent data analysis methods. We illustrate the construction and relevance of commonly used patent indicators derived from Google Patents Public Datasets. The indicators range from citation counts to more advanced metrics like patent text similarity. The BigQuery code is available in an open Kaggle notebook, explaining operational intricacies and potential data issues. By providing clear, adaptable queries and emphasising transparent methods, this article hopes to contribute to the standardisation and accessibility of patent analysis, offering a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners alike.

文章认识到专利数据的可获取性和重要性与日俱增,强调了标准化和透明化数据分析方法的必要性。我们说明了从谷歌专利公共数据集中提取的常用专利指标的构建和相关性。这些指标包括从引用计数到专利文本相似性等更高级的指标。BigQuery 代码在开放的 Kaggle 笔记本中提供,并解释了复杂的操作和潜在的数据问题。通过提供清晰、可调整的查询并强调透明的方法,本文希望为专利分析的标准化和可访问性做出贡献,为研究人员和从业人员提供宝贵的资源。
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引用次数: 0
A New Era in the Not So New Economics of Fertility and Women's Time: An Introduction 不那么新的生育经济学和妇女时间的新时代:导言
IF 1 4区 经济学 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8462.12544
Creina Day

This article examines a new era of models predicting fertility decline reversal as female-to-male wages rise. Standard microeconomic frameworks and diagrams simplify theoretical concepts for students and policymakers. The analysis reveals how demand for children may increase when households substitute childcare for women's time. An income effect dominates when responsiveness of the input mix and preference for children are high. Challenging conventional assumptions unveils the importance of gender inequality at home, economies of scale in raising children, and market-determined childcare prices. The findings suggest that household taxation and preferences influence how childcare subsidies and paid maternity leave shape fertility upturn.

本文探讨了预测生育率下降会随着女性对男性工资的上升而逆转的新时代模型。标准的微观经济框架和图表为学生和决策者简化了理论概念。分析揭示了当家庭用育儿时间替代妇女时间时,对子女的需求是如何增加的。当投入组合的反应性和对儿童的偏好较高时,收入效应占主导地位。对传统假设的挑战揭示了家庭中性别不平等、养育子女的规模经济以及市场决定的育儿价格的重要性。研究结果表明,家庭税收和偏好会影响育儿补贴和带薪产假对生育率上升的影响。
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Australian Economic Review
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